A2 Adjectives 1 min read آسان

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Indonesian adjectives act as predicates without a 'to be' verb; simply place the adjective directly after the noun or subject.

  • No 'to be' needed: 'Rumah itu besar' (The house is big).
  • Adjectives follow nouns: 'Buku merah' (Red book).
  • Use 'sangat' for emphasis: 'Sangat panas' (Very hot).
Subject + Adjective = State (e.g., Kopi + panas = Kopi panas)

Meanings

Indonesian adjectives describe the quality or state of a noun. Unlike English, they do not require a copula (is/am/are) to function as a predicate.

1

Predicative

Describing the state of a subject.

“Dia pintar.”

“Cuaca cerah.”

2

Attributive

Modifying a noun directly.

“Baju biru.”

“Orang kaya.”

3

Intensified

Adding degree to the adjective.

“Sangat cantik.”

“Terlalu mahal.”

Adjective Sentence Structure

Type Structure Example
Affirmative Noun + Adjective Buku baru
Negative Noun + tidak + Adjective Buku tidak baru
Interrogative Apakah + Noun + Adjective? Apakah buku baru?
Intensified Noun + sangat + Adjective Buku sangat baru
Comparative Noun + lebih + Adjective Buku lebih baru
Superlative Noun + paling + Adjective Buku paling baru

Reference Table

Reference table for Describing Conditions
Form Structure Example
Affirmative Noun + Adj Kopi panas
Negative Noun + tidak + Adj Kopi tidak panas
Question Apakah + Noun + Adj? Apakah kopi panas?
Very Noun + sangat + Adj Kopi sangat panas
Too Noun + terlalu + Adj Kopi terlalu panas
A bit Noun + agak + Adj Kopi agak panas

طیف رسمیت

رسمی
Kamar ini bersih.

Kamar ini bersih. (Hotel review)

خنثی
Kamar ini bersih.

Kamar ini bersih. (Hotel review)

غیر رسمی
Kamarnya bersih.

Kamarnya bersih. (Hotel review)

عامیانه
Kamarnya bersih banget.

Kamarnya bersih banget. (Hotel review)

Adjective Usage Map

Adjective

Degree

  • sangat very
  • terlalu too

Negation

  • tidak not

Examples by Level

1

Kopi panas.

The coffee is hot.

2

Mobil baru.

The car is new.

3

Saya lapar.

I am hungry.

4

Buku bagus.

The book is good.

1

Rumah itu tidak besar.

That house is not big.

2

Dia sangat pintar.

He/she is very smart.

3

Apakah cuaca dingin?

Is the weather cold?

4

Kamar ini cukup bersih.

This room is clean enough.

1

Saya mencari rumah yang murah dan bersih.

I am looking for a house that is cheap and clean.

2

Dia terlalu lelah untuk bekerja.

He is too tired to work.

3

Film itu sangat menarik bagi saya.

That movie is very interesting to me.

4

Makanan ini agak pedas.

This food is a bit spicy.

1

Keputusan itu sangat penting bagi masa depan kita.

That decision is very important for our future.

2

Keadaan ekonomi saat ini cukup sulit.

The current economic situation is quite difficult.

3

Dia merasa sangat bangga dengan prestasinya.

He feels very proud of his achievements.

4

Pemandangan di sini luar biasa indah.

The view here is extraordinarily beautiful.

1

Perubahan iklim merupakan isu yang sangat krusial.

Climate change is a very crucial issue.

2

Dia memiliki kepribadian yang sangat karismatik.

He has a very charismatic personality.

3

Situasi ini menuntut solusi yang komprehensif.

This situation demands a comprehensive solution.

4

Argumennya sangat persuasif dan logis.

His argument is very persuasive and logical.

1

Fenomena ini bersifat multidimensional dan kompleks.

This phenomenon is multidimensional and complex.

2

Karya sastra tersebut sangat kontroversial di zamannya.

That literary work was very controversial in its time.

3

Pendekatan yang pragmatis sangat diperlukan saat ini.

A pragmatic approach is very necessary right now.

4

Dia menunjukkan ketabahan yang luar biasa.

He showed extraordinary resilience.

Easily Confused

Describing Conditions در مقابل Adjective vs Verb

Learners confuse state adjectives with action verbs.

Describing Conditions در مقابل Sangat vs Terlalu

Both are intensifiers.

Describing Conditions در مقابل Yang + Adjective

Using 'yang' when not needed.

اشتباهات رایج

Buku adalah merah

Buku merah

Do not use 'adalah' with adjectives.

Besar rumah

Rumah besar

Adjective must follow the noun.

Saya adalah lapar

Saya lapar

No 'to be' verb.

Rumah itu adalah besar

Rumah itu besar

Remove 'adalah'.

Tidak rumah besar

Rumah tidak besar

Negation follows the noun.

Sangat besar rumah

Rumah sangat besar

Adjective comes before intensifier.

Apakah rumah besar?

Apakah rumah itu besar?

Need 'itu' for specific reference.

Saya suka rumah yang adalah besar

Saya suka rumah yang besar

Don't use 'adalah' even with 'yang'.

Dia terlalu lelah untuk bekerja

Dia terlalu lelah untuk bekerja

Correct, but ensure 'terlalu' is used for excess.

Makanan ini sangat pedas sekali

Makanan ini sangat pedas

Avoid double intensifiers.

Situasi ini adalah sangat kompleks

Situasi ini sangat kompleks

Still no 'adalah'.

Dia orang yang sangat karismatik sekali

Dia orang yang sangat karismatik

Redundant intensifiers.

Pendekatan ini adalah pragmatis

Pendekatan ini pragmatis

Avoid copula.

Sentence Patterns

___ itu ___.

___ itu tidak ___.

Saya suka ___ yang ___.

___ sangat ___ sekali.

Real World Usage

Texting constant

Panas banget di sini!

Ordering food very common

Kopi panas satu.

Job interview common

Saya orang yang disiplin.

Travel common

Hotel ini sangat bersih.

Social Media constant

Indah sekali pemandangannya!

Food delivery app very common

Makanan murah dan enak.

💡

Avoid 'adalah'

Never use 'adalah' with adjectives. It's the most common mistake.
⚠️

Word Order

Always put the adjective after the noun.
🎯

Use 'banget'

In casual speech, use 'banget' to sound like a local.
💬

Be polite

When giving negative feedback, use 'kurang' (less) instead of 'tidak' (not) to be polite.

Smart Tips

Always check if you added 'adalah'. If yes, delete it!

Rumah adalah besar. Rumah besar.

Put 'sangat' before the adjective.

Besar sangat. Sangat besar.

Use 'kurang' instead of 'tidak' for negative feedback.

Makanan ini tidak enak. Makanan ini kurang enak.

Use 'banget' at the end of the adjective.

Sangat panas. Panas banget.

تلفظ

panas (PA-nas)

Stress

Stress usually falls on the penultimate syllable.

Question

Apakah rumah itu besar? ↑

Rising intonation at the end.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of Indonesian adjectives as 'stickers' that you just slap onto the noun.

Visual Association

Imagine a red apple. In your mind, place the word 'merah' (red) directly on the apple like a label.

Rhyme

Noun first, adjective next, no 'is' or 'are' to perplex.

Story

Budi is hungry (Budi lapar). He sees a big house (Rumah besar). He thinks the house is very beautiful (Rumah sangat indah).

Word Web

panasdinginbesarkecilbagusmahalmurahpintar

چالش

Look around your room and name 5 objects with their adjectives in 30 seconds.

نکات فرهنگی

Indonesians often use 'banget' (very) in informal speech to emphasize adjectives.

Indonesian adjectives are largely Austronesian in origin, reflecting a simple descriptive system.

Conversation Starters

Bagaimana cuaca hari ini?

Apakah makanan ini enak?

Bagaimana pendapatmu tentang film ini?

Apakah situasi ekonomi saat ini sulit?

Journal Prompts

Describe your room.
Describe your best friend.
Describe a place you visited.
Discuss a current issue.

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank.

Rumah itu ___ (big).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: besar
Besar means big.
Choose the correct sentence. چند گزینه‌ای

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Buku merah
Noun + Adjective.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Mobil adalah cepat.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mobil cepat
No copula.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Rumah itu besar
Subject + itu + Adjective.
Translate to Indonesian. ترجمه

The coffee is hot.

Answer starts with: Kop...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kopi itu panas
Use 'itu' for 'the'.
Match the adjective to its meaning. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Expensive
Mahal = Expensive.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Use: Saya, lapar, sangat.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Saya sangat lapar
Intensifier before adjective.
Choose the best intensifier. چند گزینه‌ای

Kopi ini ___ panas.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: sangat
Sangat is an intensifier.

Score: /8

تمرین‌های عملی

8 exercises
Fill in the blank.

Rumah itu ___ (big).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: besar
Besar means big.
Choose the correct sentence. چند گزینه‌ای

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Buku merah
Noun + Adjective.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Mobil adalah cepat.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mobil cepat
No copula.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

itu / besar / rumah

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Rumah itu besar
Subject + itu + Adjective.
Translate to Indonesian. ترجمه

The coffee is hot.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kopi itu panas
Use 'itu' for 'the'.
Match the adjective to its meaning. Match Pairs

Match: Mahal

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Expensive
Mahal = Expensive.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Use: Saya, lapar, sangat.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Saya sangat lapar
Intensifier before adjective.
Choose the best intensifier. چند گزینه‌ای

Kopi ini ___ panas.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: sangat
Sangat is an intensifier.

Score: /8

سوالات متداول (8)

No, Indonesian adjectives are invariant.

No, never.

Always after the noun.

Use 'tidak' before the adjective.

It acts as 'the' or 'that'.

Use 'sangat'.

Yes, informal uses 'banget'.

Yes, just list them.

In Other Languages

Spanish low

Adjective agreement

Indonesian adjectives are invariant.

French low

Adjective placement

Indonesian word order is strictly Noun-Adjective.

German low

Declension

No case system in Indonesian.

Japanese partial

i-adjectives

Indonesian adjectives do not conjugate.

Arabic low

Agreement

Indonesian lacks complex agreement.

Chinese high

Adjectival verbs

Very similar structure.

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