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Nature's Incredible ROTATING MOTOR (It’s Electric!) - Smarter Every Day 300
آمار یادگیری
سطح CEFR
سختی
زیرنویسها (596 بخشها)
Hey, it's me, Destin. Welcome back to Smarter Every Day.
This is the 300th episode, which is cool.
Thank you so much for watching.
I was on the internet the other day.
I was just scrolling on my phone.
I was probably wasting too much time.
But I came across this amazing animation that blew my mind.
It's a motor that appears to be made out of molecules.
And I'm a mechanical engineer.
When I saw this thing, I was like, that's a motor.
That's a spinny thing that has a power source.
It has an axel of some sort, and it is moving.
Furthermore, this one, I have a little switch here,
can reverse directions, which is amazing.
So I thought I've got to get to the bottom of this because the implications
for a biomechanical motor are insane.
Now, specifically, the thing this is called is called a flagellar motor.
You may have heard of the flagellum on the back of sperm or on bacteria.
That's what this is.
A flagellum is that whipy thing in the the single cellular organism
that helps provide locomotion.
But I've never thought about that thing has to spin, which means it has
to have a shaft it rotates around.
It's just the implications are wild.
So the more I got to reading about this flagellar motor is what it's called,
the more I realized this is a really big topic, not only in biomechanics
and things like that, but in philosophy.
The complexity of a flagellar motor implies many things
about the origin of life.
And I'm not going to answer that in this video, but it raises questions
that people are debating, and they're talking about, how can this be?
It's so complex.
Well, You don't understand the time involved with how this came.
All this is fascinating.
So I just wanted to see it.
So to get to the bottom of how this thing is,
I decided to go to the researchers that made the image, which is
a guy at Vanderbilt University.
So I'm a Smarter Every Day.
I did this about a month ago.
Just got in the car, drove to Vanderbilt, and we're going to learn
about a flagellar motor.
Let's go get Smarter Every Day.
So I bobbed and weaved my way across the Vanderbilt University campus till I
got to the School of Pharmacology and connected with Prashant sing.
Yeah, doing well. Nice to meet you.
How are you? Yeah.
Prashant is a Senior Research Associate at the Iverson Laboratory at Vanderbilt.
Just to give us whole context here, you have written a paper
with your team in Nature...
What was the- [P] Microbiology.
[D] Nature Microbiology.
It's about a motor that's made of molecules that's on bacteria.
Yes.
Okay, can you show me where on a bacteria the motor is?
[P] Sure.
If You see on the screen here, this is how a bacteria looks like.
The bacteria has two membranes.
These two membranes protects the bacteria from getting disrupted.
[D] We're talking about the outer shell of the bacteria.
[P] Outer shell of the bacteria. [D] Okay.
[P] If you see here, there will be The two membranes, the orange and the blue.
Now, zoom into that.
[D] Okay, so it's almost like a submarine.
Forgive me, Prashant.
I'm going to say a bunch of engineering terms because I'm an engineer.
[P] I understand.
[D] It feels like a submarine with the outer hull and then the inner pressure hull.
[P] That's correct. My dad was a submariner himself.
[D] Was he really?
[P] Yeah, he was an Indian Navy submariner for 15 years.
[D] So this bacteria, in my head, is like a submarine.
[P] Yes. [D] Okay.
And is this the propeller of the submarine?
[P] That is correct. This is the propeller or the flagella.
Now, this submarine does not have a rudder.
It doesn't have a rudder, but it uses a propeller to turn as well as swim.
So what we see here, the two membranes that are here,
and there's proton filled in here.
[D] Did you say proton?
[P] Yeah, it's filled with protons, hydrogen ions in here.
[D] Oh, hydrogen ions. Okay.
[P] The hydrogen ions in here filled, and on the inside here,
there's very little hydrogen ion.
There's a It's a gradient. [D] Forgive me.
We have to go slow for me.
When you say proton, you're meaning an atom that is lacking an electron?
[P] Yes, just a proton.
It's a hydrogen ion.
This is high concentration of protons in this region and low concentration
of proton in the inside of the bacteria.
Now, protons, every time there's a gradient,
for example, there's a dam, water is up there, and there's a lower,
there's less water, there's a gradient, energy can be generated,
or it could be used, that potential energy could be used to kinetic energy.
[D] There's a potential difference of electrochemical force of some sort?
[P] Yes.
That's the gradient that this motor uses to turn itself.
What happens is, if you see here, this flagella, which is a propeller,
is connected to a motor system.
[D] How does it know when to turn the motor on?
[P] There are sensors on the outside of the bacteria.
Once it knows that there's a threat or there's more energy near me,
it senses that it gets a chemical signal, and there's a cascade
of signals that go through.
One of the protein well known for this is called CHeY, C-H-E and Y, capital Y, QY.
The moment it senses that I need to run away from this location or I want to go
to a different location, that protein comes and binds to it,
and it encourages the motor to turn in clockwise direction.
[D] Okay, so we need to talk about what you just
said because you just created a coordinate system inside the bacteria.
You put sensors on the outside of the bacteria.
Well, it already exists.
Okay, there are sensors on the outside of the bacteria.
Somehow the bacteria knows
where a sensor is triggered and it knows
how to trigger what motor on what side of the bacteria.
[P] Yes, and how to turn it. [D] And which direction to turn it?
[P] Which direction.
So that particular protein it will make it go in clockwise.
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