归纳 در ۳۰ ثانیه
- Generalizing from specific examples to form a rule.
- Summarizing many details into a main point or conclusion.
- Inductive reasoning: specific observations lead to a general theory.
- The process of finding a pattern or principle in data.
- Core Meaning
- To summarize or conclude from a set of facts or observations; to categorize information into a general rule. It involves looking at individual pieces of information and finding a common pattern or principle to explain them.
- Usage Contexts
- This word is commonly used in academic settings, research, problem-solving, and everyday discussions where one needs to draw a conclusion or generalize from specific instances. It's about moving from the specific to the general.
- Academic and Logical Reasoning
- In science and logic, 归纳 (guī nà) refers to inductive reasoning, where you observe specific phenomena and then formulate a general hypothesis or theory. For example, observing that every swan you've ever seen is white might lead to the inductive conclusion that all swans are white (until a black swan is discovered). In a classroom, a teacher might ask students to 归纳 the main themes from a series of historical events.
- Problem Solving and Decision Making
- When faced with multiple issues or data points, people use 归纳 to identify underlying causes or trends. If a company experiences a decline in sales across several product lines, they might 归纳 the problem to a broader economic downturn or a shift in consumer preferences. This process helps in making informed decisions by understanding the bigger picture derived from smaller details.
- Everyday Generalizations
- Even in casual conversation, we often 归纳. If you notice that every time you wear a particular shirt, something good happens, you might 归纳 that it's a lucky shirt. While this might be a superstitious generalization, the underlying mental process of deriving a general idea from repeated specific instances is the same.
- Summarizing Information
- The act of summarizing can also be described as 归纳. When you read a long report or listen to a lengthy lecture, you attempt to 归纳 the key points into a concise overview. This involves identifying the most important elements and formulating a general statement that encompasses them. This is crucial for effective communication and comprehension.
通过对一系列实验数据的分析，科学家们 归纳 出了一条新的物理定律。
听完大家的发言，我们可以 归纳 出几个关键问题。
老师让学生 归纳 这篇文章的主题思想。
根据这些案例，我们可以 归纳 出一个通用的解决方案。
- Basic Structure
- The verb 归纳 is typically followed by what is being summarized or concluded. This can be a noun phrase representing the facts, observations, data, or issues. Common structures include: [Subject] + 归纳 + [Object/Conclusion].
- With Noun Phrases
- You can 归纳 a set of things, a situation, or information. For example, 归纳经验 (guī nà jīng yàn - to summarize experience), 归纳结果 (guī nà jié guǒ - to summarize results), 归纳原因 (guī nà yuán yīn - to summarize reasons).
- Using Prepositional Phrases
- Sometimes, you might specify *from what* you are summarizing. Phrases like 从...中归纳 (cóng... zhōng guī nà - to summarize from...) are used. For instance, 从这些现象中，我们可以归纳出一些规律 (Cóng zhèxiē xiànxiàng zhōng, wǒmen kěyǐ guī nà chū yīxiē guīlǜ - From these phenomena, we can generalize some rules).
- Common Verbs Used with 归纳
- Verbs like '分析' (fēnxī - to analyze), '研究' (yánjiū - to research), '观察' (guānchá - to observe), and '总结' (zǒngjié - to summarize) often precede 归纳, as they are part of the process of gathering information before generalization.
- Examples in Sentences
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- A: 老师，我不太明白这个概念。 (Teacher, I don't quite understand this concept.) B: 没关系，我们先看几个例子，然后一起 归纳 出它的定义。 (It's okay, let's look at a few examples first, and then we'll deduce its definition together.)
- 经过对市场数据的深入分析，公司 归纳 出了消费者未来的需求趋势。 (After in-depth analysis of market data, the company concluded the future demand trends of consumers.)
- 请你 归纳 一下今天会议的主要内容，方便大家回顾。 (Please summarize the main content of today's meeting for everyone's review.)
- 从古至今，人类一直在 归纳 自然界的规律，并以此指导生活。 (From ancient times to the present, humans have been generalizing the laws of nature and guiding their lives accordingly.)
- 他善于从复杂的案例中 归纳 出简单明了的道理。 (He is good at drawing simple and clear principles from complex cases.)
我们可以 归纳 出以下几点是成功的关键。
这次的讨论 归纳 了很多有用的建议。
- Academic and Educational Settings
- You will frequently hear 归纳 in classrooms, lectures, and academic discussions. Teachers use it to guide students in understanding concepts by looking at examples and then deriving general principles. Students might use it when presenting their findings or summarizing research. For instance, a university professor might say: "Based on the provided case studies, please 归纳 the common factors contributing to project success." This is a very standard academic usage.
- Scientific and Research Contexts
- In scientific research, 归纳 is fundamental to inductive reasoning. Researchers observe phenomena, collect data, and then use 归纳 to formulate hypotheses or theories. You might hear: "After observing these reactions under various conditions, we were able to 归纳 a general chemical principle." This word is integral to the scientific method.
- Business and Management
- In business meetings, 归纳 is used for summarizing findings, analyzing market trends, or drawing conclusions from reports. A manager might say: "Let's 归纳 the feedback from our customer survey to identify areas for improvement." It's about distilling complex information into actionable insights.
- Problem Solving and Analysis
- When people are trying to understand a complex problem, they often use 归纳. This could be in a technical support context, a legal discussion, or even a personal dilemma. For example, a detective might say: "From the clues gathered at the scene, we can 归纳 that the perpetrator had inside knowledge." This highlights the process of piecing together details to form a coherent picture.
- Everyday Conversations (More Formal)
- While less common in very casual chat, you might hear 归纳 in more thoughtful or analytical conversations. For instance, if friends are discussing a book or a movie, one might say: "I think we can 归纳 the main message as a commentary on societal pressures." It implies a level of reflection and synthesis.
在今天的研讨会上，专家们将 归纳 出本次会议的重要结论。
医生根据病人的症状 归纳 出可能的病因。
- Confusing with Deduction (演绎)
- A common mistake is to confuse 归纳 (guī nà), which is inductive reasoning (specific to general), with 演绎 (yǎnyì), which is deductive reasoning (general to specific). For example, saying "I 归纳 that all birds can fly because my pet bird can fly" is incorrect. The correct verb for applying a general rule to a specific case would be 演绎. You should 归纳 from multiple observations, not apply a single observation to a general rule.
- Overgeneralization
- While 归纳 involves generalizing, making a hasty or unsupported generalization is a mistake. For example, if you meet two rude people from a certain country, you shouldn't 归纳 that everyone from that country is rude. True 归纳 requires sufficient evidence and a valid logical process. The word itself describes the process, not necessarily the correctness of the conclusion.
- Using it for Simple Listing
- 归纳 is about synthesis and finding a pattern or principle, not just listing items. If you're simply listing facts, you wouldn't use 归纳. For instance, you wouldn't say "I 归纳 apples, bananas, and oranges." You would say "I listed fruits." 归纳 implies deriving a conclusion or a general rule from those items.
- Incorrect Object of 归纳
- Ensure that what you are 归纳 is something that can be generalized or concluded from. You 归纳 findings, patterns, rules, or summaries. You don't typically 归纳 a single, isolated event or a concrete object directly unless it's part of a larger set. For example, you wouldn't say "I 归纳 a chair." You might 归纳 the design principles of chairs based on several examples.
- Overuse in Casual Speech
- While 归纳 is a useful word, it's more common in formal or analytical contexts. Using it excessively in very casual, everyday conversations might sound overly academic or unnatural. For simple summaries in casual chat, words like '总结一下' (zǒngjié yīxià - let's summarize) or '大概是' (dàgài shì - it's roughly) might be more appropriate.
错误用法：我 归纳 了一个苹果。 (Incorrect Usage: I generalized an apple.)
错误用法：因为我今天吃了鸡肉，所以我 归纳 鸡肉是世界上最好的食物。 (Incorrect Usage: Because I ate chicken today, I generalized that chicken is the best food in the world.)
- 总结 (zǒng jié)
- Comparison: 总结 is very similar and often interchangeable with 归纳, especially when referring to summarizing information. However, 总结 often emphasizes the act of bringing things to a close or presenting a final outcome, while 归纳 more strongly implies deriving a general principle or rule from specific instances.
Example for 总结: 请把今天的会议内容 总结 一下。 (Please summarize the content of today's meeting.)
Example for 归纳: 从这些案例中，我们可以 归纳 出管理上的重要教训。 (From these cases, we can deduce important management lessons.) - 概括 (gài kuò)
- Comparison: 概括 means to summarize or generalize in a broad sense. It's often used for describing the main points or essence of something. While it can overlap with 归纳, 概括 doesn't always imply the rigorous process of deriving a rule from specific data as strongly as 归纳 does. It's more about providing a general overview.
Example for 概括: 他用一句话 概括 了这本书的主题。 (He used one sentence to summarize the theme of this book.) - 推断 (tuī duàn)
- Comparison: 推断 means to infer or deduce, often based on available evidence or reasoning. It's closely related to the outcome of 归纳. If 归纳 is the process of reaching a general conclusion, 推断 can be the act of making that specific conclusion or an inference based on prior knowledge or evidence.
Example for 推断: 根据现场的痕迹，侦探 推断 出凶手是如何进入房间的。 (Based on the traces at the scene, the detective inferred how the murderer entered the room.) - 归类 (guī lèi)
- Comparison: 归类 means to categorize or classify. While 归纳 involves finding patterns that might lead to classification, 归类 itself is the act of putting things into groups based on shared characteristics. You might 归纳 information to decide how to 归类 it.
Example for 归类: 我们需要将这些文件 归类。 (We need to classify these documents.) - 演绎 (yǎnyì)
- Comparison: As mentioned in common mistakes, 演绎 is the opposite of 归纳. 演绎 is deductive reasoning (general to specific), while 归纳 is inductive reasoning (specific to general).
Example for 演绎: 根据‘所有人都需要呼吸’这个普遍规律，我们可以 演绎 出你和我都需要呼吸。 (Based on the general rule 'everyone needs to breathe', we can deduce that you and I both need to breathe.)
总结 (zǒng jié) vs. 归纳 (guī nà)
概括 (gài kuò) vs. 归纳 (guī nà)
چقدر رسمی است؟
نکته جالب
The character 纳 itself has a complex history, often associated with weaving and incorporating threads into a fabric. This visual metaphor can be helpful in understanding 归纳 – weaving together individual threads of information to create a larger tapestry of understanding.
راهنمای تلفظ
- Pronouncing 'guī' as 'gwee' with too much of a 'w' sound.
- Not clearly articulating the 'n' sound.
- Confusing the tones, especially the third tone of 'guī' which dips and then rises.
سطح دشواری
CEFR B1 level. The concept requires understanding the distinction between specific observations and general rules, which is typical for intermediate learners. The word itself is encountered in analytical contexts.
بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟
پیشنیازها
بعداً یاد بگیرید
پیشرفته
گرامر لازم
Verb + Complement (e.g., Verb + 出)
归纳出 (guī nà chū) - to generalize out; to deduce. This pattern indicates the result or outcome of the verb's action.
Prepositional Phrases indicating source (e.g., 从...中)
从这些例子中，我们可以归纳出... (Cóng zhèxiē lìzi zhōng, wǒmen kěyǐ guī nà chū...) - From these examples, we can generalize...
Noun phrases as objects
归纳规律 (guī nà guīlǜ) - to generalize laws/patterns. The object of 归纳 is often a noun phrase representing what is being generalized.
Using 归纳 in passive-like structures (though technically active)
这些现象归纳了... (Zhèxiē xiànxiàng guī nà le...) - These phenomena generalize... (implies the phenomena themselves exhibit or lead to a generalization).
Adverbial phrases modifying the verb
深入分析后，他归纳出... (Shēnrù fēnxī hòu, tā guī nà chū...) - After in-depth analysis, he generalized...
مثالها بر اساس سطح
根据这些照片，我们可以 归纳 出他喜欢旅行。
Based on these photos, we can generalize that he likes to travel.
The verb 归纳 is followed by the conclusion drawn.
从他经常迟到的情况，老师 归纳 他可能没有好好管理时间。
From his frequent lateness, the teacher deduced that he might not manage his time well.
The subject (老师) performs the action of 归纳 on the situation (他经常迟到的情况).
我们应该 归纳 每次失败的经验，下次才能做得更好。
We should summarize the experience from each failure so we can do better next time.
The direct object of 归纳 is '经验' (experience).
通过观察小狗的行为，我们可以 归纳 出它想要出去玩。
By observing the puppy's behavior, we can infer that it wants to go out and play.
The phrase '想要出去玩' is the conclusion drawn.
听完大家的意见，我 归纳 出一个共同点。
After listening to everyone's opinions, I summarized a common point.
The object of 归纳 is '一个共同点' (a common point).
天气预报 归纳 了未来几天的天气情况。
The weather forecast summarized the weather conditions for the next few days.
The object of 归纳 is '未来几天的天气情况' (weather conditions for the next few days).
从这些例子中，我们可以 归纳 出一个简单的规则。
From these examples, we can generalize a simple rule.
The phrase '一个简单的规则' is the generalized rule.
请把你的想法 归纳 成几句话。
Please summarize your thoughts into a few sentences.
The phrase '几句话' specifies the form of the summary.
通过对市场数据的深入分析，公司 归纳 出了消费者未来的需求趋势。
After in-depth analysis of market data, the company concluded the future demand trends of consumers.
The verb 归纳 is used to describe the outcome of an analytical process.
这位历史学家 归纳 了不同文化之间的相似之处。
This historian generalized the similarities between different cultures.
The object of 归纳 is '相似之处' (similarities).
我们可以从这次的事件中 归纳 出一个重要的教训。
We can generalize an important lesson from this event.
The phrase '一个重要的教训' is the lesson derived.
老师要求学生 归纳 课文的主题思想。
The teacher asked the students to deduce the main theme of the text.
The object of 归纳 is '主题思想' (main theme).
这种现象 归纳 了许多科学家的研究成果。
This phenomenon synthesizes the research findings of many scientists.
Here, '归纳' is used in a slightly more abstract sense, implying synthesis.
经过反复试验，他 归纳 出一套有效的方法。
After repeated experiments, he formulated an effective method.
The object is '一套有效的方法' (an effective method).
你能 归纳 一下刚才的讨论要点吗？
Can you summarize the key points of the discussion just now?
A common request to summarize discussion points.
从这些零散的信息中，我 归纳 出一个可能的结论。
From this scattered information, I concluded a possible answer.
The phrase '一个可能的结论' is the conclusion drawn.
通过对大量数据的统计分析，研究人员 归纳 出了一条新的统计学原理。
Through statistical analysis of a large amount of data, the researchers generalized a new statistical principle.
Highlights the rigorous analytical process preceding 归纳.
这位哲学家试图 归纳 出人类存在的普遍意义。
This philosopher attempted to generalize the universal meaning of human existence.
Used for abstract philosophical concepts.
在法律实践中，法官会 归纳 判例法来指导未来的判决。
In legal practice, judges generalize from case law to guide future judgments.
Application in a professional, specialized field.
我们需要 归纳 出这些社会现象背后的深层原因。
We need to deduce the underlying reasons behind these social phenomena.
Focuses on identifying root causes through generalization.
这本传记 归纳 了他一生中的主要成就和挑战。
This biography synthesizes his major achievements and challenges throughout his life.
Used for summarizing a life's work or journey.
从这些零散的线索中，侦探 归纳 出一个清晰的犯罪过程。
From these scattered clues, the detective deduced a clear criminal process.
Emphasizes the logical construction of a narrative from evidence.
请 归纳 项目管理的几个关键原则。
Please generalize a few key principles of project management.
Request for core principles in a professional context.
通过对比不同文学作品，我们可以 归纳 出现代小说的发展脉络。
By comparing different literary works, we can generalize the development trend of modern novels.
Application in literary analysis and historical trends.
该理论 归纳 了数十年来的实证研究结果，形成了新的学术范式。
This theory generalizes the results of decades of empirical research, forming a new academic paradigm.
Highlights the formation of new paradigms based on extensive research.
艺术家通过对生活细节的敏锐观察， 归纳 出对人类情感的深刻洞察。
Through keen observation of life's details, the artist generalized profound insights into human emotions.
Application in artistic interpretation and emotional depth.
我们需要 归纳 出当前全球经济格局的根本性驱动因素。
We need to deduce the fundamental driving factors of the current global economic landscape.
Focuses on identifying fundamental drivers of complex systems.
在批判性思维训练中，学生被要求 归纳 作者的论证逻辑。
In critical thinking training, students are required to generalize the author's argumentative logic.
Application in analyzing argumentative structures.
这一系列实验 归纳 出量子力学的一些基本原理。
This series of experiments generalized some fundamental principles of quantum mechanics.
Used in advanced scientific contexts, like quantum mechanics.
历史学家们 归纳 出文明演进的普遍模式。
Historians generalized the universal patterns of civilizational evolution.
Analyzing broad historical trends and patterns.
请 归纳 出不同教育体系的核心教育理念。
Please generalize the core educational philosophies of different educational systems.
Comparing and synthesizing abstract concepts across systems.
这项研究 归纳 了气候变化对生物多样性的长期影响。
This research generalized the long-term impacts of climate change on biodiversity.
Used for synthesizing complex scientific findings on global issues.
该文本 归纳 了自启蒙运动以来西方哲学思想的演变轨迹。
This text synthesizes the trajectory of evolution of Western philosophical thought since the Enlightenment.
Used for synthesizing vast and complex intellectual histories.
通过对全球范围内的生态数据进行 归纳，科学家们得以揭示出地球生命系统的内在联系。
By generalizing global ecological data, scientists were able to reveal the intrinsic connections of Earth's life systems.
Emphasizes the synthesis of massive datasets for fundamental discoveries.
他 归纳 了所有已知文学流派的共同美学特征。
He generalized the common aesthetic characteristics of all known literary genres.
Used for comprehensive analysis and generalization across diverse fields.
此项跨学科研究 归纳 了不同学科领域内关于‘意识’概念的共识与分歧。
This interdisciplinary research synthesized the consensus and disagreements on the concept of 'consciousness' across different academic fields.
Highlights synthesis of knowledge from highly specialized and diverse fields.
算法 归纳 了海量用户行为数据，以预测未来的市场趋势。
The algorithm generalized massive user behavior data to predict future market trends.
Application in advanced AI and data science for predictive modeling.
政治分析家 归纳 出国际关系中权力转移的周期性规律。
Political analysts generalized the cyclical patterns of power shifts in international relations.
Used for identifying long-term, cyclical patterns in complex geopolitical systems.
请 归纳 现代科学方法论的本质特征。
Please generalize the essential characteristics of modern scientific methodology.
Focuses on the core principles of a complex methodology.
该论文 归纳 了关于‘自由意志’这一哲学难题的多种理论观点。
This paper synthesized various theoretical viewpoints on the philosophical problem of 'free will'.
Synthesizing diverse and often contradictory philosophical arguments.
ترکیبهای رایج
عبارات رایج
— To summarize and conclude; to synthesize and present the main points.
在报告的最后，我们需要对整个项目进行 归纳总结。
— To generalize out; to deduce or conclude from a set of facts.
通过对这些案例的分析，我们可以 归纳出 一些共同的失败原因。
— To summarize and learn from experience.
我们应该从过去的错误中 归纳 宝贵的经验。
— To generalize or deduce laws or patterns from observations.
科学家们通过实验 归纳 自然界的 规律。
— To perform analysis that leads to generalization or conclusion.
我们需要对市场数据进行 归纳 分析。
— Inductive method; the process of reasoning from specific instances to general principles.
这是 归纳法 的一个经典应用。
— To generalize or formulate principles.
他 归纳 出了现代管理学的几个核心 原则。
— To draw a conclusion from a set of facts or observations.
基于现有证据，我们可以 归纳出 一个合理的 结论。
— To identify or generalize a pattern from data or observations.
通过分析客户反馈，我们 归纳 出 了几个常见的 模式。
— The principles or lessons derived from generalizing specific instances.
从这次经历中，我 归纳 出了一个 道理。
اغلب اشتباه گرفته میشود با
Both mean to summarize, but 归纳 emphasizes deriving a general rule from specifics, while 总结 is more about presenting a concise overview or final outcome.
概括 is a broader term for generalization or summarization, often providing a general overview. 归纳 implies a more rigorous process of deriving a rule from specific data.
This is the opposite: 归纳 is inductive (specific to general), while 演绎 is deductive (general to specific).
اصطلاحات و عبارات
— To generalize from a limited sample; to make a sweeping generalization based on insufficient evidence. This is often an incorrect application of the concept of 归纳.
只凭一两个例子就 以偏概全 是不科学的。
Formal/Idiomatic— To infer other things from one instance; to learn by analogy. While not directly 归纳, it involves applying understanding gained from one case to other similar cases, which shares a spirit of generalization.
他很聪明，能 举一反三。
Idiomatic— To understand one thing by analogy with another; to master a subject by analogy. Similar to 举一反三, it suggests a generalization or transfer of knowledge from one area to another.
学习数学的关键在于 触类旁通。
Idiomatic— To achieve mastery through a comprehensive study; to integrate and assimilate knowledge thoroughly. This often involves synthesizing various pieces of information, similar to the outcome of 归纳.
他经过多年的学习，终于 融会贯通 了相关的知识。
Idiomatic— To get a limited view of something; to see only a small part of the whole. This describes a situation where one is failing to 归纳 properly due to a lack of sufficient observation.
只看报纸的报道就 管中窥豹，无法了解全貌。
Idiomatic— To discern the signs of future developments from minor indications; to understand the whole from a small part. This is a successful instance of inductive reasoning, akin to effective 归纳.
他善于 见微知著，总能提前发现问题。
Idiomatic— To be open to and incorporate diverse ideas and influences; to be broad-minded. While not directly about generalization, it implies gathering a wide range of information, which is a prerequisite for effective 归纳.
一个好的领导者应该 海纳百川。
Idiomatic— To unravel a complex problem by carefully examining each element; to proceed step-by-step. This describes the analytical process that often precedes 归纳.
侦探 抽丝剥茧，最终找到了真相。
Idiomatic— To discard the dross and keep the essence; to filter out the unimportant and retain the important. This is a key part of the process of 归纳.
在写作时，我们需要 去粗取精。
Idiomatic— To collect the wisdom of the masses; to benefit from collective intelligence. This is about gathering diverse inputs, which is often necessary for effective 归纳.
我们应该 集思广益，共同解决这个问题。
Idiomaticبهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Both words relate to condensing information and drawing conclusions.
归纳 (guī nà) specifically refers to the process of deriving a general rule or principle from a set of specific observations or examples (inductive reasoning). It's about moving from the particular to the general. 总结 (zǒngjié) is a more general term for summarizing, which can include restating key points, presenting a final outcome, or bringing a discussion to a close. While the outcome of 归纳 might be a summary, 总结 doesn't necessarily involve the rigorous process of deriving a new general rule from specifics.
我们应该从这次的失败中<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>出教训。（We should generalize lessons from this failure. - emphasizes deriving a rule/lesson）<br>请把刚才的会议内容<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>总结</mark>一下。（Please summarize the content of the meeting. - emphasizes restating key points）
Both involve generalization and summarization.
概括 (gàikuò) means to summarize broadly or to give a general description. It often focuses on the main points or the essence of something, providing a high-level overview. 归纳 (guī nà) is more specific about the process of moving from individual pieces of evidence or examples to establish a general rule or principle. You might 概括 a story, but you 归纳 a scientific law from experimental data.
他用一句话<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>概括</mark>了这本书的主题。（He summarized the book's theme in one sentence. - broad overview）<br>通过分析大量的案例，我们可以<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>出成功的关键因素。（By analyzing many cases, we can generalize the key factors for success. - deriving a rule from specifics）
Both are terms related to logical reasoning and drawing conclusions.
归纳 (guī nà) is inductive reasoning: moving from specific observations to a general conclusion or rule. 演绎 (yǎnyì) is deductive reasoning: starting with a general rule and applying it to a specific case to reach a specific conclusion. They are opposite processes. For example, seeing many white swans and concluding 'all swans are white' is 归纳. Knowing 'all swans are white' and concluding 'this specific bird is a swan, therefore it is white' is 演绎.
从无数的观察中<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>出理论。（Generalize a theory from countless observations. - specific to general）<br>根据普遍真理<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>演绎</mark>出个别结论。（Deduce a specific conclusion from a universal truth. - general to specific）
Both involve drawing conclusions from evidence.
推断 (tuī duàn) means to infer or deduce, often based on existing evidence or reasoning, and can result in a specific or general conclusion. 归纳 (guī nà) is specifically the process of moving from multiple specific instances to a general rule or principle. While the result of 归纳 might be a推断, 归纳 emphasizes the method of generalization from particulars.
侦探<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>推断</mark>出凶手逃跑的方向。（The detective inferred the direction the murderer fled. - inference from clues）<br>科学家们<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>出新的物理定律。（Scientists generalized a new law of physics. - deriving a general rule from data）
Both involve organizing information.
归类 (guī lèi) means to classify or categorize things based on shared characteristics. It's about putting items into predefined or newly established groups. 归纳 (guī nà) is the process of identifying those shared characteristics or patterns from specific examples to form a general rule or principle, which might then be used for 归类. You 归纳 to understand the commonalities, which then helps you 归类.
我们需要把这些书籍<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归类</mark>。（We need to classify these books. - putting into categories）<br>通过分析这些书籍的内容，我们可以<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>出它们属于同一文学流派。（By analyzing the content of these books, we can generalize that they belong to the same literary genre. - identifying common traits to form a rule/classification）
الگوهای جملهسازی
[Subject] + 归纳 + [Object/Conclusion]
我 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark> 了这个方法。
[Subject] + 从 [Specifics] 中 + 归纳 + [Conclusion]
从这些例子中，我们 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark> 出一个规则。
[Subject] + 归纳 + [Object] + 的 + [Generalization]
他 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark> 出他<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>的</mark>成功<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>经验</mark>。
通过 [Analysis/Observation], [Subject] + 归纳 + [Conclusion]
通过对数据的分析，公司 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark> 出市场趋势。
[Subject] + 能够/可以 + 归纳 + [Object]
这位学者 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>能够</mark> <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark> 出复杂的理论。
[Subject] + 试图/尝试 + 归纳 + [Abstract Concept]
哲学家们 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>试图</mark> <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark> 出人类存在的意义。
该 [Document/Research] + 归纳 + [Summary/Principle]
这篇论文 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark> 了该领域的最新进展。
[Subject] + 通过对 [Vast Data/Information] 的 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>, [Outcome]
科学家们通过对全球数据的<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>，揭示了气候变化的规律。
خانواده کلمه
اسمها
فعلها
مرتبط
نحوه استفاده
Medium-High (especially in academic and analytical contexts).
-
Using 归纳 for simple summarization.
→
Using 总结 (zǒngjié) or 概括 (gàikuò) for simple summaries.
归纳 specifically refers to deriving a general rule or principle from specific instances. If you are just restating key points without forming a new general rule, 总结 or 概括 is more appropriate. For example, you 'summarize' (总结) a meeting, but you 'generalize' (归纳) a law from experimental data.
-
Confusing 归纳 (inductive) with 演绎 (deductive).
→
Using 归纳 for specific-to-general reasoning and 演绎 for general-to-specific reasoning.
归纳 is moving from many specific observations to a general rule (e.g., seeing many white swans and concluding all swans are white). 演绎 is applying a general rule to a specific case (e.g., knowing all swans are white and concluding a specific swan is white). They are opposite logical processes.
-
Making overgeneralizations (以偏概全).
→
Ensuring sufficient evidence and logical reasoning before forming a general conclusion.
归纳 describes the process of generalization, but it does not guarantee the conclusion is correct. A common error is to 归纳 from too few examples, leading to inaccurate stereotypes or conclusions. True 归纳 requires robust evidence.
-
Using 归纳 for classifying items.
→
Using 归类 (guīlèi) for classification.
归纳 is the process of identifying common traits or patterns to form a general rule. 归类 is the act of putting items into groups based on those traits. You might 归纳 to understand the basis for 归类, but they are distinct actions.
-
Using 归纳 for simple listing.
→
Using verbs like 列出 (lièchū - to list) or 提到 (tídào - to mention).
归纳 implies synthesizing information to find a pattern or rule, not merely listing individual items. If you are just listing fruits, you list them; you don't 归纳 them unless you are deriving a general characteristic of fruits from those specific ones.
نکات
Focus on the Process
Remember that 归纳 is about the *process* of moving from specific observations to a general conclusion or rule. It's not just about stating the conclusion, but about how you arrived at it through analysis of particulars.
Use with Analytical Verbs
Often, verbs like '分析' (analyze), '研究' (research), '观察' (observe), or '统计' (statistics) precede or are closely associated with 归纳, as they describe the gathering of specific information needed for generalization.
Academic and Formal Settings
While the concept exists in everyday thought, the word 归纳 itself is more frequently used in formal, academic, and analytical discussions where precision in logical reasoning is important.
Distinguish from Deduction
Always keep in mind the opposite: 演绎 (deduction). 归纳 is specific to general; 演绎 is general to specific. Understanding this contrast is key to correct usage.
Visual Metaphor
Visualize a scientist looking at many different specimens (specifics) and then drawing a diagram of the common features to define a new species (general rule). This visual aids in remembering the meaning of 归纳.
Apply to Real-World Scenarios
Practice by taking news articles, scientific reports, or even personal experiences and trying to 归纳 the underlying principles or trends. This active learning helps solidify the concept.
Connect with Synonyms
Learn related words like 总结, 概括, and 推断, and understand their nuances compared to 归纳 to build a richer vocabulary for expressing analytical ideas.
Beware of Overgeneralization
While 归纳 is about generalization, avoid making hasty conclusions from insufficient evidence. The term 归纳 describes the process, not necessarily the validity of the conclusion. Ensure your generalizations are well-supported.
Practice Pronunciation
Pay attention to the tones, especially the third tone of 归 (guī), which dips and rises. Clear pronunciation is crucial for being understood in formal contexts.
Understand Character Meanings
The character 归 (guī) implies gathering or returning, and 纳 (nà) implies accepting or incorporating. Together, they suggest bringing diverse elements into a unified framework, which is the essence of 归纳.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Imagine a detective (specific cases) who needs to 归纳 (gather and accept) all the clues to form a general theory of the crime. The detective 'returns' (归) all the evidence and 'accepts' (纳) it into a coherent story.
تداعی تصویری
Picture many small, scattered puzzle pieces (specific facts) being collected and fitted together to form a complete picture (general conclusion). The act of collecting and fitting is like 归纳.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Try to 归纳 the common characteristics of three different types of fruits you know. What general rule can you form about them?
ریشه کلمه
The word 归纳 is composed of two characters: 归 (guī) and 纳 (nà). 归 originally meant 'to return' or 'to belong to', and in this context, it implies gathering or bringing things together. 纳 means 'to accept', 'to pay', or 'to include'. Together, they suggest the act of bringing various elements together and accepting them into a larger framework or conclusion.
معنای اصلی: The combination suggests 'gathering and accepting', implying the process of collecting specific instances and integrating them into a broader understanding or rule.
Sino-Tibetanبافت فرهنگی
The word itself is neutral and descriptive of a cognitive process. However, the conclusions drawn through 归纳 can be sensitive if they lead to stereotypes or biased generalizations.
In English-speaking contexts, the closest equivalents are 'to generalize', 'to infer', 'to deduce (from evidence)', 'to synthesize', or 'to conclude'. The specific nuance of moving from many particulars to one general rule is captured by 'to generalize inductively'.
تمرین در زندگی واقعی
موقعیتهای واقعی
Classroom discussion about a scientific concept.
- 我们从这些实验中<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>出...
- 请<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>课文的主要内容。
- 这个例子可以帮助我们<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>出...
Analyzing business data or market trends.
- 通过数据<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>出市场需求。
- 我们需要<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>出消费者行为的规律。
- 这次的分析<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>了几个关键因素。
Problem-solving scenarios.
- 从这些线索中<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>出解决方案。
- 我们可以<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>出问题的根源。
- 基于过去的经验，<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>出预防措施。
Academic research papers.
- 本研究<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>了...
- 研究结果<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>出...
- 我们<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>出了一条新的理论。
Reflecting on personal experiences.
- 从这次失败中我<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>出...
- 我<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>出生活中的一个道理。
- 这些经历让我<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>归纳</mark>出...
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
"When you see many examples of something, how do you usually try to find a general rule or pattern?"
"Can you think of a time when you had to 归纳 something from a lot of information? What was it?"
"What's the difference between summarizing (总结) and generalizing (归纳)?"
"If you were explaining 归纳 to someone who doesn't know Chinese, what analogy would you use?"
"In your opinion, what are the most important steps involved in the process of 归纳?"
موضوعات نگارش
Describe a situation where you successfully used 归纳 to understand something complex. What were the specific details, and what was the general conclusion you reached?
Reflect on a time when you might have made an '以偏概全' (overgeneralization). How could you have applied a more rigorous process of 归纳 to avoid that mistake?
Imagine you are a scientist. Describe an experiment or observation that would lead you to 归纳 a new scientific principle. What are the specific data points, and what is the general principle?
How does the concept of 归纳 relate to learning a new language? What specific observations do you make, and what general rules do you try to form?
Compare and contrast the process of 归纳 with 演绎. When would you use one over the other?
سوالات متداول
10 سوالThe core meaning of 归纳 is to generalize from specific facts or observations to form a general rule or conclusion. It's the process of moving from the particular to the general, often involving inductive reasoning. Think of it as synthesizing many individual pieces of information into a broader understanding.
Not exactly. While 归纳 can involve summarization, its primary focus is on deriving a general rule or principle from specific instances. Summarizing (总结, zǒngjié) is more about restating key points or presenting a concise overview without necessarily forming a new general rule. 归纳 is about generalization and rule-formation from data.
Certainly. If you notice that every time you wear your lucky socks, your favorite team wins, you might 归纳 that these socks are lucky. You're generalizing from specific instances (wins with socks) to a general conclusion (socks are lucky). However, be mindful of overgeneralization, which is a common mistake.
The opposite of 归纳 (inductive reasoning: specific to general) is 演绎 (yǎnyì), which is deductive reasoning (general to specific). With 演绎, you start with a general rule and apply it to a specific case.
It's appropriate to use 归纳 when you are analyzing multiple pieces of information, observing patterns, and aiming to formulate a general principle, theory, or conclusion. It's commonly used in academic, scientific, research, and analytical contexts.
Common mistakes include confusing it with deduction (演绎), making overgeneralizations from insufficient evidence (以偏概全), or using it for simple listing instead of deriving a rule. Also, using it in overly casual contexts where a simpler word might suffice.
归纳 is fundamental to the scientific method, particularly in inductive reasoning. Scientists observe phenomena, collect data (specifics), and then use 归纳 to formulate hypotheses or theories (general rules). This process helps in understanding the underlying laws of nature.
Yes. For example: '经过对市场数据的深入分析，公司归纳出了消费者未来的需求趋势。' (After in-depth analysis of market data, the company generalized the future demand trends of consumers.)
概括 is a broader term for summarizing or giving a general overview. 归纳 is more specific about the process of deriving a general rule or principle from specific data through a logical method. You might 概括 a book, but you 归纳 a scientific law.
Think of a detective 'gathering' (归) all the clues and 'accepting' (纳) them to form a general theory of the crime. It's about collecting specifics to form a general conclusion.
خودت رو بسنج 10 سوال
/ 10 درست
نمره کامل!
Summary
归纳 (guī nà) means to generalize from specific examples or observations to form a general rule or conclusion. It's a core part of inductive reasoning and is used in academic, scientific, and analytical contexts to synthesize information and identify underlying patterns.
- Generalizing from specific examples to form a rule.
- Summarizing many details into a main point or conclusion.
- Inductive reasoning: specific observations lead to a general theory.
- The process of finding a pattern or principle in data.
Focus on the Process
Remember that 归纳 is about the *process* of moving from specific observations to a general conclusion or rule. It's not just about stating the conclusion, but about how you arrived at it through analysis of particulars.
Use with Analytical Verbs
Often, verbs like '分析' (analyze), '研究' (research), '观察' (observe), or '统计' (statistics) precede or are closely associated with 归纳, as they describe the gathering of specific information needed for generalization.
Academic and Formal Settings
While the concept exists in everyday thought, the word 归纳 itself is more frequently used in formal, academic, and analytical discussions where precision in logical reasoning is important.
Distinguish from Deduction
Always keep in mind the opposite: 演绎 (deduction). 归纳 is specific to general; 演绎 is general to specific. Understanding this contrast is key to correct usage.
مثال
请把这篇文章的主要内容归纳成三点。
محتوای مرتبط
واژههای بیشتر logic
绝对
B1Not qualified or limited in any way; total. Used to emphasize that something is completely true or certain.
偶然
B1Accidental, occasional, or by chance. It describes events that happen without a clear plan or pattern, as opposed to things that are inevitable.
实际上
B1در واقع، برای تأکید بر حقایق واقعی یک موقعیت استفاده میشود.
究竟
B1Exactly, after all, or actually. It is used in questions to press for a definite answer or to emphasize the final outcome of a situation.
毕竟
B1After all, or in the final analysis. It is used to emphasize a fundamental fact that should be considered despite other circumstances.
尽管
B1با وجود اینکه باران میبارید، او بیرون رفت. (Despite the rain, he went out.)
虽然
B1اگرچه؛ با وجود اینکه. برای بیان تضاد استفاده میشود.
论证
B1اثبات یا نشان دادن یک نکته از طریق استدلال و شواهد؛ استدلال.
依据
B1مبنا یا شالودهای که یک بیانیه یا تصمیم بر آن استوار است. مثال: 'مبنای قانونی' (法律依据).
因果
B1رابطه علت و معلول؛ این اصل که هر عملی پیامدی دارد.
