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B1 noun 9 دقیقه مطالعه

하향

hahyang
مثال‌ها 하향 در ۳۰ ثانیه
توضیح 하향 in your Level:
At the A1 level, the word '하향' might be a bit difficult because it is a formal Hanja-based word. However, you can think of it simply as 'down.' You know words like '밑' (bottom) or '아래' (below). '하향' is like saying 'toward the bottom.' You might see it on a sign in a building directing you to a lower floor, although '아래로' is more common. Just remember that '하' (下) means down. If you see this word, think about things going down, like a slide or a staircase. It is the opposite of '상향' (upward). At this stage, just focus on recognizing the '하' character and knowing it relates to being below or going down. You don't need to use it in complex sentences yet, but knowing it exists will help you later.
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At the A2 level, you start to see '하향' in more specific contexts, like describing simple trends. For example, if you are looking at a weather chart or a simple graph in a textbook, '하향' describes the line going down. You might hear it in the phrase '하향 조정' which means making something smaller or lower. For example, if you planned to study for 5 hours but changed it to 3 hours, that is a 'downward adjustment.' You should try to remember that '하향' is a noun. You can use it with '하다' to make a verb, but it's mostly used to describe other words. It is a good word to know for basic reading comprehension in news snippets or school notices. It sounds more 'grown-up' than just saying '내려가요.'
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At the B1 level, '하향' becomes very useful for discussing your plans and the economy. This is the level where you should learn the phrase '하향 지원.' In Korea, this is a very common topic. It means applying for a school or job that is easier to get into than your top choice to be safe. You can use it like this: '안전하게 하향 지원을 했어요' (I applied downward to be safe). You will also hear this word on the news every day. When the reporter talks about '하향 추세' (downward trend), they are talking about things like the number of people with a disease or the price of gas. You should be able to use '하향' in your writing to describe trends in graphs, which is a common task in exams like the TOPIK II.
At the B2 level, you should understand the nuance of '하향' compared to similar words like '하락' or '감소.' You are expected to use '하향' in formal discussions about policy, business, or sociology. For instance, you might discuss '하향 평준화' (downward equalization) in an essay about education. This is a complex concept where standards are lowered so everyone can meet them. You should also be comfortable using '하향식' (top-down) to describe management styles or logical approaches. At this level, you aren't just saying things are 'going down'; you are describing the structure and direction of movements in a professional way. You can use it to describe credit rating downgrades (신용등급 하향 조정) or revisions to economic growth targets.
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At the C1 level, '하향' is a tool for precise academic and professional expression. You should be able to use it in complex grammatical structures and understand its metaphorical implications. For example, in a literary or philosophical context, '하향' might describe a decline in values or a shift in cultural focus. You should be able to analyze how '하향' affects the tone of a report—using '하향' instead of '하락' can make a report sound more objective and focused on the trend rather than just the loss. You will encounter this word in high-level legal documents, economic white papers, and academic journals. You should also be familiar with technical terms like '하향 여과' (filtering down) in urban planning or economics, where resources or trends move from higher classes to lower ones.
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At the C2 level, you have a complete mastery of '하향' and can use it with the same nuance as a highly educated native speaker. You understand its historical roots in Hanja and how it interacts with other Sino-Korean morphemes to create new terminology. You can use '하향' to discuss highly abstract concepts, such as the '하향적 인과관계' (downward causation) in philosophy or complex '하향식 설계' (top-down design) in advanced engineering. You can detect the subtle rhetorical use of '하향' in political speeches—for instance, how a politician might use '하향 안정' to put a positive spin on a price drop. Your usage is flawless across all registers, from technical manuals to sophisticated social critiques, and you can effortlessly switch between '하향' and its synonyms to achieve the exact stylistic effect you desire.
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مثال‌ها

하향 در ۳۰ ثانیه

  • 하향 means 'downward' and is used to describe trends, levels, or adjustments moving to a lower state in formal contexts.
  • Commonly used in finance (prices), education (safety applications), and management (top-down structures).
  • It is a formal noun, often paired with '조정' (adjustment) or '추세' (trend).
  • Its direct antonym is 상향 (sanghyang), which means upward.
The Korean word 하향 (Hahyang) is a formal noun composed of two Hanja characters: 下 (하) meaning 'down' or 'below' and 向 (향) meaning 'direction' or 'towards.' Combined, it literally translates to 'downward direction.' In practical usage, it refers to any movement, trend, or adjustment that shifts toward a lower level, value, or standard. This is not typically used for a physical object falling like a ball, but rather for abstract concepts such as economic indicators, academic strategies, or systemic adjustments.
Economic Context
In finance and economics, 하향 is used to describe a declining trend in prices, interest rates, or market indices. You will frequently see the phrase 하향 곡선 (downward curve) to describe a recession or a cooling market.
Academic Context
One of the most common uses for students is 하향 지원 (applying downward). This refers to the strategy of applying to a university or job that is slightly below one's actual qualification level to ensure acceptance, especially during highly competitive seasons.
Societal Context
The term 하향 평준화 (downward equalization) is a sociological term used to describe a situation where standards or quality levels are lowered to make everyone equal, often used critically in debates about education policy.

최근 물가가 하향 안정세를 보이고 있습니다. (Recently, prices are showing a downward stabilizing trend.)

Understanding 하향 is crucial for intermediate learners because it appears everywhere from news headlines to corporate reports. While verbs like 내려가다 (to go down) are used in casual speech, 하향 is the preferred noun in professional, academic, and journalistic settings. It implies a systematic or measurable decrease rather than just a random drop. For instance, if a company adjusts its sales targets to be lower than before, they call it a 하향 조정 (downward adjustment). This level of precision helps you sound more sophisticated and precise in your Korean communication. Whether you are analyzing a graph or discussing your career strategy, 하향 provides the necessary formal weight to your observations. In contrast, its antonym is 상향 (Sanghyang), meaning upward. Mastering these two as a pair will significantly boost your vocabulary in professional environments.

성적이 떨어져서 목표 대학을 하향 조정해야 할 것 같아요. (My grades dropped, so I think I need to adjust my target university downward.)

그래프가 하향 곡선을 그리고 있습니다. (The graph is drawing a downward curve.)

전문가들은 금리의 하향 조정을 예상하고 있습니다. (Experts are anticipating a downward adjustment of interest rates.)

이번 정책은 교육의 하향 평준화를 초래할 수 있다는 비판을 받습니다. (This policy is being criticized for potentially causing a downward equalization of education.)

Using 하향 correctly requires understanding its role as a noun that often functions as a modifier for other nouns. It is rarely used alone as a subject unless in a very technical context. Instead, it frequently combines with words like 조정 (adjustment), 추세 (trend), or 지원 (application).
As a Modifier
When you want to say 'downward trend,' you say 하향 추세 (Hahyang chuse). When you want to say 'downward adjustment,' you say 하향 조정 (Hahyang jojeong). Notice how Korean places '하향' directly before the noun it describes without needing a particle like '의' in many cases, though '하향의' is grammatically possible.
With the Verb '하다'
While '하향하다' exists as a verb meaning 'to move downward,' it is much more common to use the noun form with a specific action verb. For example, '하향 조정하다' (to adjust downward) or '하향 곡선을 그리다' (to draw a downward curve/to decline).

경제 성장률 전망치가 하향 조정되었습니다. (The economic growth forecast has been adjusted downward.)

In this example, '하향 조정' acts as the core concept. It sounds much more professional than saying '전망치가 낮아졌습니다' (The forecast became lower). The use of 하향 implies a deliberate calculation or a formal reporting style. Another key usage is in the context of hierarchies or flow. In data processing or organizational communication, '하향식' (Hahyang-sik) means 'top-down.' For instance, a 하향식 의사결정 (top-down decision making) is when leaders make decisions and pass them down to subordinates. This is a very common term in business management and software engineering.

우리 회사는 하향식 보고 체계를 가지고 있습니다. (Our company has a top-down reporting system.)

반도체 가격이 하향 안정화 단계에 접어들었습니다. (Semiconductor prices have entered a downward stabilization phase.)

안전 기준을 하향해서는 안 됩니다. (Safety standards must not be adjusted downward.)

Common Collocations
1. 하향 곡선 (Downward curve)
2. 하향 추세 (Downward trend)
3. 하향 조정 (Downward adjustment)
4. 하향 지원 (Lower-tier application)
5. 하향식 (Top-down style)
You should also be aware of the nuances in emotional tone. While '하향' itself is neutral, '하향 지원' can sometimes carry a tone of disappointment or cautiousness, as it implies the person is settling for less than their maximum potential to avoid risk. Conversely, '하향 안정' (downward stabilization) in economics is usually seen as positive, indicating that previously high and volatile prices are finally coming down and becoming manageable. By mastering these patterns, you can express complex social and economic ideas with the same nuance as a native speaker.
You will encounter 하향 most frequently in formal media, financial news, and academic environments. If you turn on a Korean news channel like KBS or YTN during the business segment, you are almost guaranteed to hear it. Anchors use it to describe stock market movements, changes in housing prices, or government policy shifts.
Financial News
Analysts often say, "코스피 지수가 하향 돌파했습니다" (The KOSPI index has broken through downward). This indicates a significant drop in the market index. It is a staple word for anyone interested in the Korean economy.
Educational Consulting
In South Korea's high-pressure education system, the term '하향 지원' is a buzzword during the college application season (Suneung). Parents and teachers discuss whether a student should apply 'upward' (상향) to a dream school or 'downward' (하향) to a 'safety' school.

뉴스: "국제 유가가 하향세를 이어가고 있습니다." (News: "International oil prices are continuing their downward trend.")

In the workplace, '하향식' (top-down) is a common way to describe company culture. A '하향식 문화' (top-down culture) is one where instructions come from the CEO and are expected to be followed without much feedback from below. This is often contrasted with '상향식 문화' (bottom-up culture), which is becoming more popular in Korean startups.

부장님: "이번 프로젝트는 하향식으로 진행하겠습니다." (Manager: "We will proceed with this project in a top-down manner.")

입시 상담가: "안전하게 하향 지원을 고려해 보세요." (College consultant: "Consider applying downward for safety.")

기술 블로그: "시스템 성능이 하향 평준화되지 않도록 주의해야 합니다." (Tech blog: "We must be careful not to let system performance equalize downward.")

Beyond these, gamers use '하향' constantly. When a game developer releases a patch that makes a powerful character weaker, players will complain on forums: "내 캐릭터가 하향당했어!" (My character got nerfed/adjusted downward!). This is a great example of how a formal word can migrate into slang or casual digital culture. Whether you are reading a newspaper, talking to a teacher, or playing 'League of Legends' on a Korean server, you will hear this word being used to describe the reduction of power, price, or expectation. It is a versatile tool for describing the direction of change in almost any structured system.
One of the most frequent mistakes English speakers make with 하향 is using it for physical objects falling. If you drop your phone, you should not say "핸드폰이 하향했어요." Instead, you use verbs like '떨어지다' (to fall) or nouns like '낙하' (falling/dropping). 하향 is strictly for trends, levels, or systems.
Mistake 1: Confusing with 'Physical Falling'
Incorrect: 비가 하향하고 있어요 (The rain is 'downwarding').
Correct: 비가 내려요 (The rain is falling).
Reason: 하향 describes a directional vector or a statistical trend, not a natural physical action.
Mistake 2: Using as a stand-alone verb
Incorrect: 가격을 하향해요 (I 'downward' the price).
Correct: 가격을 하향 조정해요 (I adjust the price downward).
Reason: While '하향하다' is a word, it sounds very stiff. It is much more natural to pair the noun '하향' with another noun or use a more specific verb like '인하하다' (to lower prices).
Another common error is confusing 하향 (downward) with 하락 (drop/fall). While they are similar, '하락' is specifically used for values and prices dropping (e.g., 주가 하락 - stock price drop). '하향' is broader and can refer to the direction of a whole system or a strategic choice. For example, you wouldn't say '하락 지원' for college applications; it must be '하향 지원' because you are choosing a 'lower direction' for your application strategy.

틀린 표현: "기온이 하향했어요." (Incorrect: "The temperature 'downwarded'.")

옳은 표현: "기온이 하락했어요" 또는 "기온이 낮아졌어요." (Correct: "The temperature dropped.")

Lastly, be careful with '하향식'. While it means 'top-down' in management, don't use it to describe physical structures like 'a top-down building.' It only applies to abstract flows of information, authority, or logic. By avoiding these pitfalls, you'll ensure your use of '하향' sounds natural and professional. Always ask yourself: "Am I describing a physical fall or a trend/level?" If it's the latter, '하향' is likely the word you need.
To truly master 하향, you should know how it compares to other words that mean 'down' or 'decrease.' Korean has a rich vocabulary for these concepts, each with a specific nuance.
하향 vs. 하락 (Harak)
'하향' emphasizes the direction (downward). '하락' emphasizes the fall of value or price. You use '하향 조정' to change a target, but '가격 하락' to describe the price actually falling.
하향 vs. 인하 (Inha)
'인하' is specifically used for lowering costs, taxes, or interest rates by an authority. You '인하' the interest rate (금리 인하), which results in a '하향 추세' (downward trend) for the market.
하향 vs. 감소 (Gamso)
'감소' means a decrease in quantity. If you have 10 apples and now have 5, that is '감소.' '하향' is more about the level or standard moving down.

비교: 가격 인하 (Price cut) vs 가격 하락 (Price drop) vs 하향 조정 (Downward adjustment).

If you want to sound more casual, you can use 내리막 (Naerimak), which means 'downhill.' This is often used metaphorically for a career or a business that is failing: "그의 경력은 이제 내리막길이다" (His career is on the downhill now). '하향' is the formal version of this concept. In technical writing, you might see 강하 (Gangha), which refers to a physical descent, like a paratrooper or a sudden drop in pressure.

성적이 하락해서 지원 대학을 하향했습니다. (Because my grades dropped, I adjusted my university application downward.)

This sentence perfectly illustrates the difference: the grades 'dropped' (하락), and the strategy was 'downward' (하향). Understanding these subtle differences will help you avoid repetitive language and allow you to describe complex situations with high precision. Remember: 하향 = Direction/Trend, 하락 = Value drop, 인하 = Intentional cut, 감소 = Quantity decrease.

راهنمای تلفظ

UK /hɑːhjɑːŋ/
US /hɑhjɑŋ/
The stress is balanced, but slightly more weight is on the first syllable '하'.
خطاهای رایج
  • Pronouncing '향' as 'hang' (missing the 'y' sound).
  • Making the 'h' too harsh (it should be breathy).
  • Confusing it with '하영' (a common name).
  • Swapping it with '향하' (which means 'towards').
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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

화살표가 하향을 가리켜요.

The arrow points downward.

Noun '하향' used as an object.

2

하향 계단으로 가세요.

Go to the downward stairs.

Modifier usage.

3

온도가 하향이에요.

The temperature is (trending) downward.

Simple predicate usage.

4

하향 버튼을 누르세요.

Press the down button.

Compound noun.

5

공이 하향으로 굴러가요.

The ball rolls in a downward direction.

Particle '으로' indicates direction.

6

가격이 하향 추세예요.

The price is in a downward trend.

Basic trend description.

7

하향 길은 조심하세요.

Be careful on the downward path.

Descriptive noun.

8

이것은 하향 곡선입니다.

This is a downward curve.

Standard noun phrase.

1

성적이 하향 곡선을 그리고 있어요.

Grades are drawing a downward curve.

Metaphorical use of 'drawing a curve'.

2

목표 점수를 하향 조정했어요.

I adjusted my target score downward.

Common collocation '하향 조정'.

3

물가가 하향 안정되고 있습니다.

Prices are stabilizing downward.

Adverbial usage with '안정되다'.

4

하향 지원은 안전한 선택이에요.

Applying downward is a safe choice.

Subject phrase.

5

버스가 하향 길을 내려가요.

The bus goes down the downward road.

Physical direction.

6

수입이 하향세를 보이고 있습니다.

Income is showing a downward trend.

Formal trend expression.

7

하향식 교육은 재미없어요.

Top-down education is not fun.

Adjective form '하향식'.

8

계획을 하향으로 변경했습니다.

I changed the plan downward (scaled back).

Directional change.

1

불황으로 인해 매출이 하향 추세에 있습니다.

Due to the recession, sales are in a downward trend.

Cause and effect structure.

2

대학 입시에서 하향 지원을 결심했습니다.

I decided to apply downward for university entrance.

Specific academic term.

3

금리가 하향 조정될 것이라는 뉴스를 들었어요.

I heard news that interest rates will be adjusted downward.

Indirect speech.

4

그래프가 하향 돌파를 시도하고 있습니다.

The graph is attempting a downward breakthrough.

Technical market term.

5

회사가 하향식 의사결정 방식을 바꿨습니다.

The company changed its top-down decision-making method.

Corporate terminology.

6

품질의 하향 평준화가 우려됩니다.

I am concerned about the downward equalization of quality.

Sociological term.

7

이번 패치로 캐릭터의 공격력이 하향되었습니다.

With this patch, the character's attack power was adjusted downward (nerfed).

Passive verb form.

8

인구 증가율이 하향 곡선을 그리고 있습니다.

The population growth rate is drawing a downward curve.

Statistical description.

1

기업들은 실적 전망치를 잇따라 하향 조정하고 있다.

Companies are successively adjusting their performance forecasts downward.

Formal written style.

2

하향식 접근법보다는 상향식 접근법이 필요합니다.

A bottom-up approach is needed rather than a top-down approach.

Comparative structure.

3

신용 평가 기관이 국가 신용 등급을 하향했다.

The credit rating agency lowered the national credit rating.

Active verb usage in formal context.

4

교육 정책이 학생들의 하향 평준화를 초래했다는 비판이 있다.

There is criticism that educational policies have caused a downward equalization among students.

Complex noun phrase as object.

5

부동산 가격이 하향 안정세로 접어든 것으로 보입니다.

Real estate prices seem to have entered a downward stabilizing trend.

Inference ending '-ㄴ 것으로 보이다'.

6

수출 경기 전망이 하향 곡선을 지속하고 있습니다.

The export business outlook continues its downward curve.

Continuous action in formal tone.

7

이번 조치는 규제 수준을 하향하는 데 목적이 있습니다.

This measure is aimed at lowering the level of regulation.

Nominalized verb phrase.

8

시장 점유율이 하향 추세로 반전되었습니다.

The market share has reversed into a downward trend.

Describing a change in direction.

1

거시 경제 지표의 하향 이탈은 심각한 신호입니다.

A downward departure of macroeconomic indicators is a serious signal.

Technical academic vocabulary.

2

조직 내의 하향식 소통 구조는 창의성을 저해할 수 있다.

A top-down communication structure within an organization can hinder creativity.

Abstract argumentative sentence.

3

기술의 하향 여과 현상이 개발도상국에서 관찰됩니다.

A filtering-down phenomenon of technology is observed in developing countries.

Specialized sociological term.

4

분석가들은 주가의 하향 지지선이 붕괴될 것을 우려한다.

Analysts fear that the downward support level of the stock price will collapse.

Financial jargon.

5

정부는 세액 공제 범위를 하향 조정하기로 결정했습니다.

The government has decided to adjust the scope of tax credits downward.

Administrative formal style.

6

이 모델은 하향식 설계를 기반으로 구축되었습니다.

This model was built based on a top-down design.

Engineering/Technical context.

7

문화적 역량이 하향 평준화되는 현상을 경계해야 한다.

We must be wary of the phenomenon where cultural capabilities are equalized downward.

Philosophical/Critical tone.

8

소비 심리가 하향 곡선을 그리며 위축되고 있습니다.

Consumer sentiment is shrinking, drawing a downward curve.

Participle construction '-며'.

1

하향적 인과관계의 개념은 복잡계 이론에서 핵심적이다.

The concept of downward causation is central to complex systems theory.

Advanced scientific/philosophical terminology.

2

권력의 하향식 행사는 민주주의의 가치와 충돌할 수 있다.

The top-down exercise of power can conflict with democratic values.

Political science discourse.

3

수익성 지표가 하향 편향되어 보고되었을 가능성이 있다.

There is a possibility that profitability indicators were reported with a downward bias.

Audit/Statistical nuance.

4

담론의 하향 평준화는 공론장의 질을 저하시킨다.

The downward equalization of discourse degrades the quality of the public sphere.

Sociological critique.

5

예산 집행의 하향 조정은 필연적으로 사업 축소를 동반한다.

The downward adjustment of budget execution inevitably accompanies business downsizing.

Logical necessity structure.

6

지정학적 리스크가 경제 성장률을 하향 견인하고 있다.

Geopolitical risks are dragging down economic growth rates.

Metaphorical use of '견인' (towing/dragging).

7

정보의 하향 전파 속도가 기술 발전으로 인해 가속화되었다.

The speed of downward propagation of information has accelerated due to technological advancement.

Information theory context.

8

이러한 추세는 산업 전반의 하향식 재편을 암시한다.

This trend implies a top-down reorganization of the entire industry.

High-level industrial analysis.

مترادف‌ها

하락 인하 감소

متضادها

상향

ترکیب‌های رایج

하향 조정
하향 추세
하향 지원
하향 곡선
하향식
하향 평준화
하향 안정
하향 돌파
하향 여과
하향 편향

عبارات رایج

하향 조정을 검토하다

— To consider a downward adjustment. Used in business meetings.

우리는 예산의 하향 조정을 검토하고 있습니다.

하향세를 면치 못하다

— To not be able to escape a downward trend. A common news idiom.

수출이 하향세를 면치 못하고 있습니다.

하향식으로 전달되다

— To be delivered in a top-down manner. Used for orders or info.

지시 사항이 하향식으로 전달되었습니다.

하향 지원이 대세다

— Applying downward is the current trend. Used during exam season.

올해는 하향 지원이 대세인 것 같아요.

하향 곡선으로 돌아서다

— To turn into a downward curve. Used for market reversals.

주가가 다시 하향 곡선으로 돌아섰습니다.

하향 안정화 단계

— A phase of downward stabilization. Used for cooling markets.

시장이 하향 안정화 단계에 들어섰습니다.

하향 평준화의 우려

— Concerns about downward equalization. Used in policy debates.

하향 평준화의 우려가 제기되고 있습니다.

하향 돌파 시점

— The point of downward breakthrough. Used in technical analysis.

지금이 하향 돌파 시점입니다.

하향식 접근

— A top-down approach. Used in project planning.

우리는 하향식 접근을 택하기로 했습니다.

하향 목표

— A downward target (lowered goal).

하향 목표를 설정했습니다.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"하향 곡선을 그리다"

— To decline or worsen over time. Like a line on a graph.

그 가수의 인기가 하향 곡선을 그리고 있다.

Common
"하향 평준화"

— Making everyone equal by lowering the standard to the lowest common denominator.

이 정책은 하향 평준화를 초래할 뿐이다.

Formal/Critical
"하향세를 타다"

— To ride a downward trend; to start declining.

부동산 시장이 하향세를 타기 시작했다.

Common
"하향식 명령"

— A command that comes from the top without discussion.

하향식 명령에 익숙한 조직이다.

Professional
"하향 지원의 늪"

— The 'swamp' of applying downward (feeling stuck in lower-tier choices).

그는 하향 지원의 늪에서 빠져나오지 못했다.

Casual/Metaphorical
"하향 돌파구"

— A downward escape route or breakthrough (often negative).

시장은 하향 돌파구를 찾고 있다.

Technical
"하향 안정의 덫"

— The 'trap' of downward stabilization (where things stop falling but stay low).

경기가 하향 안정의 덫에 걸렸다.

Economic
"하향 조정의 칼날"

— The 'blade' of downward adjustment (referring to budget cuts).

정부의 하향 조정의 칼날이 교육계로 향했다.

Journalistic
"하향식 소통"

— One-way communication from superiors to subordinates.

하향식 소통은 오해를 부르기 쉽다.

Professional
"하향 추세의 끝"

— The end of a downward trend (the bottom).

드디어 하향 추세의 끝이 보입니다.

Neutral
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