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B2 noun 8 min de lecture

重複

chofuku

Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces 重複 en 30 secondes

Explication 重複 in your Level:

At the A1 level, '重複' (chōfuku) might be a bit difficult because it's a formal word. However, you can think of it as 'same same' or 'double.' Imagine you have two stickers that are exactly the same in your collection. That is a kind of 'chōfuku.' In very simple Japanese, we usually use 'onaji' (same) or 'mō ichido' (one more time). But if you see this word on a computer screen, it usually means 'You already did this' or 'This information is already there.' Just remember: 重 (heavy/stack) + 複 (multi) = too many of the same thing. It is like having two of the same toy when you only need one.

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At the A2 level, you start to see '重複' in simple business or school contexts. For example, if you are making a list of friends to invite to a party and you accidentally write 'Tanaka-san' twice, that is 'chōfuku.' You might hear a teacher say, 'Namae ga chōfuku shite imasu' (The names are duplicated). It's a useful word for talking about mistakes in lists or schedules. It is often used as a verb: 'chōfuku suru.' If you try to register for a website and it says your email is already used, that is a 'chōfuku' error. It helps you sound more professional than just saying 'onaji' (same).

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At the B1 level, you should use '重複' to describe logical overlaps. This is common in intermediate office work. If you are writing a report and you say the same thing in the introduction and the conclusion, your colleague might say the content is 'chōfuku' (redundant). You also use it for 'double booking' (yoyaku no chōfuku). This level requires understanding that 'chōfuku' is more formal than 'kaburu.' While 'kaburu' is for friends wearing the same hat, 'chōfuku' is for two departments doing the same work. It implies that the overlap is something that should be fixed or managed to save time and energy.

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At the B2 level, you are expected to handle the two different readings: 'chōfuku' and 'jūfuku.' You should know that 'chōfuku' is the traditional reading used in news and formal writing, while 'jūfuku' is common in spoken Japanese. You will use this word in more complex scenarios, such as 'chōfuku kazei' (double taxation) or discussing 'redundant systems' in IT. You should be able to use it to critique logic: 'Sono setsumei wa mae no shō to chōfuku shite imasu' (That explanation overlaps with the previous chapter). It is a key word for efficiency (kōritsu) and removing waste (muda).

At the C1 level, '重複' is used in nuanced academic and legal discussions. You might discuss 'chōfuku tōhō' (redundant phrasing in literature) or the legal implications of 'chōfuku kōsetsu' (overlapping jurisdictions). You should understand the subtle difference between 'chōfuku' (the fact of overlap) and 'jōchō' (the negative quality of being wordy/redundant). At this level, you use the word to refine your own writing, ensuring that no two arguments in a thesis 'chōfuku' without a specific rhetorical purpose. You also recognize it in historical texts where 'chōfuku' might refer to layers of clothing or ritualistic repetition.

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At the C2 level, you possess a masterly grasp of '重複' across all domains—from database normalization (eliminating chōfuku) to rhetorical tautology (dougo-hanpoku). You can navigate the most formal levels of 'keigo' where you might use 'chōfuku' to humbly apologize for repeating a point during a high-stakes negotiation ('O-hanashi ga chōfuku itashimasu ga...'). You are also aware of its usage in biological sciences (gene duplication) and advanced mathematics. You can distinguish its usage from similar high-level terms like 'ruisane' (accumulated layers) or 'hanpoku' (deliberate repetition for effect), using 'chōfuku' specifically when the focus is on the structural overlap itself.

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Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces

重複 en 30 secondes

Formal term for duplication or overlap.
Used as both a noun and a 'suru' verb.
Common in business, IT, and academic writing.
Accepted readings are 'chōfuku' (formal) and 'jūfuku' (common).

The Japanese word 重複 (pronounced as either chōfuku or jūfuku) is a sophisticated term primarily used to describe the state of something being doubled, overlapped, or redundant. At its core, it combines the kanji 重 (meaning 'heavy' or 'layered') and 複 (meaning 'multiple' or 'compound'). Together, they convey the image of layers piled upon layers, often implying that this extra layer is unnecessary or accidental.

Technical Redundancy: In IT and data management, this word is the standard term for 'duplicate records' or 'redundant data.' If two entries in a database refer to the same person, that is a dēta no chōfuku.

このリストには名前が重複して登録されています。
(Names are registered duplicately in this list.)

Beyond data, it is frequently used in administrative and academic contexts. For instance, if two different committees are accidentally performing the same task, their roles are said to be 'overlapping.' In linguistics or writing, if you use the same expression twice in a short span, a teacher might mark it as hyōgen no chōfuku (repetition of expression). It carries a slightly formal nuance, making it more common in written reports, news broadcasts, and office meetings than in casual street slang.

Logical Overlap: When two concepts or categories share the same space or definition, creating a lack of clarity, this word is employed to suggest a need for refinement or separation.

説明の内容がさっきの話と重複しています。
(The content of the explanation overlaps with what was said earlier.)

In a broader cultural sense, Japanese society prizes efficiency and clarity in formal communication. Therefore, identifying a chōfuku is often the first step in a 'kaizen' (improvement) process to eliminate waste (muda). Whether it is a double booking of a conference room or a redundant sentence in a contract, the word signals a logistical error that needs correction.

Visualizing the Kanji: Think of '重' as a stack of boxes and '複' as the act of making a copy. When you have 'chōfuku,' you have a stack of copies where only one was needed.

Using 重複 correctly requires understanding its flexibility as both a noun and a 'suru' verb. When used as a noun, it often appears in the pattern '[A] to [B] no chōfuku' (the overlap of A and B). When used as a verb, it describes the action of overlapping or being duplicated: 'chōfuku suru.'

同じ内容のメールが重複して届きました。
(Emails with the same content arrived multiple times/duplicately.)

In business settings, you will often encounter it in the negative to express the need for uniqueness. For example, 'chōfuku o sakeru' (to avoid duplication). This is a critical phrase when designing systems or organizing events. If you are assigning tasks to team members, you might say, 'Work must not overlap' (Gyōmu ga chōfuku shinai yō ni).

Common Grammatical Patterns: 1. [Subject] ga chōfuku suru (Something overlaps).
2. [Noun] no chōfuku o checkku suru (Check for duplication of...).
3. Chōfuku o nakusu (Eliminate redundancy).

In academic writing, it is used to critique the structure of an essay. A professor might write in the margins: 'Koko wa chōfuku desu' (This part is redundant), suggesting that you have already made the point elsewhere. It is also used in legal contexts, such as 'chōfuku kazei' (double taxation), where a single income is taxed twice by different jurisdictions.

この二つの法律は規定が重複している部分がある。
(These two laws have parts where the regulations overlap.)

When dealing with schedules, 'yoyaku no chōfuku' is the standard term for a double booking. If you accidentally book two meetings at 2 PM, you have a 'chōfuku' situation. In Japanese polite speech (keigo), you might say 'Yoyaku ga chōfuku shite shimaimashita' to apologize for the error, using the 'te shimau' form to indicate regret.

You are most likely to hear 重複 in environments where precision and data integrity are paramount. If you work in a Japanese office, particularly in IT, accounting, or project management, this word will be a daily companion. During a system migration, engineers will constantly talk about 'chōfuku dēta' (duplicate data) that needs to be cleaned up (kurinjingu).

Daily Office Scenarios: - 'Besshi no risuto to chōfuku ga arimasu' (There is an overlap with the list on the separate sheet).
- 'Chōfuku tōroku wa dekimasen' (Duplicate registration is not allowed).

データの重複を避けるために、IDを付与してください。
(Please assign IDs to avoid data duplication.)

In the news, you might hear it regarding government spending or administrative reform. Journalists often point out 'gyōsei no chōfuku' (administrative overlap), where multiple government agencies are spending money on the same social program. It is a keyword in political debates about efficiency.

Another common place is in the context of prize giveaways or lotteries. If a company runs a campaign where you can enter multiple times, the fine print often says 'Chōfuku tōsen wa arimasen' (Duplicate winning is not possible), meaning one person cannot win two prizes in the same campaign. This is a very common phrase on product packaging or promotional flyers.

Education and Exams: Teachers use it when students repeat the same kanji or vocabulary too much in an essay. It also appears in Japanese language proficiency exams (JLPT N2/N1 level) to test synonyms and formal usage.

The most famous 'mistake' associated with 重複 is actually its reading. Historically, the correct reading is chōfuku. However, so many Japanese people read it as jūfuku (following the more common reading of 重) that jūfuku is now accepted in almost all contexts. If you use chōfuku, you might sound a bit more traditional or educated, but jūfuku is perfectly fine in modern conversation.

Mistake: Confusing with 'Kasaneru': Students often use 'chōfuku' to mean 'stacking physical items.' If you are stacking chairs, use 'kasaneru.' If you are describing two different orders for the same chair in a system, use 'chōfuku.'

❌ 椅子が重複しています (The chairs are duplicated - sounds like a glitch in the Matrix).
✅ 椅子が重なっています (The chairs are stacked).

Another common error is using it for simple 'repetition' of an action like practicing piano. For that, 'kurikaeshi' is the correct term. Chōfuku implies a logical error or a state of redundancy where one thing is 'on top of' another in a way that shouldn't be. You wouldn't say 'I practiced piano chōfuku,' but you would say 'The content of your speech was chōfuku (redundant).'

Register Errors: Using 'chōfuku' in a very casual setting, like telling a friend they said the same thing twice, can sound overly stiff. In that case, 'onaji koto itteru yo' (you're saying the same thing) or 'kabutteru yo' (it's overlapping/clashing) is more natural.

Japanese has several words that touch upon the idea of repetition or overlap. Choosing the right one depends on the formality and the specific type of 'doubling' occurring.

1. かぶる (Kaburu): The casual version of 'chōfuku.' Used when two people wear the same shirt, or two comedians tell the same joke. It implies a 'clash' or 'overlap' in a more relatable, everyday sense.
2. 二重 (Nijū): Means 'double' or 'twofold.' Used for physical things like 'nijū-ago' (double chin) or 'nijū-mado' (double-paned window). While 'chōfuku' is about logical redundancy, 'nijū' is about the structure being double.
3. 繰り返し (Kurikaeshi): Means 'repetition.' This is neutral and refers to doing the same thing over and over. Unlike 'chōfuku,' it doesn't necessarily imply that the repetition is bad or an error.

Comparison:
- Chōfuku: Logical redundancy (e.g., two entries for one person).
- Kaburu: Casual overlap (e.g., we both brought the same snack).
- Kurikaeshi: Simple repetition (e.g., repeating a song).

In business, you might also see 冗長 (jōchō), which specifically means 'redundant' in a negative, wordy sense (like a long-winded speech). While 'chōfuku' is about the fact of the overlap, 'jōchō' is a critique of the length and lack of conciseness caused by that overlap.

How Formal Is It?

Le savais-tu ?

The 'chō' reading of 重 is actually the older, more 'correct' Go-on/Kan-on reading for this specific context, while 'jū' is the more common reading used in words like 'jūyō' (important).

Guide de prononciation

UK t͡ɕoː.ɸɯ.kɯ

US d͡ʑɯː.ɸɯ.kɯ

Heiban (Flat) style: chō-FUKU or jū-FUKU, with a slight rise on the second syllable.

Rime avec

Kōfuku (Happiness) Kyōfuku (Admiration) Seifuku (Uniform) Shufuku (Restoration) Ōfuku (Round trip) Zōfuku (Amplification) Kufuku (Hunger) Gofuku (Drapery)

Erreurs fréquentes

Pronouncing it as 'chofuku' with a short 'o'.
Confusing the reading with 'shigeki' (stimulus) or other similar-looking kanji.
Over-emphasizing the 'u' at the end.
Reading 重 as 'omoi' in this compound.
Reading 複 as 'fuku' correctly but tripping on the first kanji.

Niveau de difficulté

Lecture 4/5

Two readings (chōfuku/jūfuku) can be confusing for beginners.

Écriture 5/5

Kanji are moderately complex (especially 複).

Expression orale 3/5

Useful word once the pronunciation is mastered.

Écoute 3/5

Distinctive sound, but easily confused with other 'fuku' words.

Quoi apprendre ensuite

Prérequis

重なる複数同じ二つ確認

Apprends ensuite

冗長排除整合性簡潔省略

Avancé

二律背反類語推敲正規化

Grammaire à connaître

Suru-verbs

重複する、重複した、重複している。

Noun + no + Noun

データの重複、予約の重複。

Adverbial form (te-form)

重複して届く、重複して登録する。

Negative 'yō ni'

重複しないように注意する。

Potential form

重複し得る (can overlap).

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Exemples par niveau

名前が重複しています。

The name is duplicated.

Noun + ga + chōfuku shite imasu (present continuous/state).

同じ本が重複して届いた。

The same book arrived twice (duplicated).

Chōfuku shite (adverbial use) + verb.

重複をチェックします。

I will check for duplicates.

Noun + o + verb.

このデータは重複です。

This data is a duplicate.

Noun + desu (simple identification).

重複しないでください。

Please do not duplicate (it).

Verb (negative te-form) + kudasai.

内容が少し重複している。

The content overlaps a little.

Chōfuku shite iru (describing a state).

重複を消します。

I will delete the duplicates.

Noun + o + verb (kesu - to erase/delete).

重複はダメです。

Duplication is no good.

Simple noun + wa + dame (informal/direct).

予約が重複してしまいました。

The reservations ended up overlapping (double booked).

Chōfuku shite + shimau (regrettable action).

リストに重複がないか確認してください。

Please check if there are any duplicates in the list.

Chōfuku ga nai ka (if there are no duplicates).

重複する部分はカットしましょう。

Let's cut the overlapping parts.

Chōfuku suru (dictionary form used as an adjective for 'bubun').

アドレスの重複登録はできません。

Duplicate registration of addresses is not possible.

Compound noun: Chōfuku + Tōroku.

説明が重複していて分かりにくい。

The explanation is redundant and hard to understand.

Chōfuku shite ite (reason/cause) + adjective.

番号が重複しないように番号を振る。

Assign numbers so that they don't overlap.

Verb (negative) + yō ni (in order to).

二つの予定が重複した。

Two schedules overlapped.

Past tense verb.

重複を避けるために話し合う。

We talk to avoid duplication.

Chōfuku o sakeru (to avoid duplication).

仕事の範囲が重複しているようです。

It seems the scope of our work is overlapping.

Noun + no + han'i (scope) + ga + chōfuku.

前回のメールと内容が重複しますが、ご容赦ください。

The content overlaps with the previous email, but please bear with me.

Formal business apology phrase.

重複箇所を修正して、再提出してください。

Correct the redundant parts and resubmit.

Chōfuku kasho (redundant spots/places).

データの重複を排除するシステムを導入した。

We introduced a system to eliminate data duplication.

Chōfuku o haijo suru (to eliminate/exclude).

複数の部署で同じ調査が重複して行われていた。

The same survey was being conducted redundantly by multiple departments.

Passive-like nuance (performed redundantly).

この二つの法律は重複する規定が多い。

These two laws have many overlapping regulations.

Chōfuku suru kitei (overlapping regulations).

重複を恐れずに、何度も強調しましょう。

Let's emphasize it many times without fearing repetition.

Chōfuku o osorezu ni (without fearing...).

会員登録の重複はシステムで制限されています。

Duplicate member registrations are restricted by the system.

Noun phrase as a subject.

本稿では、記述の重複を避けるため詳細は省略する。

In this paper, details are omitted to avoid descriptive redundancy.

Formal academic writing style.

二重課税、つまり税金の重複を解消する必要がある。

There is a need to resolve double taxation, in other words, the overlap of taxes.

Apposition (Nijū-kazei = Zeikin no chōfuku).

彼の話は論点が重複しており、説得力に欠ける。

His argument's points overlap, so it lacks persuasiveness.

Chōfuku shite ori (formal connective form) + result.

システムの冗長化とデータの重複は意味が異なる。

System redundancy and data duplication have different meanings.

Comparing 'jōchō-ka' (redundancy for safety) vs 'chōfuku' (error).

重複する応募はすべて無効となります。

All duplicate applications will be rendered invalid.

Chōfuku suru ōbo (duplicate entries).

行政サービスの重複を整理し、コストを削減する。

Organize the overlap of administrative services and reduce costs.

Chōfuku o seiri suru (to organize/sort out duplication).

その機能は既存のアプリと重複している。

That feature overlaps with existing apps.

Kizun no (existing) + chōfuku.

重複した説明を省いて、結論を急ぎましょう。

Let's skip the redundant explanations and get to the conclusion.

Chōfuku shita (past participle used as an adjective).

意味の重複を避けるため、類義語を適切に使い分ける。

To avoid semantic redundancy, use synonyms appropriately.

Imi no chōfuku (semantic redundancy).

この二つの概念は厳密には異なるが、実用上は重複する部分が多い。

These two concepts are strictly different, but in practice, they have many overlapping parts.

Strict contrast (genmitsu ni wa... jitsuyō-jō wa).

遺伝子の重複は進化の過程で重要な役割を果たす。

Gene duplication plays an important role in the process of evolution.

Scientific context (idenshi no chōfuku).

重複投資を避けるための企業間連携が模索されている。

Inter-company collaboration is being sought to avoid redundant investment.

Chōfuku tōshi (redundant/overlapping investment).

彼の文体は、あえて重複を用いることでリズムを生んでいる。

His writing style creates rhythm by intentionally using repetition.

Aete (daringly/purposely) + chōfuku o mochiiru.

官僚機構の重複が、意思決定の遅れを招いている。

The overlap of the bureaucracy is causing delays in decision-making.

Kanryō kikō (bureaucracy) + chōfuku.

特許の内容が既存の技術と重複していると判断された。

It was judged that the patent content overlaps with existing technology.

Passive voice (handan sareta).

重複立候補制度については、様々な議論がある。

There are various debates regarding the dual candidacy system.

Political terminology (chōfuku rikkōho).

トートロジーとは、命題が重複している論理的言明のことである。

A tautology is a logical statement in which the propositions are redundant.

Defining a philosophical term using chōfuku.

法域の重複が国際的な紛争の解決を困難にしている。

The overlap of jurisdictions is making the resolution of international conflicts difficult.

Hōiki no chōfuku (jurisdictional overlap).

冗長性と重複の概念を峻別し、最適解を導き出す。

Distinguish strictly between the concepts of redundancy and duplication to derive the optimal solution.

Shunbetsu suru (to strictly distinguish).

その詩の美しさは、語音の重複による音楽性に依拠している。

The beauty of that poem relies on the musicality created by the repetition of phonemes.

Goin no chōfuku (phonetic repetition).

重複する利害関係を調整するのは、政治の要諦である。

Adjusting overlapping interests is the essence of politics.

Rigai kankei (interests/stakes) + chōfuku.

データの正規化とは、本質的に重複を排除するプロセスに他ならない。

Data normalization is essentially nothing other than a process of eliminating redundancy.

Ni hoka naranai (nothing other than).

重複した記述は、読者の集中力を削ぐ要因となり得る。

Redundant descriptions can be a factor that saps the reader's concentration.

Potential form (...uri).

重複を排した簡潔な表現こそが、真の説得力を宿す。

It is concise expressions, free of redundancy, that possess true persuasiveness.

Koso (emphasis) + verb (yadosu - to harbor/dwell).

Synonymes

重なり二重繰り返しダブル

Antonymes

唯一単一

Collocations courantes

重複を避ける

データの重複

予約の重複

内容の重複

重複して登録

重複箇所

意味の重複

重複立候補

二重に重複

重複当選

Phrases Courantes

重複いたしますが

— A polite way to say 'At the risk of repeating myself' in business.

重複いたしますが、締め切りは明日です。

重複チェック

— The act of checking for duplicates.

名簿の重複チェックを行う。

重複を省く

— To omit or cut out redundancies.

重複を省いて簡潔にする。

重複を許さない

— To not allow any duplication.

IDの重複を許さない設定。

重複が見られる

— Duplicates/overlaps are observed.

調査結果に重複が見られる。

重複を恐れる

— To be afraid of repeating oneself.

重複を恐れずに発言する。

重複して受講

— Taking the same course twice.

同じ科目を重複して受講する。

重複部分

— The part that overlaps.

重複部分を色分けする。

重複利用

— Using something multiple times or by multiple people redundantly.

アカウントの重複利用を禁ずる。

重複なし

— No duplicates.

重複なしのリストを作成する。

Souvent confondu avec

重複 vs 反復 (hanpoku)

Hanpoku is intentional repetition (like practice), while chōfuku is often an accidental overlap or error.

重複 vs 重なる (kasanaru)

Kasanaru is the physical act of piling up, while chōfuku is the logical state of being double.

重複 vs 二重 (nijū)

Nijū refers to a double structure (like a double chin), while chōfuku refers to a redundancy.

Expressions idiomatiques

"屋上屋を架す"

— To build a roof on top of a roof; to do something redundant or unnecessary.

その説明は屋上屋を架すようなものだ。

Literary/Formal

"二の舞を演じる"

— To repeat the same mistake as someone else.

先輩の二の舞を演じたくない。

Neutral

"同じ轍を踏む"

— To follow the same rut; to make the same mistake.

過去と同じ轍を踏まないようにする。

Neutral

"口を酸っぱくして言う"

— To say something so many times your mouth turns sour (repeated emphasis).

口を酸っぱくして重複を避けるよう言った。

Informal

"馬の耳に念仏"

— Repeating something to someone who doesn't listen (redundant effort).

彼に注意するのは馬の耳に念仏だ。

Informal

"二重手間"

— Double the effort (usually due to a mistake).

重複のせいで二重手間になった。

Neutral

"念には念を入れる"

— To be doubly sure (positive redundancy).

念には念を入れて重複を確認した。

Neutral

"語るに落ちる"

— To let the truth slip through repetition or inconsistency.

重複した話の中で語るに落ちた。

Literary

"一事が万事"

— One thing shows how everything else is (seeing one duplicate suggests a messy system).

この重複が一事が万事だ。

Neutral

"仏の顔も三度"

— Even a Buddha loses patience if something (bad) is repeated three times.

重複したミスも三度目だぞ。

Informal

Facile à confondre

重複 vs 重複

Reading

Chōfuku is traditional; Jūfuku is modern/common.

Both are okay, but Chōfuku sounds more formal.

重複 vs 冗長

Meaning

Chōfuku is 'duplication'; Jōchō is 'wordiness' or 'system redundancy'.

A redundant server is 'jōchō', a duplicate file is 'chōfuku'.

重複 vs 繰り返し

Meaning

Kurikaeshi is neutral 'repetition'; Chōfuku is 'overlap'.

Repeat a song (kurikaeshi), but duplicate a file (chōfuku).

重複 vs 重畳

Kanji

Chōjō means layers of mountains or a great joy; Chōfuku is redundancy.

Chōjō no itari (extreme joy) vs Chōfuku no dēta.

重複 vs 複数

Kanji

Fukusū means 'multiple' (plural); Chōfuku means 'duplicate'.

Multiple people (fukusū) vs duplicate names (chōfuku).

Structures de phrases

[Noun] ga chōfuku shite imasu.

Namae ga chōfuku shite imasu.

[Noun] no chōfuku o sakeru.

Yoyaku no chōfuku o sakeru.

Chōfuku o osorezu ni [Verb].

Chōfuku o osorezu ni hanasu.

[Noun] to [Noun] ga chōfuku suru.

Kinei to jissai ga chōfuku suru.

Chōfuku shite [Verb]-te shimau.

Chōfuku shite katte shimatta.

[Noun] no chōfuku o checkku suru.

Dēta no chōfuku o checkku suru.

Naiyō ga chōfuku shite ori, ...

Naiyō ga chōfuku shite ori, wakari-nikui.

Chōfuku o haishita [Noun].

Chōfuku o haishita hyōgen.

Famille de mots

Noms

重複感 (sense of redundancy)

重複度 (degree of overlap)

Verbes

重複する (to overlap/duplicate)

Adjectifs

重複的 (redundant/duplicative)

Apparenté

重なる (to pile up)

複数 (multiple)

複製 (duplicate/copy)

重畳 (superposition)

二重 (double)

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Comment l'utiliser

frequency

Common in professional and academic settings; rare in very casual daily life.

Erreurs courantes

Reading as 'jūfuku' in a formal speech. → Read as 'chōfuku'.
While both are okay, 'chōfuku' is the prestige reading for formal occasions.
Using 'chōfuku' for physical stacking. → Use 'kasaneru'.
Chōfuku is for logical/informational duplication.
Confusing with 'kurikaeshi'. → Use 'kurikaeshi' for intentional repetition.
Chōfuku usually implies an error or unnecessary overlap.
Saying 'Hito ga chōfuku shite iru'. → Say 'Yakuwari ga chōfuku shite iru'.
Roles overlap, but people don't 'duplicate' in that sense.
Using 'chōfuku' for 'again'. → Use 'mata' or 'mō ichido'.
Chōfuku is a noun/verb for the state of overlap, not an adverb for 'again'.

Astuces

Check your data

Always use 'chōfuku' when talking about Excel or database duplicates. It's the professional standard.

The 'Chō' vs 'Jū' debate

Don't stress too much. If you say 'jūfuku,' everyone will understand you. If you say 'chōfuku,' you'll sound like a pro.

As an Adverb

Use 'chōfuku shite' before a verb to mean 'duplicately' or 'redundantly'.

Polite Repetition

Use 'O-hanashi ga chōfuku itashimasu ga' to introduce a repeated point in a meeting.

Layered copies

Remember the kanji: 重 (layers) + 複 (multiple) = redundancy.

Not for physical stacks

Don't use it for a stack of pancakes! Use 'kasanaru' for that.

Error Messages

If you see 重複 on a Japanese website, it means you've already registered that info.

Mottainai

Reducing 'chōfuku' is part of the Japanese drive for efficiency and reducing waste.

Edit your work

Look for 'chōfuku' in your own Japanese essays to make them more concise.

Spotting Overlaps

Use it to describe when two people have the same job responsibilities.

Mémorise-le

Moyen mnémotechnique

Think of a **CH**ess board where the pieces are **CH**ōfuku (overlapping) because you have too many kings. Or imagine a **JU**ice box that is **JU**fuku (duplicated) in your lunch.

Association visuelle

Visualize a Venn diagram where the middle section is glowing bright red—that is the 'chōfuku' area.

Word Web

Data List Schedule Overlap Redundancy Double Error Logic

Défi

Try to find one 'chōfuku' in your own life today—perhaps two identical apps on your phone or two identical pens in your bag—and say 'Kore wa chōfuku desu' out loud.

Origine du mot

Originates from Middle Chinese 'djowng pjuwk'. The first kanji '重' means layer or heavy, and the second '複' means double or multiple.

Sens originel : To exist in multiple layers or to repeat a compound action.

Sino-Japanese (Kango).

Contexte culturel

No specific sensitivities, but avoid using it to describe people (e.g., 'you are redundant') as it sounds like they are objects or data.

English speakers often use 'overlap' or 'duplicate' depending on the context. 'Chōfuku' covers both.

The 'Chōfuku Rikkōho' system in Japanese elections where candidates can run for both a local seat and a proportional representation seat. Database 'Normalization' (Seikika) which is taught in Japanese universities as the process of removing chōfuku. Double Taxation Treaties (Chōfuku Kazei Bōshi Jōyaku) between Japan and other countries.

Pratique dans la vie réelle

Contextes réels

Database Management

重複データを削除する
ユニークなID
主キーの重複
レコードの重複

Event Planning

予約の重複を防ぐ
ダブルブッキング
会場の重複使用
時間の重複

Writing/Editing

表現の重複
内容が重複している
重複を削る
同じ言葉の繰り返し

Elections

重複立候補
比例代表
小選挙区
当選の重複

Law/Tax

重複課税
二重の罰
規定の重複
権利の重複

Amorces de conversation

"データの重複をチェックする良い方法はありますか？"

"予約が重複してしまった場合、どう対応すべきでしょうか？"

"文章の中で重複を避けるためのコツは何ですか？"

"行政サービスの重複についてどう思いますか？"

"二重課税について詳しく知っていますか？"

Sujets d'écriture

今日、自分の生活の中で何か『重複』しているものを見つけましたか？

仕事や勉強で『重複』を避けるために工夫していることを書いてください。

『重複』という言葉を使って、最近の失敗談を一つ書いてみましょう。

効率化のために『重複』を排除することのメリットとデメリットは何だと思いますか？

日本語の『重複』と英語の'Overlap'の違いについて感じたことを書いてください。

Questions fréquentes

10 questions

In formal settings or exams like the JLPT, 'chōfuku' is safer. In daily office work, 'jūfuku' is very common and accepted.

Usually no. Use 'kasaneru' for physical stacking. Use 'chōfuku' for logical things like data or schedules.

It's a Japanese election system where a candidate can run for a local district and also be on a party's list for proportional representation.

Mostly, yes. It usually implies waste or error. However, in some contexts like 'chōfuku tōsen' (winning twice), it's just a statement of fact.

You say 'yoyaku no chōfuku' or more casually 'daburu bukkingu'.

No. 'Copy' is the action. 'Chōfuku' is the state of having two identical things where you only need one.

No, it's rude. Use it for data, positions, or roles instead.

Yes, 'kaburu' is the common slang for when things overlap accidentally.

It means double taxation, where the same money is taxed twice by different authorities.

Yes, it's used in 'fukusū' (multiple) and 'fukuzatsu' (complex). It's an N3 level kanji.

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