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A2 adjective #5,000 پرکاربردترین 10 دقیقه مطالعه

संक्रामक

Infectious; capable of being transmitted by infection.

sankramak
At the A1 level, you are just starting to learn Hindi. The word 'संक्रामक' (sankrāmak) might seem a bit long, but you can think of it as a special word for 'catching a cold' or 'illness that moves'. Imagine you have a friend who is coughing. If you can catch that cough from them, we call it 'संक्रामक'. At this stage, you don't need to use it in complex sentences. Just remember it means 'infectious'. You might hear your teacher say 'संक्रामक बीमारी' (infectious illness). It's like the English word 'contagious'. Even though it's a big word, it's used for simple things like the flu. Focus on the sound: San-kra-mak. Try to associate it with a picture of germs moving from one person to another. This will help you remember that it's an adjective, a word that describes a noun. In A1, you mostly use 'is' or 'is not'. For example, 'यह संक्रामक है' (This is infectious). Keeping it simple is the key to mastering this word early on. You will mostly see this word on signs in hospitals or in basic health lessons.
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At the A2 level, you can start using 'संक्रामक' to describe different types of common illnesses. You know enough grammar to say 'Is this disease infectious?' (क्या यह बीमारी संक्रामक है?). You can also start using the opposite word 'असंक्रामक' (asankrāmak), which means non-infectious. This is useful when you want to explain that someone doesn't need to worry about catching a certain condition. For example, 'Diabetes is non-infectious' (मधुमेह असंक्रामक है). At this level, you should also realize that 'संक्रामक' doesn't change its ending. It's always 'संक्रामक', whether the illness is a masculine 'रोग' or a feminine 'बीमारी'. This makes your job easier! You can also use it to describe things like a 'संक्रामक हंसी' (infectious laugh). If you are in a Hindi-speaking environment, you might hear people talking about 'flu season' and using this word. Practice saying 'सावधान रहें, यह संक्रामक है' (Be careful, this is infectious). This level is about practical communication in daily life situations like at a clinic or school.
At the B1 level, you can use 'संक्रामक' in more detailed discussions about health and social behavior. You can talk about how diseases spread and what measures can be taken to prevent them. For example, 'हमें संक्रामक रोगों के प्रसार को रोकने की जरूरत है' (We need to stop the spread of infectious diseases). You are now comfortable with using postpositions like 'से' (from) or 'के लिए' (for) with this word. You can also start using the metaphorical sense more effectively. You might describe a social trend or a mood as 'संक्रामक'. For instance, 'भीड़ में घबराहट संक्रामक थी' (The panic in the crowd was infectious). You understand that this word is more formal than 'फैलने वाला' and you can choose between them based on who you are talking to. If you are reading a Hindi newspaper, you will encounter this word in the health section. You should be able to summarize a short article about an outbreak using 'संक्रामक'. Your vocabulary is expanding to include related words like 'संक्रमण' (infection) and 'संक्रमित' (infected), and you can distinguish between them in a sentence.
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At the B2 level, you can use 'संक्रामक' with nuance and precision. You can participate in debates about public health policy, vaccination, and the history of medicine in Hindi. You might discuss the 'संक्रामक दर' (infection rate) or 'संक्रामक क्षमता' (infectious capacity) of a new virus. You are capable of understanding technical health bulletins issued by the government. Metaphorically, you can use the word to describe complex social phenomena. For example, 'इंटरनेट पर अफवाहें संक्रामक रूप से फैलती हैं' (Rumors spread infectiously on the internet). You can also handle the passive voice and more complex sentence structures. 'यह माना जाता है कि यह वायरस बहुत संक्रामक है' (It is believed that this virus is very infectious). You can compare 'संक्रामक' with other adjectives like 'घातक' (deadly) or 'पुरानी' (chronic) to describe a disease's characteristics in detail. Your writing should reflect a clear understanding of when to use this formal Sanskrit-derived term to sound professional and authoritative. You can also explain the etymology of the word to others, linking it to the root 'संक्रम'.
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At the C1 level, 'संक्रामक' becomes a tool for sophisticated expression in both academic and literary contexts. You can use it to write essays on sociology, discussing the 'संक्रामक' nature of ideologies or cultural shifts. You understand the subtle connotations the word carries in different registers of Hindi. In literature, you might analyze how an author uses 'संक्रामक' to describe a character's influence over a town. You are also aware of the historical context of the word in India, such as its use during the colonial era's health crises. You can use the word in high-level professional settings, such as a medical conference or a policy meeting. Your use of the word is seamless, and you can pair it with advanced vocabulary like 'प्रसार' (dissemination), 'उन्मूलन' (eradication), or 'निवारण' (prevention). You can also use it in creative writing to create vivid imagery, such as 'एक संक्रामक उदासी' (an infectious sadness) that hangs over a room. Your grasp of the word's prefix 'अ-' and related forms like 'संक्रामकता' (infectiousness/contagiousness) is perfect.
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At the C2 level, you have a masterly command over 'संक्रामक' and its place in the vast landscape of the Hindi language. You can discuss the word's Sanskrit origins, its evolution in Modern Standard Hindi, and its comparison with synonyms in related languages like Urdu or Punjabi. You can use 'संक्रामक' in philosophical discourse, perhaps discussing the 'संक्रामक' nature of human consciousness or collective memory. You can effortlessly switch between the literal medical meaning and the most abstract metaphorical uses. You might write a thesis or a detailed report where 'संक्रामक' is used to describe the viral nature of digital misinformation in the 21st century. You understand all the regional variations and how the word might be replaced by more colloquial terms in different dialects of Hindi, yet you choose 'संक्रामक' for its precise, scholarly weight. You can also appreciate and use the word in the most complex poetic structures, where its rhythmic qualities and deep-rooted meaning add layers to the text. Your understanding is indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker.
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مثال‌ها

संक्रामक در ۳۰ ثانیه

  • संक्रामक (sankrāmak) means infectious or contagious.
  • It is a formal adjective used for both medical and metaphorical contexts.
  • It does not change based on the gender of the noun it modifies.
  • The antonym is असंक्रामक (asankrāmak), meaning non-infectious.

The word संक्रामक (sankrāmak) is a sophisticated yet essential Hindi adjective that primarily translates to 'infectious' or 'contagious' in English. Rooted in Sanskrit, it describes anything that has the capacity to spread from one person, animal, or entity to another. While its most common application is in the realm of medicine and biology—referring to viruses, bacteria, and the diseases they cause—it is also frequently used metaphorically in Hindi literature and daily conversation to describe emotions, behaviors, or trends that spread rapidly through a group of people.

Medical Context
In a clinical setting, this word is used to categorize diseases. For instance, 'संक्रामक रोग' (sankrāmak rog) refers to infectious diseases like the common cold, tuberculosis, or COVID-19. It implies a biological transmission.

अस्पताल में संक्रामक बीमारियों के लिए एक अलग वार्ड है। (There is a separate ward for infectious diseases in the hospital.)

Metaphorical Context
Just like in English, Hindi speakers use 'संक्रामक' to describe things like laughter (हंसी), enthusiasm (उत्साह), or even panic (घबराहट). If one person starts laughing and others follow suit, that laughter is described as 'संक्रामक'.

उसकी हंसी बहुत संक्रामक है। (His laughter is very infectious.)

Understanding the nuance of 'संक्रामक' requires looking at its root 'संक्रम' (sankram), which relates to transition or crossing over. When something is 'संक्रामक', it is in the state of crossing over from one host to another. Historically, this word became highly prevalent in the Indian lexicon during the plague outbreaks of the early 20th century and more recently during the global pandemic. It is a word that carries a sense of urgency and caution when used in a medical sense, but warmth and positivity when used to describe a smile or a good mood. It is an adjective that does not change based on the gender of the noun it qualifies, making it relatively easy for learners to plug into sentences once they understand the context.

क्या यह वायरस संक्रामक है? (Is this virus infectious?)

Social Context
In social commentary, writers might use the term to describe the 'संक्रामक' nature of ideology or fashion trends, suggesting they move through a population like a contagion.

नया फैशन युवाओं में संक्रामक रूप से फैल रहा है। (The new fashion is spreading infectiously among the youth.)

भीड़भाड़ वाले इलाकों में संक्रामक रोगों का खतरा बढ़ जाता है। (The risk of infectious diseases increases in crowded areas.)

Using 'संक्रामक' correctly in Hindi involves understanding its role as an adjective. In Hindi grammar, adjectives usually precede the noun they modify. Because 'संक्रामक' is a Tatsama word (borrowed directly from Sanskrit), it retains a formal tone and remains invariant. This means whether you are talking about a feminine noun like 'बीमारी' (disease) or a masculine noun like 'रोग' (ailment), the word 'संक्रामक' stays the same. This is a relief for learners who are often bogged down by gender-agreement rules in Hindi.

Basic Structure
The most common pattern is [Adjective] + [Noun]. For example: संक्रामक (Infectious) + बीमारी (Disease) = संक्रामक बीमारी. You can then add verbs like 'है' (is), 'थी' (was), or 'हो सकती है' (can be).

यह एक संक्रामक स्थिति है। (This is an infectious situation.)

Using with Postpositions
When followed by postpositions like 'से' (from/by) or 'का/के/की' (of), the adjective remains unchanged. Example: 'संक्रामक रोगों से बचाव' (Protection from infectious diseases).

हमें संक्रामक रोगों के प्रति जागरूक रहना चाहिए। (We should remain aware of infectious diseases.)

When constructing complex sentences, 'संक्रामक' often pairs with words like 'चरण' (phase), 'अवधि' (period), or 'क्षमता' (capacity). For instance, 'संक्रामक अवधि' refers to the infectious period of a disease. If you are discussing the speed of spread, you might say 'अत्यधिक संक्रामक' (highly infectious). In a more abstract sense, when describing a person's personality, you could say 'उनका व्यक्तित्व संक्रामक है' (Their personality is infectious), implying that their energy influences everyone around them. This versatility allows the word to transition from a dry medical textbook to a vibrant character description in a novel.

वैज्ञानिक इस वायरस की संक्रामक शक्ति की जांच कर रहे हैं। (Scientists are investigating the infectious power of this virus.)

Negation
To say something is 'non-infectious', you add the prefix 'अ-' (a-) to get 'असंक्रामक' (asankrāmak). This is very common in medical reports to differentiate between things like cancer (non-infectious) and the flu (infectious).

कैंसर एक असंक्रामक बीमारी है। (Cancer is a non-infectious disease.)

उसका उत्साह संक्रामक था, जिसने पूरी टीम को प्रेरित किया। (His enthusiasm was infectious, which inspired the whole team.)

In the real world, 'संक्रामक' is a staple of Hindi news media, health-related public service announcements, and academic discussions. If you turn on a Hindi news channel like Aaj Tak or NDTV India during a health crisis, you will hear the anchor use this word repeatedly. It is the standard term used by the Ministry of Health (स्वास्थ्य मंत्रालय) in its official bulletins. Beyond the news, you will find it in school textbooks under the 'Science' or 'Biology' sections, where students learn about hygiene and disease prevention. It is also a word you might hear in a doctor's office in urban India, where formal Hindi is often blended with English medical terminology.

News & Media
Hear it in headlines like: 'शहर में संक्रामक रोगों का प्रकोप' (Outbreak of infectious diseases in the city). It sets a tone of serious public concern.

समाचारों के अनुसार, यह नया स्ट्रेन अधिक संक्रामक है। (According to news, this new strain is more infectious.)

Educational Settings
Teachers use it to explain how germs travel. A common exam question might be: 'संक्रामक और असंक्रामक रोगों के बीच अंतर स्पष्ट करें' (Explain the difference between infectious and non-infectious diseases).

कक्षा में हमने संक्रामक रोगों के प्रसार के बारे में पढ़ा। (In class, we read about the spread of infectious diseases.)

In Hindi literature and cinema (Bollywood), the word is used to add weight to a description. A poet might describe a revolution as 'संक्रामक', suggesting it is catching fire from one soul to another. In movies, a doctor character will use this word to provide a diagnosis that sounds authoritative and scientific. It is also used in corporate seminars in India when talking about 'संक्रामक कार्य संस्कृति' (infectious work culture), usually in a positive sense to mean a culture that motivates everyone. Interestingly, during the monsoon season in India, you will see 'संक्रामक' on banners in metro stations and bus stops, advising people to wash their hands and drink boiled water to avoid 'संक्रामक जल-जनित रोग' (infectious water-borne diseases).

मानसून के दौरान संक्रामक बीमारियों से बचना जरूरी है। (It is important to avoid infectious diseases during the monsoon.)

Workplace/Motivation
Managers might say: 'आपकी सकारात्मक ऊर्जा संक्रामक है' (Your positive energy is infectious). It's a high compliment for a team leader.

उसका आत्मविश्वास संक्रामक था। (His confidence was infectious.)

यह विचार संक्रामक गति से समाज में फैल गया। (This idea spread through society at an infectious pace.)

One of the most common mistakes learners make with 'संक्रामक' is confusing it with the noun for 'infection', which is 'संक्रमण' (sankraman). While they look similar, 'संक्रामक' is an adjective (infectious), and 'संक्रमण' is a noun (infection). You cannot say 'मुझे संक्रामक है' to mean 'I have an infection'; instead, you must say 'मुझे संक्रमण हुआ है'. Another frequent error is using it to describe something that is simply 'popular' without the connotation of spreading. 'संक्रामक' implies a process of transmission, not just a state of being liked.

Confusion with 'संक्रमण' (Noun)
Mistake: 'यह संक्रामक बहुत बुरा है।' (This infectious is very bad.)
Correct: 'यह संक्रमण बहुत बुरा है।' (This infection is very bad.) or 'यह संक्रामक बीमारी बहुत बुरी है।' (This infectious disease is very bad.)

गलती: मुझे संक्रामक हो गया है। सही: मुझे संक्रमण हो गया है। (I have developed an infection.)

Misapplying to Non-Transmissible Things
Learners sometimes use 'संक्रामक' for anything that spreads, like 'water spreading on the floor'. This is incorrect. It must involve a biological or social 'catching' mechanism.

गलती: फर्श पर पानी संक्रामक है। (Water on the floor is infectious - Incorrect context.)

Another mistake involves the pronunciation of the nasal sound represented by the 'bindu' (dot) over 'स'. It should be a clear 'n' sound (san-), not a 'm' sound. Some learners also struggle with the 'kra' cluster, often pronouncing it as 'kara'. It is 'sank-ra-mak'. Additionally, avoid using 'संक्रामक' when you want to say 'poisonous' (विषैला - vishaila) or 'harmful' (हानिकारक - haanikarak). A disease can be harmful but not infectious (like heart disease), and a substance can be poisonous but not infectious (like arsenic). Precision is key in medical Hindi.

सावधानी: दिल की बीमारी संक्रामक नहीं होती। (Caution: Heart disease is not infectious.)

Overusing Formal Language
In very casual conversation with friends, using 'संक्रामक' might sound a bit like you're reading a textbook. Using 'फैलने वाला' (failne wala) is often more natural for A1/A2 learners in daily chat.

बोलचाल में: यह बीमारी बहुत जल्दी फैलती है। (In conversation: This disease spreads very quickly.)

क्या जुकाम संक्रामक है? (Is the cold infectious? - Correct use of question.)

While 'संक्रामक' is the precise term for 'infectious', Hindi offers several synonyms and related terms depending on the level of formality and the specific context. Understanding these alternatives will help you sound more like a native speaker and allow you to choose the right word for the right situation. The most direct colloquial alternative is 'छूत का' (chhoot ka), which literally means 'of touch'. This is used for diseases that spread through physical contact. Another common phrase is 'फैलने वाला' (failne wala), which means 'that which spreads'. This is a catch-all term for anything from a rumor to a virus.

संक्रामक vs. छूत का
'संक्रामक' is scientific and broad (includes airborne, waterborne). 'छूत का' is more traditional and often implies direct contact or social stigma.

यह छूत की बीमारी नहीं है। (This is not a contagious/touch-based disease.)

संक्रामक vs. महामारी (Mahamari)
'संक्रामक' describes the nature of the disease (how it spreads), while 'महामारी' refers to the scale (a pandemic/epidemic). An infectious disease might not always lead to a pandemic.

यह संक्रामक रोग अब महामारी बन चुका है। (This infectious disease has now become a pandemic.)

In a metaphorical sense, if you want to say something is 'viral' on the internet, you might use 'तेजी से फैलने वाला' (fast-spreading). If you are talking about something being 'influential', you might use 'प्रभावशाली' (prabhavshali). However, 'संक्रामक' remains unique because it captures that specific 'catching' quality. For example, 'संक्रामक मुस्कान' (infectious smile) sounds more poetic than 'प्रभावशाली मुस्कान'. Another related word is 'छुआछूत' (chuachoot), which refers to the practice of untouchability—a social evil. It’s important not to confuse the medical 'संक्रामक' with the social 'छुआछूत', though they share the root meaning of 'touch'.

उसकी संक्रामक मुस्कान ने सबका दिल जीत लिया। (His infectious smile won everyone's heart.)

Related Terms Table
- संक्रमण (Sankraman) - Infection (Noun)
- असंक्रामक (Asankrāmak) - Non-infectious (Adjective)
- संक्रमित (Sankramit) - Infected (Adjective/Participle)
- फैलना (Failna) - To spread (Verb)

वह व्यक्ति वायरस से संक्रमित है। (That person is infected with the virus.)

बैक्टीरिया एक संक्रामक कारक है। (Bacteria is an infectious agent.)

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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

यह बीमारी संक्रामक है।

This illness is infectious.

Simple Subject + Adjective + Verb structure.

2

क्या वह संक्रामक है?

Is that infectious?

Question form using 'Kya'.

3

यह संक्रामक नहीं है।

This is not infectious.

Negative sentence using 'nahi'.

4

संक्रामक रोग से बचें।

Avoid infectious diseases.

Imperative sentence using 'bachen'.

5

उसकी हंसी संक्रामक है।

His laughter is infectious.

Metaphorical use for a positive emotion.

6

सावधान! यह संक्रामक है।

Warning! This is infectious.

Exclamatory warning.

7

क्या जुकाम संक्रामक होता है?

Is a cold infectious?

General fact question using 'hota hai'.

8

यह एक संक्रामक स्थिति है।

This is an infectious situation.

Adjective modifying the noun 'sthiti'.

1

डॉक्टर ने कहा कि यह संक्रामक है।

The doctor said that this is infectious.

Reported speech using 'ki'.

2

असंक्रामक बीमारियों के नाम बताइए।

Tell the names of non-infectious diseases.

Use of the antonym 'asankrāmak'.

3

भीड़ में संक्रामक रोग जल्दी फैलते हैं।

Infectious diseases spread quickly in crowds.

Adverb 'jaldi' used with the verb 'failte'.

4

उसका उत्साह बहुत संक्रामक था।

His enthusiasm was very infectious.

Past tense 'tha' with an abstract noun.

5

हमें संक्रामक कचरे से दूर रहना चाहिए।

We should stay away from infectious waste.

Use of 'chahiye' for advice/obligation.

6

क्या यह वायरस ज्यादा संक्रामक है?

Is this virus more infectious?

Comparative sense using 'zyada'.

7

स्कूल में संक्रामक बीमारियाँ फैल रही हैं।

Infectious diseases are spreading in the school.

Present continuous tense 'fail rahi hain'.

8

यह संक्रामक नहीं, बल्कि एलर्जी है।

This is not infectious, but an allergy.

Contrast using 'nahi, balki'.

1

संक्रामक रोगों के प्रसार को रोकना कठिन है।

It is difficult to stop the spread of infectious diseases.

Infinitival phrase 'rokna' as a subject.

2

उसकी सकारात्मक ऊर्जा पूरी टीम के लिए संक्रामक थी।

Her positive energy was infectious for the whole team.

Complex subject with 'ki' and 'ke liye' phrase.

3

अस्पताल में संक्रामक वार्ड में जाना मना है।

It is forbidden to go into the infectious ward in the hospital.

Use of 'mana hai' for prohibition.

4

वैज्ञानिक संक्रामक एजेंटों की पहचान कर रहे हैं।

Scientists are identifying the infectious agents.

Compound verb 'pehchan kar rahe hain'.

5

यह संक्रामक बीमारी हवा के जरिए फैलती है।

This infectious disease spreads through the air.

Instrumental phrase 'hawa ke zariye'.

6

क्या आपको लगता है कि खुशी संक्रामक होती है?

Do you think that happiness is infectious?

Opinion question using 'kya aapko lagta hai'.

7

संक्रामक रोगों के बारे में जागरूकता जरूरी है।

Awareness about infectious diseases is necessary.

Noun 'jaagrukta' followed by 'zaroori hai'.

8

हमें संक्रामक मरीजों की देखभाल सावधानी से करनी चाहिए।

We should care for infectious patients carefully.

Adverbial use of 'saavdhani se'.

1

यह नया वेरिएंट पिछले वाले से अधिक संक्रामक है।

This new variant is more infectious than the previous one.

Comparative structure 'se adhik'.

2

संक्रामक रोगों का इतिहास मानव सभ्यता जितना पुराना है।

The history of infectious diseases is as old as human civilization.

Simile using 'jitna purana'.

3

टीकाकरण संक्रामक बीमारियों को रोकने का सबसे प्रभावी तरीका है।

Vaccination is the most effective way to stop infectious diseases.

Superlative 'sabse prabhavi'.

4

उसकी घबराहट संक्रामक थी और जल्द ही सब डर गए।

His panic was infectious and soon everyone got scared.

Coordinating conjunction 'aur' linking two clauses.

5

सरकार ने संक्रामक रोगों के लिए नई गाइडलाइंस जारी की हैं।

The government has issued new guidelines for infectious diseases.

Perfect tense 'jaari ki hain'.

6

कुछ संक्रामक रोग जानवरों से इंसानों में फैलते हैं।

Some infectious diseases spread from animals to humans.

Directional phrase 'se... mein'.

7

इस दवा का उद्देश्य संक्रामक क्षमता को कम करना है।

The purpose of this medicine is to reduce the infectious capacity.

Genitive 'ka uddeshya'.

8

संक्रामक रोगों के प्रति लापरवाही भारी पड़ सकती है।

Negligence towards infectious diseases can prove costly.

Idiomatic expression 'bhari pad sakti hai'.

1

विचारों की संक्रामक प्रकृति ही समाज में बदलाव लाती है।

The infectious nature of ideas brings change in society.

Abstract noun phrase as a subject.

2

लेखक ने युद्ध के डर को एक संक्रामक बीमारी की तरह चित्रित किया है।

The author has portrayed the fear of war like an infectious disease.

Simile 'ki tarah' with 'chitrit kiya hai'.

3

संक्रामक रोगों के वैश्विक प्रसार ने स्वास्थ्य प्रणालियों की पोल खोल दी।

The global spread of infectious diseases exposed the health systems.

Idiom 'pol khol di' (exposed the truth).

4

डिजिटल युग में गलत जानकारी संक्रामक गति से फैलती है।

In the digital age, misinformation spreads at an infectious pace.

Adverbial phrase 'sankrāmak gati se'.

5

उसका व्यक्तित्व इतना संक्रामक था कि कोई भी उससे प्रभावित हुए बिना नहीं रह सका।

His personality was so infectious that no one could remain unaffected by him.

Correlative 'itna... ki' and double negative 'bina nahi reh saka'.

6

संक्रामक रोगों के उन्मूलन के लिए अंतरराष्ट्रीय सहयोग अनिवार्य है।

International cooperation is mandatory for the eradication of infectious diseases.

Formal vocabulary like 'unmoolan' and 'anivarya'.

7

यह शोध संक्रामक रोगों के आणविक आधार पर केंद्रित है।

This research is focused on the molecular basis of infectious diseases.

Postpositional phrase 'par kendrit hai'.

8

अज्ञानता भी एक संक्रामक रोग की तरह है जो समाज को खोखला कर देती है।

Ignorance is also like an infectious disease that hollows out society.

Metaphorical use with a relative clause 'jo... kar deti hai'.

1

संक्रामक रोगों की महामारी विज्ञान संबंधी जटिलताओं का विश्लेषण करना आवश्यक है।

It is necessary to analyze the epidemiological complexities of infectious diseases.

Highly formal academic Hindi.

2

क्या चेतना संक्रामक हो सकती है, यह एक गहरा दार्शनिक प्रश्न है।

Whether consciousness can be infectious is a deep philosophical question.

Noun clause 'Kya chetna... ho sakti hai' as a subject.

3

संक्रामक रोगों के प्रति हमारी संवेदनशीलता हमारी जैव-विकासवादी विरासत का हिस्सा है।

Our susceptibility to infectious diseases is part of our bio-evolutionary heritage.

Sanskrit-heavy vocabulary like 'sanvedansheelta' and 'jaiv-vikasvadi'.

4

साहित्य में संक्रामक बिम्बों का प्रयोग अक्सर सामाजिक अशांति को दर्शाने के लिए किया जाता है।

The use of infectious imagery in literature is often done to depict social unrest.

Passive voice 'kiya jata hai'.

5

वैश्वीकरण ने संक्रामक रोगों के संचरण की गति और सीमा को अभूतपूर्व रूप से बढ़ा दिया है।

Globalization has unprecedentedly increased the speed and extent of infectious disease transmission.

Use of 'abhootpoorv' (unprecedented).

6

संक्रामक रोगों का मनोवैज्ञानिक प्रभाव अक्सर उनके शारीरिक प्रभाव से कहीं अधिक गहरा होता है।

The psychological impact of infectious diseases is often much deeper than their physical impact.

Comparative 'kahin adhik gehra'.

7

इस संक्रामक दौर में मानवीय संवेदनाओं का ह्रास एक चिंताजनक विषय है।

The decline of human sensibilities in this infectious era is a matter of concern.

Abstract noun 'hraas' (decline).

8

संक्रामकता के गणितीय मॉडल हमें भविष्य की महामारियों के लिए तैयार रहने में मदद करते हैं।

Mathematical models of infectiousness help us stay prepared for future pandemics.

Technical term 'ganitiya model'.

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