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B1 adverb 8 min de lecture

بیروناً

biroonan
Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces بیروناً en 30 secondes
Explication بیروناً in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't really need to use the word 'بیروناً'. Instead, you should focus on the basic word 'بیرون' (biroon), which means 'outside'. For example, if you want to say 'I am outside,' you say 'من بیرون هستم' (Man biroon hastam). The word 'بیروناً' is much more formal and is used like the English word 'externally.' At this stage, just remember that 'biroon' means outside, and if you see a word ending in '-an' like 'biroon-an', it is usually a formal way to describe how something looks or acts on the outside. Don't worry about using it in your own speaking yet; just recognize that it is related to the word for 'outside'. Focus on simple sentences like 'The car is outside' (ماشین بیرون است).
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By the A2 level, you are starting to learn more adverbs. You might notice that some Persian words have an '-an' sound at the end. This is a special way to make an adverb. 'بیروناً' (biroon-an) means 'outwardly' or 'externally.' You might see this in a simple health book or a sign. For example, 'This cream is for external use' might use a similar word. At A2, you should understand that 'بیروناً' is different from 'بیرون' because it describes *how* something is, not just *where* it is. If you say 'The house is biroon-an beautiful,' you mean it looks beautiful on the outside. However, it's still better to use 'از بیرون' (az biroon) in your daily conversation. Keep 'بیروناً' in your 'reading' vocabulary for now.
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At the B1 level, you are expected to use a wider range of vocabulary, including formal adverbs. 'بیروناً' is a perfect word to use when you want to contrast the outside of something with the inside. In B1 Persian, you often talk about feelings and appearances. You can use 'بیروناً' to describe someone who looks calm but is actually nervous: 'او بیروناً آرام بود' (He was outwardly calm). This level is where you start to distinguish between 'apparently' (ظاهراً) and 'externally' (بیروناً). Use 'بیروناً' when you are making a factual observation about the surface of something. It is very useful for writing short essays or formal letters where you need to sound more professional and precise.
At the B2 level, you should be comfortable using 'بیروناً' in formal discussions, debates, and academic writing. You understand that this word is a 'pseudo-Arabic' construction (a Persian root with an Arabic adverbial suffix) and that this style is common in high-level Persian. You can use it to discuss complex topics like architecture, where a building might be 'بیروناً کلاسیک' (externally classical) but 'دروناً مدرن' (internally modern). You should also be able to recognize it in news reports and understand its specific meaning in medical or legal contexts. At this level, you are expected to know that 'بیروناً' is an adverb of state and should not be used for movement (like 'going outside').
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At the C1 level, you use 'بیروناً' with nuance and precision. You can employ it in literary analysis to discuss the 'Zahir' (apparent) versus 'Batin' (hidden) aspects of a text or a character. You are aware of the stylistic weight the word carries and use it to maintain a consistent formal register in your writing. You can use it in philosophical contexts to describe the 'phenomenal' world. Furthermore, you can distinguish between 'بیروناً', 'خارجاً', and 'ظاهراً' with ease, choosing the exact word that fits the context. Your use of 'بیروناً' helps you create complex, compound-complex sentences that reflect a deep understanding of Persian rhetorical strategies.
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At the C2 level, 'بیروناً' is a tool for professional-grade communication. You use it in legal drafting, scientific research papers, and high-level diplomatic correspondence. You understand the historical development of such adverbs in Persian and can appreciate the subtle stylistic differences between using 'بیروناً' and other formal alternatives. You can use the word to describe abstract concepts, such as the 'outward' behavior of a state in international relations compared to its internal policy. Your command of the word is indistinguishable from that of an educated native speaker, and you use it to provide clarity and structural balance to your most sophisticated arguments.
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Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces

بیروناً en 30 secondes

  • A formal adverb meaning 'externally' or 'outwardly' in Persian.
  • Commonly used in medical, legal, and academic contexts to describe surfaces.
  • Contrasts with 'دروناً' (internally) to show discrepancy between appearance and reality.
  • Formed by adding the Arabic suffix '-an' to the Persian word 'biroon'.

The word بیروناً (pronounced as 'biroon-an') is a sophisticated adverb in the Persian language that translates to 'externally,' 'on the outside,' or 'outwardly.' It is formed by taking the Persian root word 'بیرون' (biroon), which means 'outside,' and appending the Arabic tanwin suffix '-اً' (-an). This linguistic hybridization is a common feature of formal Persian, where Persian nouns are treated with Arabic grammatical rules to create precise adverbs. While you might use the simple word 'بیرون' in everyday conversation to say 'Go outside,' بیروناً is reserved for more analytical, legal, medical, or philosophical contexts where one needs to distinguish between the external state of an object or person and its internal state.

Formal Usage
In formal writing, بیروناً describes the outward manifestation of something. For example, in a legal document, a contract might specify how a building must appear بیروناً to comply with city regulations, regardless of its interior design.
Medical and Scientific Context
Medical professionals use this term to describe symptoms or conditions visible on the body's surface. A rash might be described as appearing بیروناً, whereas the cause might be an internal infection.
Philosophical Contrast
Persian literature often contrasts بیروناً with دروناً (internally/inwardly). This dichotomy is essential in Sufi poetry and ethics, where the 'outward' behavior of a person is compared to their 'inward' spiritual reality.

این ساختمان بیروناً بسیار قدیمی به نظر می‌رسد، اما داخل آن کاملاً مدرن است.

— Translation: This building looks very old externally, but its interior is completely modern.

Understanding the nuance of بیروناً allows you to navigate professional environments in Iran or Tajikistan more effectively. If you are reading a technical manual or a psychological evaluation, this word provides the necessary precision to separate the 'visible' from the 'hidden.' It suggests a level of objective observation—looking at something from the perspective of an outsider or looking at the surface of an object as a distinct entity from its core.

Using بیروناً correctly requires an understanding of sentence structure and register. Because it is an adverb, it typically modifies a verb or an adjective to provide spatial or conceptual context. In most Persian sentences, adverbs like بیروناً are placed before the verb or the adjective they modify, though Persian's flexible word order allows for some variation for emphasis.

Modifying a Verb
When you want to describe how an action is performed or manifested on the outside.
Example: 'او بیروناً آرام بود' (He was outwardly calm).
Contrastive Structures
It is very common to use بیروناً in 'although' or 'but' sentences to show a discrepancy.
Example: 'اگرچه بیروناً قوی است، اما قلبی مهربان دارد' (Although he is externally strong, he has a kind heart).

بیماری او بیروناً علامتی نداشت.

— Translation: His illness had no external symptoms.

In academic writing, بیروناً helps in categorization. If you are discussing the properties of a material, you might say it is 'بیروناً سخت' (externally hard). In sociological discussions, you might describe a community as 'بیروناً متحد' (outwardly united) while implying there might be internal divisions. This word acts as a qualifier, warning the reader or listener that the description applies only to the surface level.

این جعبه بیروناً با چرم پوشانده شده است.

— Translation: This box is externally covered with leather.

Advanced learners should note that بیروناً can sometimes be replaced by 'از نظر ظاهری' (from an appearance perspective), but بیروناً is more concise and carries a more academic tone. Using it demonstrates a high level of Persian proficiency and an command of the formal register of the language.

You are unlikely to hear بیروناً in a casual conversation at a fruit market or while chatting with friends over tea. If you were to use it in such settings, you might sound overly formal or even slightly robotic. However, it is ubiquitous in specific professional and intellectual spheres. Understanding these spheres will help you recognize the word when it appears.

News and Media
On news channels like IRINN or BBC Persian, reporters use بیروناً when describing the physical state of infrastructure or the observable behavior of political entities. For instance, 'The embassy appeared outwardly secure.'
University Lectures
In fields like Psychology, Sociology, and Engineering, professors use this word to distinguish between observable variables and internal mechanisms. A psychology professor might discuss how a patient acts بیروناً versus their internal emotional state.
Legal and Official Documents
Contracts, property deeds, and police reports frequently use بیروناً. A police report might state that a vehicle was بیروناً undamaged after an accident, implying the engine (internally) might still have issues.

در دادگاه، او بیروناً پشیمان به نظر می‌رسید.

— Translation: In court, he appeared outwardly remorseful.

Another place you will encounter this word is in Persian literature and translated works of philosophy. When translating Western philosophers like Kant or Hegel into Persian, translators often use بیروناً to represent the 'phenomenal' or 'external' world. It provides a formal bridge between the physical and the metaphysical.

این دارو فقط باید بیروناً مصرف شود.

— Translation: This medicine should only be used externally.

In summary, بیروناً is a marker of the 'formal' and 'objective' world. It is the language of the observer, the scientist, the lawyer, and the critic. By listening for it in these contexts, you will gain a deeper appreciation for the precision of formal Persian discourse.

Learning بیروناً involves not just knowing what it means, but also knowing where it *doesn't* belong. Because it is a formal adverb, it is prone to several types of errors by non-native speakers.

Confusion with 'Biroon' (Preposition)
Mistake: Saying 'من بیروناً رفتم' to mean 'I went outside.'
Correction: Use 'من به بیرون رفتم' or simply 'من بیرون رفتم.' بیروناً describes a state of being or appearance, not the direction of movement.
Register Mismatch
Mistake: Using بیروناً in a casual text message to a friend.
Correction: Use 'ظاهراً' (apparently) or 'از بیرون' (from the outside). Using بیروناً in casual speech can sound pretentious or ironically stiff.
Redundancy
Mistake: 'ظاهر بیروناً' (external appearance).
Correction: Since بیروناً already implies the exterior, pairing it with 'ظاهر' (appearance) is often redundant. Simply say 'ظاهرِ ساختمان' or 'ساختمان بیروناً...'.

Incorrect: او بیروناً از اتاق خارج شد.
Correct: او از اتاق خارج شد.

Another frequent error is confusing بیروناً with خارجاً. While they both mean 'externally,' خارجاً is often used specifically for 'abroad' or 'outside the country' in certain contexts, or in very specific legal terminology. بیروناً is more general regarding physical or metaphorical surfaces.

Incorrect: این میوه بیروناً قرمز است (Too formal for a fruit).
Correct: پوست این میوه قرمز است.

Finally, ensure you don't confuse it with ظاهراً (apparently). ظاهراً suggests that something *seems* to be a certain way but might not be. بیروناً is a factual statement about the exterior part of something. 'He is outwardly calm' (بیروناً) is a description of his visible state; 'He is apparently calm' (ظاهراً) casts doubt on whether he is actually calm.

To truly master بیروناً, it is helpful to see how it sits within a family of related words. Persian has several ways to describe the 'outside' or 'apparent' nature of things, each with its own nuance.

خارجاً (Kharejan)
Very similar to بیروناً, but often used in more abstract or legal senses. It can also imply being 'outside of a group' or 'abroad.' If بیروناً is 'externally,' خارجاً is often 'externally/outwardly' in a more formal, almost clinical sense.
ظاهراً (Zaheran)
Meaning 'apparently' or 'seemingly.' This is the most common alternative in daily speech. Use this when you want to describe how something looks, but you aren't 100% sure if the appearance matches the reality.
از بیرون (Az Biroon)
Literally 'from the outside.' This is the neutral, everyday way to say 'externally.' It is safe to use in any context, from formal to informal.
سطحی (Sathi)
Meaning 'superficial' or 'on the surface.' This word often carries a negative connotation, suggesting a lack of depth, whereas بیروناً is a neutral description of location.

مقایسه:
1. او بیروناً خوشحال است (Outwardly happy - objective).
2. او ظاهراً خوشحال است (Apparently happy - subjective/doubtful).
3. او از بیرون خوشحال به نظر می‌رسد (Looks happy from the outside - neutral).

In technical descriptions, you might also encounter خارجی (khareji), which is the adjective form ('external'). For example, 'لایه خارجی' (the external layer). بیروناً is the adverbial equivalent, describing *how* something is layered or positioned.

The antonym of بیروناً is دروناً (daroonan - internally). Learning these two as a pair is highly recommended, as they are almost always used to contrast each other in literature, psychology, and philosophy. Together, they represent the totality of an object or person: their outer shell and their inner essence.

How Formal Is It?

Le savais-tu ?

This word is a classic example of 'pseudo-Arabic' in Persian. In pure Arabic, the word for 'outside' is 'kharij'. Using the Arabic '-an' suffix on a Persian root like 'biroon' is a stylistic choice that became standard in formal Persian over centuries.

Guide de prononciation

UK /biːruːnæn/
US /biːrunæn/
The primary stress is on the last syllable '-an'.
Rime avec
دروناً (Daroonan) قانوناً (Ghaanoonan) خارجاً (Kharejan) ثانیاً (Saaniyan) ظاهراً (Zaheran) باطناً (Baatenan) شخصاً (Shakhsan) واقعاً (Vaghe'an)
Erreurs fréquentes
  • Pronouncing '-an' as a long 'aan'. It should be a short 'a'.
  • Forgetting to pronounce the 'n' at the end clearly.
  • Putting stress on the first syllable 'bi-'.

Niveau de difficulté

Lecture 3/5

Easy to recognize if you know 'biroon', but requires knowledge of the '-an' suffix.

Écriture 5/5

Requires understanding of formal register to use correctly without sounding odd.

Expression orale 6/5

Rarely used in speech; learners often over-use it when 'az biroon' is better.

Écoute 4/5

Common in news and documentaries; easy to hear the distinctive '-an' ending.

Quoi apprendre ensuite

Prérequis

بیرون (Biroon) داخل (Dakhel) ظاهر (Zahir) آرام (Aram) ساختمان (Sakhteman)

Apprends ensuite

دروناً (Daroonan) خارجاً (Kharejan) باطناً (Baatenan) ظاهراً (Zaheran) ثانیاً (Saaniyan)

Avancé

برون‌گرایی (Extroversion) تجلی (Manifestation) کالبد (Body/Frame) پدیدارشناسی (Phenomenology) نمود (Appearance)

Grammaire à connaître

Adverbial Suffix -an (Tanwin)

Adding -an to 'biroon' creates 'biroonan'.

Contrastive Conjunctions

Using 'اما' (but) to contrast 'biroonan' and 'daroonan'.

Adverb Placement

Placing 'biroonan' before the adjective 'aram' in 'او بیروناً آرام است'.

Formal Register Markers

Using pseudo-Arabic adverbs to elevate the tone of a sentence.

Passive Voice in Technical Persian

ساختمان بیروناً رنگ شده است (The building is externally painted).

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Exemples par niveau

1

ماشین بیرون است.

The car is outside.

Simple use of 'biroon' as a location.

2

او بیرون رفت.

He went outside.

Use of 'biroon' with a verb of movement.

3

هوا بیرون خوب است.

The weather is good outside.

'Biroon' acting as an adverb of place.

4

گل‌ها بیرون هستند.

The flowers are outside.

Plural subject with location.

5

بیا بیرون!

Come outside!

Imperative form.

6

او بیرون از خانه است.

He is outside of the house.

Prepositional phrase 'biroon az'.

7

کفش‌هایت را بیرون بگذار.

Put your shoes outside.

Compound verb 'biroon gozashtan'.

8

ما بیرون غذا خوردیم.

We ate outside.

Past tense with 'biroon'.

1

این میوه از بیرون زرد است.

This fruit is yellow from the outside.

Using 'az biroon' as a precursor to 'biroonan'.

2

خانه از بیرون بزرگ به نظر می‌رسد.

The house looks big from the outside.

Describing appearance.

3

او بیروناً آرام است اما دروناً نگران است.

He is outwardly calm but inwardly worried.

First introduction to the formal adverb 'biroonan'.

4

این دارو را فقط بیروناً استفاده کنید.

Use this medicine only externally.

Instructional use.

5

دیوارها بیروناً رنگ شده‌اند.

The walls are painted externally.

Passive voice with 'biroonan'.

6

او بیروناً شبیه پدرش است.

He outwardly resembles his father.

Describing physical resemblance.

7

جعبه بیروناً تمیز بود.

The box was outwardly clean.

Simple state description.

8

آن‌ها بیروناً با هم دوست هستند.

They are outwardly friends with each other.

Describing social relations.

1

اگرچه او بیروناً خونسرد بود، اما در دلش غوغا بود.

Although he was outwardly cool-headed, there was a storm in his heart.

Contrastive structure with 'agarche'.

2

ساختمان بیروناً بازسازی شده است.

The building has been renovated externally.

Technical description.

3

بیمار بیروناً هیچ زخمی نداشت.

The patient had no wounds externally.

Medical context.

4

این سازمان بیروناً مستقل به نظر می‌رسد.

This organization appears outwardly independent.

Formal organizational description.

5

او سعی کرد بیروناً اعتماد به نفس داشته باشد.

He tried to be outwardly confident.

Using 'biroonan' with 'try to' (sa'y kardan).

6

کتاب بیروناً قدیمی است اما مطالبش جدید است.

The book is outwardly old, but its content is new.

Describing an object's state.

7

ما باید بیروناً با آن‌ها همکاری کنیم.

We must cooperate with them outwardly.

Modal verb 'bayad' with 'biroonan'.

8

او بیروناً هیچ واکنشی نشان نداد.

He showed no reaction outwardly.

Describing a lack of visible response.

1

تغییرات ایجاد شده بیروناً محسوس نیستند.

The changes made are not externally perceptible.

Using 'mahsous' (perceptible) with 'biroonan'.

2

این توافق بیروناً به نفع هر دو طرف است.

This agreement is outwardly to the benefit of both parties.

Abstract benefit in formal register.

3

او بیروناً وانمود می‌کرد که همه چیز مرتب است.

He was outwardly pretending that everything was in order.

Using 'vanamood kardan' (to pretend).

4

پروژه بیروناً به پایان رسیده است، اما جزئیات داخلی باقی مانده است.

The project is externally finished, but internal details remain.

Project management context.

5

او شخصیت پیچیده‌ای دارد که بیروناً شناخته نمی‌شود.

He has a complex personality that is not known outwardly.

Passive voice 'shenakhte nemishavad'.

6

این میوه بیروناً سالم است ولی از درون پوسیده است.

This fruit is outwardly healthy but rotten from within.

Classic contrast between 'biroonan' and 'az daroon'.

7

او بیروناً بسیار مذهبی به نظر می‌رسد.

He appears outwardly very religious.

Sociological observation.

8

ساختار سیاسی کشور بیروناً دموکراتیک است.

The country's political structure is outwardly democratic.

Political analysis register.

1

در فلسفه کانت، ما فقط می‌توانیم اشیا را بیروناً و آنگونه که بر ما پدیدار می‌شوند بشناسیم.

In Kantian philosophy, we can only know objects externally and as they appear to us.

High-level philosophical discourse.

2

نویسنده در این رمان، تضاد میان آنچه شخصیت‌ها بیروناً ابراز می‌کنند و آنچه دروناً حس می‌کنند را به تصویر می‌کشد.

In this novel, the author depicts the conflict between what the characters express outwardly and what they feel inwardly.

Literary criticism terminology.

3

این نظریه بیروناً منطقی به نظر می‌رسد، اما در عمل با مشکلات عدیده‌ای روبروست.

This theory appears outwardly logical, but in practice, it faces numerous problems.

Academic critique.

4

او بیروناً تمام معیارهای لازم برای این شغل را داشت.

He outwardly possessed all the necessary criteria for this job.

Professional evaluation.

5

جامعه بیروناً در حال پیشرفت است، اما ریشه‌های فرهنگی در حال تضعیف هستند.

Society is progressing outwardly, but cultural roots are weakening.

Sociological commentary.

6

او بیروناً هیچ نشانه‌ای از اضطراب بروز نداد، که نشان‌دهنده تسلط او بر خویشتن است.

He showed no outward signs of anxiety, which indicates his self-mastery.

Psychological observation.

7

این بنا بیروناً با معماری سنتی ایرانی هماهنگ است.

This building is outwardly harmonious with traditional Iranian architecture.

Artistic/Architectural description.

8

او بیروناً با پیشنهاد موافقت کرد، اما در واقعیت به دنبال راهی برای مخالفت بود.

He outwardly agreed with the proposal, but in reality, he was looking for a way to oppose it.

Nuanced behavioral description.

1

تحلیل‌های آماری نشان می‌دهند که سیستم بیروناً پایدار است، هرچند نوسانات درونی نگران‌کننده هستند.

Statistical analyses show that the system is outwardly stable, although internal fluctuations are worrying.

Scientific/Statistical register.

2

این دیپلماسی بیروناً بر پایه صلح استوار است، اما اهداف استراتژیک دیگری را دنبال می‌کند.

This diplomacy is outwardly based on peace, but it pursues other strategic goals.

Geopolitical analysis.

3

متن قرارداد باید بیروناً و دروناً فاقد هرگونه ابهام باشد.

The text of the contract must be devoid of any ambiguity, both externally and internally.

Legal precision.

4

او بیروناً خود را به عنوان یک مصلح معرفی کرد، اما اقداماتش خلاف آن را ثابت کرد.

He presented himself outwardly as a reformer, but his actions proved otherwise.

Historical/Political critique.

5

پدیده مذکور بیروناً ساده به نظر می‌رسد، اما از منظر فیزیک کوانتوم بسیار پیچیده است.

The mentioned phenomenon appears outwardly simple, but from a quantum physics perspective, it is very complex.

Scientific discourse.

6

او بیروناً با وقار رفتار می‌کرد، حتی زمانی که تحت فشار شدید بود.

He behaved with dignity outwardly, even when under intense pressure.

High-level character description.

7

ساختار بلوری ماده بیروناً منظم است.

The crystalline structure of the material is outwardly regular.

Materials science terminology.

8

او بیروناً تعهد خود را به آرمان‌های حزب نشان داد.

He showed his commitment to the party's ideals outwardly.

Formal political allegiance.

Collocations courantes

بیروناً و دروناً
بیروناً آرام
مصرف بیروناً
بیروناً محسوس
بیروناً متفاوت
بیروناً آراسته
بیروناً مشابه
بیروناً سرد
بیروناً فعال
بیروناً زیبا

Phrases Courantes

بیروناً به نظر رسیدن

— To appear outwardly in a certain way.

همه چیز بیروناً خوب به نظر می‌رسد.

تضاد بیروناً و دروناً

— The conflict between the external and the internal.

تضاد بیروناً و دروناً در شعر حافظ مشهود است.

تغییرات بیروناً

— External changes that are visible.

تغییرات بیروناً در چهره او مشخص بود.

فقط برای مصرف بیروناً

— A warning label for external use only.

این لوسیون فقط برای مصرف بیروناً است.

بیروناً ساکت ماندن

— To remain silent on the outside (while thinking inside).

او بیروناً ساکت ماند اما در فکر انتقام بود.

تفاوت‌های بیروناً

— External differences.

تفاوت‌های بیروناً این دو خودرو ناچیز است.

بیروناً قوی بودن

— To be strong outwardly.

او همیشه سعی می‌کند بیروناً قوی باشد.

بیروناً مدرن

— Modern on the outside.

این هتل بیروناً مدرن است.

بیروناً متحد

— Outwardly united (referring to a group).

آن‌ها بیروناً متحد هستند اما در باطن اختلاف دارند.

بیروناً آلوده

— Externally contaminated/dirty.

بسته‌ها بیروناً آلوده بودند.

Souvent confondu avec

بیروناً vs بیرون

A noun or preposition meaning 'outside'. 'Biroonan' is only an adverb.

بیروناً vs ظاهراً

Means 'apparently' (subjective), while 'Biroonan' means 'externally' (objective).

بیروناً vs خارجاً

More formal and can mean 'abroad' or 'outside the scope' of a legal matter.

Expressions idiomatiques

"بیرونش مردم را می‌سوزاند، درونش خودش را"

— A common idiom describing someone who looks good to others but is suffering inside. While it uses 'Biroon,' it relates to the concept of 'Biroonan'.

زندگی او بیرونش مردم را می‌سوزاند، درونش خودش را.

Informal/Proverb
"ظاهر و باطن یکی بودن"

— To be the same inside and out; to be honest. Related to the contrast of 'Biroonan' and 'Daroonan'.

او آدم صادقی است، ظاهر و باطنش یکی است.

Neutral
"صورت را با سیلی سرخ نگه داشتن"

— To keep up appearances outwardly despite hardship.

او با سیلی صورتش را سرخ نگه می‌دارد تا بیروناً محتاج به نظر نرسد.

Idiomatic
"طبل توخالی"

— An empty drum; someone who is impressive outwardly but has no substance.

او فقط یک طبل توخالی است؛ بیروناً پر سر و صدا و دروناً خالی.

Informal
"مار خوش خط و خال"

— A beautiful snake; someone who is outwardly attractive but dangerous.

مواظب باش، او یک مار خوش خط و خال است که بیروناً مهربان است.

Informal
"دیوار موش دارد، موش هم گوش دارد"

— Walls have mice, and mice have ears. Be careful of what is expressed outwardly.

اینجا حرف نزن، بیروناً همه چیز امن به نظر می‌رسد ولی دیوار موش دارد.

Proverb
"رنگ رخساره خبر می‌دهد از سرّ درون"

— The color of the face reveals the secret of the heart. Outward appearance showing internal state.

چرا نگرانی؟ رنگ رخساره خبر می‌دهد از سرّ درون.

Literary
"آب زیر کاه"

— Water under straw; someone who is outwardly calm but internally devious.

او آدم آب زیر کاهی است؛ بیروناً بسیار متواضع است.

Informal
"پز عالی، جیب خالی"

— Great appearance, empty pocket. Outwardly rich, internally poor.

با این ماشین گران‌قیمت، پز عالی و جیب خالی دارد.

Informal
"آفتاب لب بام"

— Sun on the edge of the roof; someone who is outwardly near the end (of life).

پیرمرد آفتاب لب بام است؛ بیروناً ضعیف شده است.

Literary

Facile à confondre

بیروناً vs بیرونی

Both relate to the outside.

'Birooni' is an adjective (external), while 'Biroonan' is an adverb (externally).

لایه بیرونی (External layer) vs بیروناً سرد (Externally cold).

بیروناً vs خارجی

Commonly means 'foreign' or 'external'.

'Khareji' is almost always an adjective. 'Biroonan' describes the state of something's exterior.

سیاست خارجی (Foreign policy) vs بیروناً تغییر کرد (Changed externally).

بیروناً vs به ظاهر

Both describe the outside look.

'Be zaher' is a prepositional phrase focusing on appearance. 'Biroonan' is a formal adverb.

او به ظاهر خوب است vs او بیروناً سالم است.

بیروناً vs دروناً

They sound similar (antonyms).

'Daroonan' is the exact opposite (internally).

او بیروناً شاد و دروناً غمگین است.

بیروناً vs علناً

Both imply something being visible to others.

'Alanan' means 'publicly' or 'openly'. 'Biroonan' is strictly about the exterior side.

او علناً سیگار می‌کشد vs سیگار بیروناً بوی بدی دارد.

Structures de phrases

B1

[Subject] [Biroonan] [Adjective] [Verb].

او بیروناً خوشحال است.

B1

[Subject] [Biroonan] [Verb].

او بیروناً می‌خندید.

B2

[Object] [Biroonan] [Passive Verb].

دیوار بیروناً تخریب شده است.

B2

اگرچه [Subject] بیروناً... اما... [Verb].

اگرچه او بیروناً قوی است، اما خسته شده است.

C1

از نظر [Noun], [Subject] بیروناً [Adjective] است.

از نظر علمی، این ماده بیروناً سرد است.

C1

[Subject] بیروناً و دروناً [Verb].

او بیروناً و دروناً با ما مخالفت کرد.

C2

علیرغم ظاهر [Adjective], [Subject] بیروناً [Adjective] به نظر می‌رسد.

علیرغم ظاهر فریبنده، سیستم بیروناً پایدار به نظر می‌رسد.

C2

[Biroonan]، هیچ [Noun]ی مشاهده نشد.

بیروناً، هیچ علامتی از حیات مشاهده نشد.

Famille de mots

Noms

بیرون (Outside/Exterior)
بیرونی (Exteriority/Outer part)

Verbes

بیرون رفتن (To go out)
بیرون کردن (To eject/kick out)
بیرون کشیدن (To extract)

Adjectifs

بیرونی (External/Outer)
خارجی (Foreign/External)

Apparenté

درون (Inside)
خارج (Outside)
ظاهر (Appearance)
سطح (Surface)
پوسته (Shell/Crust)
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Comment l'utiliser

frequency

Common in formal writing, rare in casual speech.

Erreurs courantes
  • Using 'بیروناً' for 'I went outside'. → من بیرون رفتم.

    Biroonan is an adverb of state/manner, not movement. Use 'biroon' for direction.

  • Pronouncing it as 'biroon-aan'. → biroon-an.

    The tanwin suffix is always a short vowel sound.

  • Using it in a casual conversation with friends. → از بیرون / ظاهراً

    It is too formal for casual settings and sounds unnatural.

  • Confusing it with 'بیرونی' (the adjective). → لایه بیرونی (External layer).

    Use 'birooni' to modify a noun, use 'biroonan' to modify a verb or adjective.

  • Thinking it means 'abroad'. → خارج از کشور.

    While 'kharejan' can sometimes imply abroad, 'biroonan' does not.

Astuces

Formal Writing

Always use 'بیروناً' when writing a technical description of an object's surface.

Tanwin Suffix

Remember that the '-an' suffix turns the noun 'outside' into the adverb 'externally'.

Contrast

Learn 'بیروناً' and 'دروناً' together; they are a very common pair in Persian discourse.

Medical Labels

If you see 'بیروناً' on a bottle in an Iranian pharmacy, do not swallow the contents!

Avoid Overuse

Don't use it in casual speech, or you will sound like a textbook.

Short 'A'

Ensure the 'a' in '-an' is short, like the 'a' in 'cat', not long like 'father'.

News Context

When you hear it on the news, it usually refers to the 'observable' part of a situation.

Hybrid Nature

Appreciate that this word shows the beautiful blend of Persian and Arabic in the language.

Masking

Use it to describe 'masking' emotions: 'He was outwardly (biroonan) happy'.

Facades

It is the perfect word to describe a building's facade in a formal report.

Mémorise-le

Moyen mnémotechnique

Think of a 'Biroon' (Outside) and add a 'Tan' (Suffix). Imagine a person putting on a 'Tan' (tanning lotion) only 'Biroon-an' (on the outside) of their body.

Association visuelle

Visualize a house with a beautiful painted exterior ('Biroonan') but a messy interior. The word 'Biroonan' is the label on the paint can.

Word Web

Biroon (Outside) Birooni (External) Daroonan (Internally) Zaheran (Apparently) Kharejan (Externally) Sathi (Superficial) Pousht (Back/Behind) Roo (Face/Front)

Défi

Try to write three sentences comparing how you feel 'Daroonan' (internally) versus how you act 'Biroonan' (outwardly) during a job interview.

Origine du mot

The word is a hybrid construction. The root 'بیرون' (biroon) is pure Persian, descending from Middle Persian 'be-ron' (towards the outside). The suffix '-اً' (-an) is the Arabic tanwin, which is used to create adverbs.

Sens originel : Originally 'towards the outside' or 'outward direction'.

Indo-European (Persian) with Semitic (Arabic) grammatical suffix.

Contexte culturel

No specific sensitivities, but using it in very informal settings may make you sound like you are lecturing or being condescending.

In English, 'outwardly' is often used for emotions, while 'externally' is used for physical objects. In Persian, 'Biroonan' covers both, but is much more formal than 'outwardly'.

Used in modern Persian translations of Sigmund Freud's work to describe manifest behavior. Common in legal codes of Iran regarding property boundaries. Appears in academic journals from the University of Tehran.

Pratique dans la vie réelle

Contextes réels

Pharmacy/Medicine

  • فقط برای استعمال بیروناً
  • عوارض بیروناً
  • به صورت بیروناً بمالید
  • تأثیر بیروناً

Architecture/Real Estate

  • بیروناً بازسازی شده
  • نمای بیروناً
  • تزئینات بیروناً
  • وضعیت بیروناً

Psychology/Personality

  • بیروناً خونسرد
  • رفتار بیروناً
  • تظاهر بیروناً
  • واکنش بیروناً

Legal/Contracts

  • تعهدات بیروناً
  • مشخصات بیروناً
  • بررسی بیروناً
  • تطبیق بیروناً

Journalism/News

  • بیروناً آرام گزارش شده
  • تغییرات بیروناً محسوس
  • اوضاع بیروناً
  • امنیت بیروناً

Amorces de conversation

"آیا به نظر شما ساختمان‌های شهر بیروناً زیبا هستند؟"

"چگونه می‌توان تشخیص داد که کسی بیروناً و دروناً صادق است؟"

"آیا این دارو را باید بیروناً مصرف کرد یا دروناً؟"

"به نظر شما چرا برخی افراد بیروناً شاد ولی دروناً غمگین هستند؟"

"در معماری مدرن، چقدر به زیبایی بیروناً اهمیت داده می‌شود؟"

Sujets d'écriture

درباره زمانی بنویسید که بیروناً آرام بودید اما در درون احساس اضطراب می‌کردید.

توصیف کنید که چگونه یک ساختمان قدیمی بیروناً تغییر کرده است.

آیا فکر می‌کنید جوامع بیروناً در حال پیشرفت هستند؟ نظر خود را بنویسید.

تفاوت‌های میان آنچه بیروناً به دوستانتان نشان می‌دهید و آنچه در تنهایی حس می‌کنید را بنویسید.

یک گزارش کوتاه درباره وضعیت بیروناً یک پارک محلی بنویسید.

Questions fréquentes

10 questions

No, it is quite formal. In daily life, Iranians prefer to say 'از بیرون' (az biroon) or 'ظاهراً' (zaheran).

No, that is a common mistake. Use 'بیرون رفتن' for movement. 'بیروناً' only describes a state or appearance.

'Biroonan' is objective (it describes the actual outside), while 'Zaheran' is subjective (it describes how something seems, which might be false).

The root 'biroon' is Persian, but the suffix '-an' is Arabic. This makes it a hybrid word used in formal Persian.

It is often found on medicine labels: 'برای مصرف بیروناً' means 'for external use only' (topical).

The direct formal antonym is 'دروناً' (daroonan), which means 'internally'.

The stress is on the last syllable: bi-roo-NAN.

Yes, it is often used in formal or modern poetry to contrast the physical world with the spiritual one.

Yes, it is appropriate for formal business correspondence.

Usually no. For 'abroad,' Persians use 'خارج از کشور' or sometimes 'خارجاً' in very specific contexts.

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Teste-toi 200 questions

writing

Write a sentence describing a person who looks happy on the outside but is sad inside using 'بیروناً'.

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writing

Translate: 'This medicine is only for external use.'

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writing

Write a formal sentence about a building's exterior renovation using 'بیروناً'.

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writing

Use 'بیروناً' and 'دروناً' in one sentence about a book.

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writing

Translate: 'He showed no outward reaction.'

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writing

Describe a car's appearance using 'بیروناً'.

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writing

Write a sentence about an organization's outward appearance.

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writing

Translate: 'Although he was outwardly calm, he was nervous.'

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writing

Write a sentence using 'بیروناً' in a scientific context.

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writing

Describe a fruit's condition using 'بیروناً'.

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writing

Translate: 'The project is externally finished.'

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writing

Write a sentence about a person's resemblance to their mother using 'بیروناً'.

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writing

Translate: 'The walls were externally painted white.'

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writing

Write a sentence about an outward agreement.

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writing

Translate: 'Outwardly, everything looks fine.'

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writing

Describe a box's covering using 'بیروناً'.

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writing

Write a sentence about a patient's symptoms.

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writing

Translate: 'They are outwardly united.'

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writing

Write a sentence about a city's appearance.

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writing

Translate: 'He tried to be outwardly confident.'

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speaking

Pronounce 'بیروناً' clearly and record yourself.

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speaking

Explain the difference between 'بیرون' and 'بیروناً' in Persian.

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speaking

Describe your house's exterior using 'بیروناً'.

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speaking

Tell a short story about a person who is 'بیروناً خوشحال' but 'دروناً غمگین'.

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speaking

Read this sentence aloud: 'این دارو فقط برای مصرف بیروناً تهیه شده است.'

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speaking

Talk about a building you know that looks different 'بیروناً' compared to its interior.

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speaking

How would you tell someone that a fruit looks good on the outside but is bad inside?

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speaking

Describe an 'outwardly calm' person you know.

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speaking

Use 'بیروناً' in a sentence about a car accident.

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speaking

Explain a medical warning label using 'بیروناً'.

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speaking

Discuss the 'Zahir' and 'Batin' of a person using 'بیروناً'.

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speaking

Describe a project's completion status using 'بیروناً'.

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speaking

Read aloud: 'او بیروناً هیچ نشانه‌ای از اضطراب بروز نداد.'

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speaking

Talk about a political agreement using 'بیروناً'.

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speaking

Describe a box using 'بیروناً'.

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speaking

Explain why 'بیروناً' is formal.

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speaking

Use 'بیروناً' to describe a person's clothes.

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speaking

Describe a city's growth using 'بیروناً'.

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speaking

Talk about your feelings in an interview using 'بیروناً'.

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speaking

Summary: What does 'بیروناً' mean in one sentence?

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listening

Listen to the word 'biroonan'. Does the stress fall on the first or last syllable?

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listening

Identify the adverb in this sentence: 'او بیروناً آرام بود.'

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listening

Is the speaker describing an internal or external state? 'ساختمان بیروناً زیباست.'

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listening

Listen for the suffix. What is the suffix in 'biroonan'?

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listening

Does this sentence imply the person is actually calm? 'او ظاهراً آرام است.'

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listening

Which word did you hear? 'biroonan' or 'birooni'?

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listening

Is 'biroonan' used for a person or an object in this audio snippet?

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listening

What is the opposite of the word you just heard ('biroonan')?

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listening

Listen to the medical warning. What is the instruction?

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listening

Does the speaker sound formal or informal when using 'biroonan'?

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listening

Identify the root word in 'biroonan'.

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listening

In the sentence 'او بیروناً با برادرش فرق دارد', what is being compared?

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listening

Is the building finished inside or outside? 'ساختمان بیروناً تمام شده است.'

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listening

What is the tone of the word 'biroonan'?

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listening

Did the speaker say 'biroonan' or 'baatenan'?

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/ 200 correct

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