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B2 noun #3,000 よく出る 7分で読める

مساءلة

musa'ala 上位3,000

練習する例文メモとヒント مساءلة 30秒で

解説 مساءلة in your Level:

At the A1 level, the word 'مساءلة' (musa'alah) is quite advanced, but you can understand it as a 'big question.' Imagine you did something wrong and your teacher or parent asks you 'Why did you do this?' This is the start of the idea. It comes from the word 'su'al' which means 'question.' In A1, you learn 'ma' (what) and 'man' (who). 'Musa'alah' is like a formal way of asking 'who is responsible and why?' You won't use this word to buy bread or say hello, but you might see it in a simple news headline about a 'big boss' being asked questions. Think of it as 'The Big Why' for adults. It is a feminine word because it ends in 'ah.' You can remember it by linking it to the word 'sa'ala' (he asked) which you learn early on. Even if you don't use it yet, knowing it relates to 'asking' will help you recognize it when you see it in the future. It's about being 'answerable.'

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For A2 learners, 'مساءلة' is a word you encounter when reading about rules or work. It means 'accountability.' At this level, you know 'mas'ul' (responsible/boss). 'Musa'alah' is the process of checking that boss. For example, if a student breaks a window, there is a 'musa'alah' to find out what happened. It is a formal noun. You might see it in sentences like 'The manager faces musa'alah.' It's important to notice the pattern: it sounds like 'mufā'alah,' which often means two people or groups are involved. In this case, one person asks and the other must answer. You can use it when talking about why a team didn't finish a project. It's a step up from just saying 'It's his fault.' It's saying 'There is a system to check his work.' Focus on the root S-A-L (to ask). If you can remember 'su'al' (question), you can remember that 'musa'alah' is a 'formal questioning process.'

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At the B1 level, you should start using 'مساءلة' in discussions about society and professional life. It translates to 'accountability.' This is different from 'mas'uliyyah' (responsibility). Responsibility is the duty you have; accountability is being answerable for that duty. For example, 'I have the responsibility to clean the house, but I face accountability if the house is dirty when my guests arrive.' You will hear this word in the news regarding 'legal accountability' (مساءلة قانونية) or 'political accountability' (مساءلة سياسية). It is a key term for expressing opinions on fairness and justice. You can use it in phrases like 'We need more accountability in our department.' Notice that it is a verbal noun (masdar) of the verb 'sā'ala' (to hold someone to account). When you use it, you sound more like a professional and less like a student. It shows you understand that actions have consequences and that there are systems in place to monitor those actions.

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At the B2 level, 'مساءلة' is a core vocabulary item for professional, academic, and civic discourse. You are expected to understand its nuances in various contexts, such as 'corporate accountability' or 'social accountability.' You should be able to use it in complex sentences with appropriate collocations, such as 'خضع للمساءلة' (to be subject to accountability) or 'تهرب من المساءلة' (to evade accountability). At this level, you recognize that 'musa'alah' is a cornerstone of 'governance' (حكم) and 'transparency' (شفافية). You should also be able to distinguish it from 'muhasabah' (accounting/reckoning), which might have a more financial or spiritual connotation. B2 learners should use this word to discuss the ethics of leadership and the importance of institutional checks and balances. It is a feminine noun, so ensure your adjectives and verbs agree. For example, 'المساءلة ضرورية' (Accountability is necessary). This word allows you to engage in debates about human rights and administrative reform in the Arab world.

For C1 learners, 'مساءلة' is a tool for precise legal and political analysis. You should explore its application in international law, such as the 'accountability of states' for treaty violations. You will encounter it in high-level academic texts discussing 'horizontal accountability' (between branches of government) and 'vertical accountability' (between citizens and the state). At this level, you should be comfortable with the 'Idafa' structures it forms, like 'آليات المساءلة الدولية' (international accountability mechanisms). You should also understand the rhetorical power of the word in political speeches—how it is used to demand justice or to promise reform. You might analyze how the concept of 'musa'alah' has evolved in modern Arabic political thought compared to traditional concepts like 'hisbah.' Your usage should be flawless, reflecting an understanding of the word's weight in shaping public opinion and legal frameworks. You can use it to describe the moral imperative of a society to hold its leaders to a higher standard.

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At the C2 level, you possess a native-like grasp of 'مساءلة' and its philosophical underpinnings. You can discuss the word's etymological journey from the simple act of 'asking' to the complex modern concept of 'accountability' as a prerequisite for the rule of law. You are able to critique the implementation of 'musa'alah' in different political systems, using the term to navigate the nuances of constitutional law and public administration. You understand its role in 'transitional justice' (العدالة الانتقالية) and how 'musa'alah' serves as a deterrent against the 'culture of impunity' (ثقافة الإفلات من العقاب). Your ability to use the word in sophisticated metaphors or in technical legal arguments is complete. You can distinguish between 'musa'alah' and 'mu'alah' (legal liability) with precision. At this level, 'مساءلة' is not just a word, but a concept you can deconstruct and reconstruct across various literary, legal, and social registers, demonstrating total mastery of the Arabic linguistic and cultural landscape.

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練習する例文メモとヒント

مساءلة 30秒で

Musa'alah means accountability and being answerable for one's actions.
It is a formal B2-level noun used in political, legal, and business contexts.
The word is derived from the root 'to ask' (s-a-l) and implies a systematic check.
It is feminine and often paired with words like transparency and responsibility.

The word مساءلة (musa'alah) is a sophisticated Arabic noun derived from the root س-أ-ل (s-a-l), which fundamentally pertains to asking or questioning. In Form III of the Arabic verb system, the pattern مفاعلة (mufa'alah) often implies a reciprocal action or a systematic process. Therefore, مساءلة is not merely a single question, but the systematic process of holding someone to account, requiring them to provide answers and justifications for their actions. In a modern context, it is the standard translation for 'accountability.' This term is indispensable in discussions regarding governance, ethics, corporate management, and human rights. When you hear this word, the speaker is usually referring to the mechanisms that ensure power is not abused and that responsibilities are met. It carries a weight of transparency and justice. For instance, in a democratic society, the government is subject to مساءلة by the people or the parliament. In a business setting, a manager might face مساءلة for the performance of their department. The word bridges the gap between simple 'responsibility' (مسؤولية) and the actual 'act of being called to account.'

Political Context: Used to describe the oversight of public officials and the transparency of state institutions.
Legal Context: Refers to the judicial process where individuals or entities are held liable for legal breaches.
Corporate Context: Describes the reporting structures and performance reviews within an organization.

تعتبر المساءلة ركناً أساسياً في الحكم الرشيد.

Translation: Accountability is considered a fundamental pillar of good governance.

لا يمكن تحقيق العدالة بدون نظام مساءلة فعال.

Translation: Justice cannot be achieved without an effective accountability system.

يواجه المدير مساءلة شديدة بسبب الخسائر المالية.

Translation: The manager faces severe accountability due to the financial losses.

طالب المتظاهرون بـ مساءلة المسؤولين عن الفساد.

Translation: Protesters demanded the accountability of officials responsible for corruption.

يجب خضوع الجميع لـ المساءلة القانونية.

Translation: Everyone must be subject to legal accountability.

Using مساءلة correctly requires an understanding of its grammatical role as a verbal noun (masdar). It is a feminine noun, so any adjectives modifying it must also be feminine. It is frequently used in the 'Idafa' construction (possessive structure), such as مساءلة الحكومة (the accountability of the government). It also commonly follows prepositions like في (in), من أجل (for the sake of), or تحت (under). For example, تحت طائلة المساءلة means 'under the penalty of being held accountable.' When constructing sentences, remember that مساءلة is an abstract concept, but it refers to a very concrete social or legal mechanism. It is often paired with verbs like عزز (to strengthen/promote), طالب بـ (to demand), or خضع لـ (to be subject to). In academic writing, you might see it used to discuss 'horizontal accountability' vs 'vertical accountability.' In the workplace, it appears in phrases like 'performance accountability' (المساءلة عن الأداء). Because it is a B2 level word, using it demonstrates a high degree of professional and social awareness in Arabic. It moves your conversation from basic tasks to complex societal structures.

With Verbs of Action: Verbs like 'to avoid' (تجنب) or 'to escape' (تهرب من) are often used to show negative interactions with accountability.
With Adjectives: Common adjectives include 'comprehensive' (شاملة), 'transparent' (شفافة), and 'strict' (صارمة).
In Prepositional Phrases: Phrases like 'without accountability' (بلا مساءلة) are used to describe impunity.

يجب أن تكون هناك مساءلة شفافة لكل من يشغل منصباً عاماً.

Translation: There must be transparent accountability for everyone who holds a public office.

التهرب من المساءلة يؤدي إلى تفشي الفساد في المجتمع.

Translation: Evading accountability leads to the spread of corruption in society.

تم استدعاء الوزير لـ المساءلة أمام البرلمان بخصوص الميزانية.

Translation: The minister was summoned for accountability before parliament regarding the budget.

نحن بحاجة إلى ثقافة مساءلة قوية داخل الشركة.

Translation: We need a strong culture of accountability within the company.

لا أحد فوق المساءلة، مهما كان مركزه الاجتماعي.

Translation: No one is above accountability, regardless of their social status.

You will encounter مساءلة most frequently in formal media, legal documents, and intellectual discourse. If you watch news channels like Al Jazeera, Al Arabiya, or the BBC Arabic service, this word appears almost daily, especially in segments discussing government policies, financial scandals, or international law. It is a staple of political talk shows where hosts challenge guests about their records. In the business world, you’ll find it in annual reports, ethical guidelines, and contracts. It is also a key term in the lexicon of NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) and international bodies like the United Nations, particularly when discussing human rights violations or the 'Responsibility to Protect.' Beyond these formal spheres, you might hear it in university lectures on political science, sociology, or law. While it is not a 'slang' word used in casual street talk, educated speakers will use it in serious personal conversations about fairness and duty. For example, a father might talk to his son about المساءلة الذاتية (self-accountability) regarding his studies. Understanding this word is like unlocking a door to the professional and civic life of the Arabic-speaking world. It signifies a transition from the world of basic needs to the world of civil rights and organizational maturity.

In the News: Headlines often read: 'Demands for the accountability of those involved in the incident.'
In Legal Courts: Lawyers use it to argue for the liability of a defendant.
In Social Media: Activists use hashtags like #Accountability (#المساءلة) to drive social change campaigns.

تقرير الأمم المتحدة يشدد على ضرورة المساءلة عن جرائم الحرب.

Translation: The UN report emphasizes the necessity of accountability for war crimes.

في هذه الشركة، نؤمن بـ المساءلة المتبادلة بين الموظفين.

Translation: In this company, we believe in mutual accountability between employees.

غياب المساءلة هو السبب الرئيسي للفشل الإداري.

Translation: The absence of accountability is the main reason for administrative failure.

One of the most frequent errors learners make is confusing مساءلة with سؤال (su'al), which means a simple 'question.' While they share the same root, سؤال is a basic request for information, whereas مساءلة is a complex, formal process of holding someone responsible. Another common mistake is using مسؤولية (mas'uliyyah - responsibility) when مساءلة is required. You can have 'responsibility' without 'accountability' if no one is checking up on you. Accountability is the external check on that responsibility. Grammatically, learners often forget the hamza on the 'waw' (ؤ) or misplace the 'alif' of the Form III pattern. It is musa'alah, not mus'alah. Additionally, because the word ends in a ta marbuta (ة), it is feminine. Using a masculine adjective like مساءلة قوي instead of مساءلة قوية is a tell-tale sign of a beginner. Finally, some learners confuse it with محاسبة (muhasabah). While often used as synonyms, محاسبة specifically leans towards financial accounting or a spiritual 'reckoning' of one's soul, whereas مساءلة is the broader term for systemic and legal accountability. Avoiding these pitfalls will make your Arabic sound much more precise and professional.

Confusing with Responsibility: Don't say 'I have accountability for this task' when you mean 'I am responsible for this task' (use مسؤولية).
Spelling Errors: Mistaking the seat of the hamza is common. Remember: m-s-a-hamza(on waw)-l-ah.
Gender Agreement: Always treat it as a feminine noun in sentence construction.

خطأ: لديه مساءلة كبيرة. (Wrong if you mean 'responsibility')

Correct: لديه مسؤولية كبيرة.

خطأ: مساءلة قانوني. (Wrong gender agreement)

Correct: مساءلة قانونية.

To truly master the concept of مساءلة, you should understand how it relates to other terms in the same semantic field. The most immediate relative is مسؤولية (mas'uliyyah), which means 'responsibility.' While مسؤولية is the duty you have, مساءلة is the mechanism that checks if you fulfilled that duty. Another close term is محاسبة (muhasabah). While often used interchangeably in political contexts, محاسبة originally comes from the root 'to count' (h-s-b) and is the standard word for 'accounting' in business. In a broader sense, محاسبة implies a reckoning or an audit. Then there is تبعات (taba'at), which means 'consequences' or 'repercussions.' If you face مساءلة, you will likely face the تبعات of your actions. For a more legalistic tone, you might encounter قيد التحقيق (under investigation), which is a specific stage of the accountability process. If you want to talk about 'transparency,' the word is شفافية (shaffafiyyah), which is almost always paired with مساءلة in modern governance discourse. Lastly, استجواب (istijwab) means 'interrogation' or 'questioning' in a more aggressive or formal legal sense, such as a witness being questioned in court. Choosing between these words depends on whether you are talking about a moral duty, a financial audit, a legal investigation, or a systematic check on power.

مساءلة vs مسؤولية: Accountability (process) vs Responsibility (duty).
مساءلة vs محاسبة: General accountability vs Financial/Audit-based reckoning.
مساءلة vs استجواب: Broad systemic check vs Specific legal interrogation.

الشفافية و المساءلة وجهان لعملة واحدة.

Translation: Transparency and accountability are two sides of the same coin.

بدأ البرلمان محاسبة الحكومة على وعودها.

Translation: The parliament began holding the government to account for its promises.

How Formal Is It?

フォーマル

ニュートラル

カジュアル

Child friendly

スラング

豆知識

In ancient times, the root was purely about asking for information or charity. The modern sense of 'political accountability' is a relatively recent development in the language, mirroring Western concepts of governance.

発音ガイド

UK /mu.saː.ʔa.la/

US /mu.sɑː.ʔə.lə/

Primary stress is on the second syllable 'sa'.

韻が合う語

مقاولة (muqawalah) محاولة (muhawalah) مداولة (mudawalah) مناولة (munawalah) مزاولة (muzawalah) تفاؤلة (tafa'ulah - rare) مائلة (ma'ilah) قائلة (qa'ilah)

よくある間違い

Pronouncing it as 'mus-ala' without the long 'a'.
Missing the glottal stop (hamza) in the middle.
Confusing it with 'mas-uliyyah'.
Swapping the 's' and 'm' sounds.
Pronouncing the final 'h' too strongly.

難易度

読解 7/5

Requires understanding of Form III verbal nouns and glottal stops.

ライティング 8/5

Spelling the hamza correctly is a common challenge.

スピーキング 6/5

Pronunciation is straightforward if the long 'a' is maintained.

リスニング 7/5

Can be confused with 'mas'alah' or 'su'al' in fast speech.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

سأل سؤال مسؤول مسؤولية قانون

次に学ぶ

شفافية نزاهة ديمقراطية حوكمة مؤسسة

上級

إفلات من العقاب استحقاق ولاية رقابة تدقيق

知っておくべき文法

Form III Verbal Nouns

ساءل -> مساءلة (Pattern: مفاعلة)

Hamza on Waw

The hamza in مساءلة follows the rules of medial hamza.

Idafa Construction

مساءلة المسؤولين (Accountability of officials)

Feminine Noun Agreement

المساءلة قوية (Accountability is strong)

Prepositional Usage

خضع للمساءلة (Subjected to accountability)

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レベル別の例文

هذا سؤال صعب.

This is a difficult question.

Uses the root S-A-L in a simple noun 'su'al'.

من المسؤول هنا؟

Who is the responsible person here?

Uses 'mas'ul' (responsible/person in charge).

أريد أن أسأل.

I want to ask.

The verb 'as'al' (I ask) shares the same root.

لا يوجد مساءلة هنا.

There is no accountability here.

A simple negation using 'la yujad'.

المساءلة مهمة.

Accountability is important.

Simple subject-predicate sentence.

أين المساءلة؟

Where is the accountability?

Interrogative sentence.

هي تحب المساءلة.

She likes accountability.

Feminine subject with feminine noun.

نحن نحتاج إلى مساءلة.

We need accountability.

Verb 'nahtaj' followed by 'ila'.

يجب أن يكون هناك مساءلة في العمل.

There must be accountability at work.

Uses 'yajib' to express necessity.

المدير يطلب المساءلة.

The manager demands accountability.

Present tense verb 'yatlub'.

المساءلة تجعل العمل أفضل.

Accountability makes work better.

The verb 'taj'al' (makes) agrees with the feminine noun.

هل هناك مساءلة للموظفين؟

Is there accountability for the employees?

Question using 'hal'.

المساءلة هي جزء من النظام.

Accountability is part of the system.

Using 'hiya' as a copula.

لا تخف من المساءلة.

Do not fear accountability.

Imperative negation 'la takhaf'.

المساءلة تساعد الجميع.

Accountability helps everyone.

Feminine verb 'tusa'id'.

نحن نبحث عن المساءلة.

We are looking for accountability.

Verb 'nabhath' with 'an'.

تعتبر المساءلة ركناً أساسياً في أي مؤسسة.

Accountability is considered a basic pillar in any institution.

Passive-like construction using 'tu'tabar'.

بدون مساءلة، لا يمكننا تحقيق النجاح.

Without accountability, we cannot achieve success.

Conditional sense with 'bidun'.

يجب تعزيز ثقافة المساءلة في المجتمع.

The culture of accountability must be promoted in society.

Idafa construction: 'thaqafat al-musa'alah'.

خضع الوزير للمساءلة القانونية.

The minister was subject to legal accountability.

Verb 'khada'a' + 'li' (to be subject to).

المساءلة تضمن الشفافية في الإدارة.

Accountability ensures transparency in management.

Verb 'tadman' (ensures).

طالب المواطنون بمساءلة الفاسدين.

Citizens demanded the accountability of the corrupt.

Verb 'talaba' + 'bi'.

المساءلة الذاتية هي أول خطوة للتغيير.

Self-accountability is the first step for change.

Compound noun with adjective 'dhatiyyah'.

هناك غياب واضح للمساءلة في هذا المشروع.

There is a clear absence of accountability in this project.

Noun 'ghiyab' (absence).

تتطلب الديمقراطية وجود آليات فعالة للمساءلة.

Democracy requires the existence of effective mechanisms for accountability.

Plural 'aliyat' (mechanisms).

لا يمكن فصل الشفافية عن المساءلة في الحكم الرشيد.

Transparency cannot be separated from accountability in good governance.

Verb 'fasl' (separating) with 'an'.

تهدف هذه القوانين إلى تعزيز المساءلة الجنائية.

These laws aim to strengthen criminal accountability.

Adjective 'jina'iyyah' (criminal).

يجب أن تكون المساءلة شاملة وغير منحازة.

Accountability must be comprehensive and unbiased.

Adjectives 'shamilah' and 'ghayr munhazah'.

يواجه المسؤولون مساءلة شديدة بخصوص الأزمة المالية.

Officials face severe accountability regarding the financial crisis.

Verb 'yuwajih' (to face).

أدت الفضيحة إلى مطالبة واسعة بالمساءلة.

The scandal led to a widespread demand for accountability.

Masdar 'mutalabah' (demanding).

تعتبر المساءلة الاجتماعية وسيلة لمراقبة الأداء الحكومي.

Social accountability is considered a means to monitor government performance.

Adjective 'ijtima'iyyah' (social).

يجب تفعيل قوانين المساءلة لمنع استغلال السلطة.

Accountability laws must be activated to prevent the abuse of power.

Verb 'taf'il' (activating/implementing).

إن ترسيخ مبدأ المساءلة يساهم في استقرار الدولة.

Consolidating the principle of accountability contributes to the stability of the state.

Emphasis with 'Inna' and verb 'yusahim' (contributes).

تعد المساءلة الأفقية بين السلطات ضمانة ضد الاستبداد.

Horizontal accountability between authorities is a guarantee against tyranny.

Technical term 'al-musa'alah al-ufuqiyyah'.

تفتقر بعض النظم السياسية إلى أطر واضحة للمساءلة.

Some political systems lack clear frameworks for accountability.

Verb 'taftaqir' (to lack) with 'ila'.

يجب أن تخضع الشركات الكبرى للمساءلة البيئية.

Large corporations must be subject to environmental accountability.

Adjective 'bi'iyyah' (environmental).

تعتبر المساءلة جوهر العقد الاجتماعي بين الحاكم والمحكوم.

Accountability is the essence of the social contract between the ruler and the ruled.

Philosophical context: 'al-aqd al-ijtima'i'.

هناك حاجة ملحة لتعزيز المساءلة في القطاع الصحي.

There is an urgent need to strengthen accountability in the health sector.

Adjective 'mulihah' (urgent).

المساءلة ليست مجرد إجراء قانوني بل هي قيمة أخلاقية.

Accountability is not just a legal procedure, but an ethical value.

Contrast using 'laysat... bal'.

يمكن للمجتمع المدني أن يلعب دوراً حيوياً في المساءلة.

Civil society can play a vital role in accountability.

Modal 'yumkin' with 'an yal'ab'.

تتجلى المساءلة في أرقى صورها عندما يخضع القوي للقانون.

Accountability manifests in its finest forms when the powerful are subject to the law.

Verb 'tatajalla' (to manifest).

إن غياب المساءلة يؤسس لبيئة خصبة للإفلات من العقاب.

The absence of accountability establishes a fertile environment for impunity.

Sophisticated phrase 'al-iflat min al-iqab'.

تتجاوز المساءلة البعد المؤسسي لتشمل المسؤولية الأخلاقية الفردية.

Accountability transcends the institutional dimension to include individual moral responsibility.

Verb 'tatajawaz' (to transcend/go beyond).

تعتبر المساءلة المتبادلة حجر الزاوية في العلاقات الدولية المعاصرة.

Mutual accountability is the cornerstone of contemporary international relations.

Idiom 'hajar al-zawiyah' (cornerstone).

يقتضي مفهوم المساءلة وجود نظام قضائي مستقل ونزيه.

The concept of accountability requires an independent and impartial judicial system.

Verb 'yaqtadi' (requires/necessitates).

تعد المساءلة السياسية أداة فعالة لتقويم الانحرافات السلطوية.

Political accountability is an effective tool for correcting authoritarian deviations.

Noun 'taqwim' (correcting/straightening).

يجب أن تظل المساءلة بمنأى عن التسييس والمصالح الضيقة.

Accountability must remain aloof from politicization and narrow interests.

Phrase 'bi-man'a an' (aloof/far from).

إن المساءلة التاريخية تفرض علينا مواجهة أخطاء الماضي بشجاعة.

Historical accountability forces us to face the mistakes of the past with courage.

Adjective 'tarikhiyyah' (historical).

類義語

محاسبة مسؤولية استجواب

反対語

إعفاء تساهل إفلات من العقاب

よく使う組み合わせ

مساءلة قانونية

مساءلة سياسية

خضع للمساءلة

تهرب من المساءلة

آليات المساءلة

مساءلة شفافة

غياب المساءلة

مساءلة إدارية

تحت طائلة المساءلة

تعزيز المساءلة

よく使うフレーズ

لا أحد فوق المساءلة

— No one is above the law or accountability.

في دولتنا، لا أحد فوق المساءلة.

المساءلة والشفافية

— Accountability and transparency; usually used together.

نحن نؤمن بالمساءلة والشفافية.

خضوع للمساءلة

— Being subject to accountability.

يجب الخضوع للمساءلة عند الخطأ.

ثقافة المساءلة

— A culture where people take responsibility and are checked.

يجب بناء ثقافة المساءلة.

نظام المساءلة

— Accountability system.

نظام المساءلة في الشركة ضعيف.

مساءلة الذات

— Self-accountability.

مساءلة الذات طريق للنجاح.

المساءلة الدولية

— International accountability.

المساءلة الدولية تحمي حقوق الإنسان.

تجنب المساءلة

— Avoiding accountability.

لا تحاول تجنب المساءلة.

مطالبة بالمساءلة

— Demanding accountability.

هناك مطالبة شعبية بالمساءلة.

مبدأ المساءلة

— The principle of accountability.

نحن نحترم مبدأ المساءلة.

よく混同される語

مساءلة vs سؤال

Su'al is a simple question; Musa'alah is systematic accountability.

مساءلة vs مسألة

Mas'alah means an issue or a problem, not accountability.

مساءلة vs مسؤولية

Mas'uliyyah is responsibility (the duty); Musa'alah is being answerable for it.

慣用句と表現

"وضع تحت المجهر"

— To put under the microscope; a form of intense accountability.

تم وضع سياسات الوزير تحت المجهر.

Journalistic

"الحساب عسير"

— The reckoning will be difficult/harsh.

من يسرق المال العام، حسابه عسير.

Formal

"في قفص الاتهام"

— In the dock / accused; facing accountability.

الإدارة الآن في قفص الاتهام.

Metaphorical

"قطع دابر الفساد"

— To eradicate corruption through accountability.

المساءلة تقطع دابر الفساد.

Formal

"لا يمر مرور الكرام"

— Will not pass unnoticed; will face accountability.

هذا الخطأ لن يمر مرور الكرام.

Common

"حجر الزاوية"

— Cornerstone; accountability is the cornerstone of justice.

المساءلة هي حجر الزاوية في الحكم.

Formal

"وجهان لعملة واحدة"

— Two sides of the same coin (transparency and accountability).

هما وجهان لعملة واحدة.

Common

"طوق النجاة"

— Lifeline; accountability as a way to save an institution.

المساءلة هي طوق النجاة للمؤسسة.

Metaphorical

"فتح ملفات الماضي"

— Opening the files of the past; historical accountability.

يجب فتح ملفات الماضي للمساءلة.

Political

"تحت طائلة القانون"

— Under the penalty of the law.

أنت تعمل تحت طائلة القانون والمساءلة.

Legal

間違えやすい

مساءلة vs محاسبة

Both involve 'holding to account'.

Muhasabah is often financial/accounting; Musa'alah is broader and more legal/political.

نحتاج لمحاسبة مالية ومساءلة سياسية.

مساءلة vs استجواب

Both involve questioning.

Istijwab is a specific event (interrogation); Musa'alah is a general concept or system.

بدأ استجواب الوزير كجزء من المساءلة.

مساءلة vs مؤاخذة

Both relate to blame.

Mu'akhadhah is more about blame or censure; Musa'alah is more institutional.

لا مؤاخذة عليك، لكن المساءلة ضرورية.

مساءلة vs تحقيق

Both happen when things go wrong.

Tahqiq is the investigation/finding facts; Musa'alah is the result of being answerable.

التحقيق أدى إلى المساءلة.

مساءلة vs عقاب

Accountability often leads to punishment.

Iqab is the punishment itself; Musa'alah is the process of being called to account.

المساءلة قد تؤدي إلى العقاب.

文型パターン

يوجد [اسم] هنا.

يوجد مساءلة هنا.

يجب [فعل] المساءلة.

يجب تعزيز المساءلة.

[اسم] خضع للمساءلة القانونية.

الوزير خضع للمساءلة القانونية.

لا يمكن تحقيق [اسم] بدون [اسم].

لا يمكن تحقيق العدالة بدون مساءلة.

تعتبر [اسم] ركناً أساسياً في [اسم].

تعتبر المساءلة ركناً أساسياً في الحكم.

تهدف [اسم] إلى [فعل] المساءلة.

تهدف القوانين إلى ترسيخ المساءلة.

بمنأى عن [اسم]، تظل المساءلة [صفة].

بمنأى عن التسييس، تظل المساءلة عادلة.

يتجلى [اسم] في [اسم].

يتجلى مبدأ المساءلة في شفافية الإدارة.

語族

名詞

動詞

形容詞

使い方

frequency

High in news and law; low in casual street talk.

よくある間違い

مساءلة قوي → مساءلة قوية
The noun is feminine, so the adjective must be feminine.
سؤال قانوني → مساءلة قانونية
Using 'su'al' (question) instead of 'musa'alah' (accountability) in a legal context.
مسؤولة → مساءلة
Confusing 'mas'ulah' (responsible person/feminine) with 'musa'alah' (accountability).
مسئلة → مساءلة
Incorrect spelling of the hamza and missing the long 'a'.
محاسبة المسؤولية → مساءلة المسؤولين
Incorrect Idafa construction when trying to say 'accountability of officials'.

ヒント

Check the Hamza

Don't forget the hamza on the waw. It's a common spelling mistake even for native speakers sometimes.

Professionalism

Using this word in a business email or meeting will instantly boost your professional Arabic level.

The Pair

Try to learn 'musa'alah' and 'shaffafiyyah' together. They are the 'salt and pepper' of Arabic governance talk.

Legal Tone

When you want to sound legalistic, use the phrase 'تحت طائلة المساءلة' (under the penalty of accountability).

The Asker

Remember that accountability starts with someone asking a question. The root is 'ask'.

News Staple

If you want to understand Arabic news, this word is a must-know. It appears in almost every political report.

Stress

Stress the 'sa' syllable. Mu-SAA-alah. It gives the word its formal weight.

Essay Tip

In essays, use 'musa'alah' to discuss social justice. It is a very academic and respected term.

Debating

In a debate, use 'اين المساءلة؟' (Where is the accountability?) to challenge an opponent's point.

Recognition

Look for the 'mu-' sound at the start of news sentences; it often signals a formal verbal noun like this.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'Musa' (Moses) asking 'a lot' (alah) of questions. Musa-a-lah = Accountability.

視覚的連想

Imagine a giant question mark (?) standing over a politician at a podium. The question mark is the 'Musa'alah'.

Word Web

Question Answer Responsibility Law Transparency Consequence Judge Truth

チャレンジ

Try to use 'musa'alah' in a sentence about your favorite sport or hobby today.

語源

From the Arabic root S-A-L (س-أ-ل), which means 'to ask.' The Form III verb 'sā'ala' (ساءل) implies a reciprocal or intensive process of asking.

元の意味： The act of asking someone repeatedly or formally.

Semitic (Arabic).

文化的な背景

Be careful using it in highly sensitive political environments, as it can be seen as a direct challenge to authority.

Translates perfectly to 'accountability,' a buzzword in Western corporate and political culture.

Used in the UN Declaration of Human Rights Arabic translation. Frequent in Al Jazeera's 'Without Borders' program. Key term in the Egyptian and Tunisian constitutional debates.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

Government

مساءلة الحكومة
البرلمان والمساءلة
حق المساءلة
المساءلة السياسية

Business

مساءلة الموظفين
المساءلة عن الأداء
نظام مساءلة داخلي
المساءلة المالية

Law

المساءلة الجنائية
خضع للمساءلة القانونية
تحت طائلة المساءلة
أدلة المساءلة

Human Rights

المساءلة عن الجرائم
غياب المساءلة
المساءلة الدولية
تحقيق المساءلة

Education

مساءلة الطلاب
مساءلة الإدارة التعليمية
ثقافة المساءلة في المدرسة
المساءلة الذاتية

会話のきっかけ

"كيف يمكننا تعزيز المساءلة في مجتمعنا؟"

"هل تعتقد أن المساءلة ضرورية للنجاح في العمل؟"

"ما هي أهمية المساءلة في النظام الديمقراطي؟"

"هل واجهت يوماً مساءلة عن خطأ قمت به؟"

"لماذا يتهرب بعض الناس من المساءلة؟"

日記のテーマ

اكتب عن موقف شعرت فيه بأهمية المساءلة الذاتية في حياتك.

ناقش العلاقة بين الشفافية والمساءلة في المؤسسات الحكومية.

كيف يمكن للتكنولوجيا أن تساعد في تحسين نظام المساءلة؟

صف مجتمعاً يغيب فيه مبدأ المساءلة تماماً.

لماذا تعتبر المساءلة ركناً أساسياً في الحكم الرشيد؟

よくある質問

10 問

Rarely in casual settings. It is mostly used in professional, academic, or political discussions. In daily life, people use 'hisab' or 'mas'uliyyah'.

The root is S-A-L (س-أ-ل), which means to ask. This is the same root as 'su'al' (question) and 'mas'ul' (responsible).

It is a feminine noun because it ends with a ta marbuta (ة). Adjectives modifying it must also be feminine.

It is 'al-musa'alah al-dhatiyyah' (المساءلة الذاتية). It means holding yourself responsible for your own actions.

Musa'alah is general accountability. Muhasabah often refers to financial accounting or a spiritual reckoning.

Yes, in a formal context, like a school policy. In a home, it might sound a bit too formal unless you are teaching them the concept.

The plural is 'musa'alat' (مساءلات). It is used when referring to multiple instances or types of accountability.

Usually as 'مساءلة' or sometimes 'مسؤولية' depending on the clause, but 'مساءلة' is more precise for being answerable.

In Form III verbal nouns of roots ending in hamza, or containing hamza, the spelling follows specific rules based on vowels. Here, it sits on a waw.

It is generally positive as it implies justice and order, though the person facing it might view it negatively.

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