C1 Discourse & Pragmatics 1 min read ふつう

Discourse Markers for Conclusion (В заключение, И така)

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'В заключение' for formal summaries and 'И така' to wrap up logic or conversations effectively.

  • Use 'В заключение' at the start of final paragraphs in essays. Example: 'В заключение, проектът е успешен.'
  • Use 'И така' to signal a logical result or end a chat. Example: 'И така, решихме да тръгваме.'
  • Always set off 'В заключение' with a comma when it starts a sentence.
📝 (Formal) + В заключение, ... | 🗣️ (Casual) + И така, ...

Usage and Position of Concluding Markers

Marker Register Typical Position Punctuation
В заключение
Formal
Sentence Start / End
Always followed/preceded by comma
И така
Neutral/Informal
Sentence Start
Usually followed by comma
В обобщение
Formal
Sentence Start
Followed by comma
Накратко
Neutral
Sentence Start
Followed by comma
В крайна сметка
Neutral
Anywhere
Often set off by commas
Следователно
Formal/Logical
Sentence Start / Mid
Followed by comma

Meanings

Discourse markers used to signal the end of a speech, text, or logical argument, helping the listener or reader synthesize information.

1

Formal Synthesis

Used in academic or professional writing to introduce a final summary of arguments.

“В заключение, данните потвърждават нашата хипотеза.”

“В заключение следва да отбележим значението на реформите.”

2

Logical Consequence

Used to show that what follows is the natural result of what was just discussed.

“И така, след дълги преговори, договорът беше подписан.”

“И така, планът е ясен на всички.”

3

Conversational Wrap-up

A way to signal that you are finished talking or want to move to the final action.

“И така, ще се видим утре!”

“И така, това е всичко от мен за днес.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Discourse Markers for Conclusion (В заключение, И така)
Form Structure Example
Formal Start
В заключение, + Clause
В заключение, искам да благодаря.
Formal Mid
Clause, в заключение, + Clause
Това е, в заключение, най-добрият избор.
Formal End
Clause + в заключение.
Това е моето мнение в заключение.
Conversational
И така, + Clause
И така, какво ще правим?
Logical Result
Clause. И така + Clause
Валеше. И така останахме тук.
Short Summary
Накратко, + Clause
Накрако, всичко е наред.
Finality
В крайна сметка, + Clause
В крайна сметка, той спечели.

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
В заключение, бих искал да закрия днешното заседание.

В заключение, бих искал да закрия днешното заседание. (Business meeting wrap-up)

ニュートラル
И така, това беше всичко за днес.

И така, това беше всичко за днес. (Business meeting wrap-up)

カジュアル
И така, приключихме!

И така, приключихме! (Business meeting wrap-up)

スラング
Айде, това е, чао!

Айде, това е, чао! (Business meeting wrap-up)

Concluding Markers Map

Conclusion

Formal

  • В заключение In conclusion
  • В обобщение In summary

Informal

  • И така And so
  • Та So (very casual)

Formal vs. Informal Wrap-up

Formal (Writing)
В заключение In conclusion
Следователно Therefore
Informal (Speaking)
И така And so
В крайна сметка In the end

Which marker to use?

1

Are you writing an essay?

YES
Use 'В заключение'
NO
Go to next question
2

Are you talking to a friend?

YES
Use 'И така'
NO
Use 'В крайна сметка'

レベル別の例文

1

И така, до утре!

And so, see you tomorrow!

2

И така, аз съм тук.

And so, I am here.

3

И така, какво искаш?

So, what do you want?

4

И така, това е всичко.

So, that is all.

1

И така, ние купихме хляб.

And so, we bought bread.

2

Накрая, той си отиде.

Finally, he left.

3

И така, те са щастливи.

And so, they are happy.

4

И така, ще дойдеш ли?

So, will you come?

1

В заключение, проектът е готов.

In conclusion, the project is ready.

2

И така, решихме да не пътуваме.

And so, we decided not to travel.

3

В заключение, искам да благодаря.

In conclusion, I want to thank you.

4

И така, всичко свърши добре.

And so, everything ended well.

1

В заключение, трябва да променим закона.

In conclusion, we must change the law.

2

И така, след всички премеждия, те се прибраха.

And so, after all the hardships, they returned home.

3

В заключение бих казал, че рискът си заслужава.

In conclusion I would say that the risk is worth it.

4

И така, планът ни се провали напълно.

And so, our plan failed completely.

1

В заключение, горепосочените факти доказват вината му.

In conclusion, the aforementioned facts prove his guilt.

2

И така, стигаме до същината на проблема.

And so, we reach the heart of the problem.

3

В заключение следва да се отбележи липсата на ресурси.

In conclusion, the lack of resources should be noted.

4

И така, парадигмата се промени завинаги.

And so, the paradigm changed forever.

1

В заключение, бихме могли да синтезираме тези тезиси в единна теория.

In conclusion, we could synthesize these theses into a unified theory.

2

И така, в този лабиринт от противоречия, истината остана скрита.

And so, in this labyrinth of contradictions, the truth remained hidden.

3

В заключение, авторът прокарва идеята за екзистенциална криза.

In conclusion, the author promotes the idea of an existential crisis.

4

И така, колелото на историята се завъртя отново.

And so, the wheel of history turned once more.

間違えやすい

Discourse Markers for Conclusion (В заключение, И така) И така vs. Така че

Both translate to 'so' in English, but 'Така че' is a conjunction for cause-effect within a sentence.

Discourse Markers for Conclusion (В заключение, И така) В заключение vs. Накрая

Learners use 'Накрая' for summaries, but it only means 'last in a list'.

Discourse Markers for Conclusion (В заключение, И така) В заключение vs. В заключението

Adding the article 'то' changes it from a fixed phrase to a literal 'in the conclusion (of the book)'.

よくある間違い

И така аз съм тук.

И така, аз съм тук.

Missing comma after the marker.

В заключение чао.

И така, чао.

Using a formal marker for a casual goodbye.

Така и, тръгваме.

И така, тръгваме.

Wrong word order.

И така? защо?

И така, защо?

Incorrect punctuation between marker and question.

Накрая, проектът е добър.

В заключение, проектът е добър.

Using 'Finally' instead of 'In conclusion' for a summary.

И така той каза не.

И така, той каза 'не'.

Missing comma.

В заключението, аз мисля...

В заключение, аз мисля...

Adding a definite article to the fixed phrase.

И така, и така...

И така...

Repeating the marker unnecessarily.

В заключение накрая...

В заключение...

Redundancy (using two markers for the same thing).

И така, следователно...

Следователно...

Mixing informal and formal markers.

В заключение, искам да ям.

И така, искам да ям.

Register mismatch (formal marker for a basic need).

В заключение, че...

В заключение бих казал, че...

Trying to use 'В заключение' as a conjunction like 'that'.

В заключение следва да отбележим, че...

В заключение следва да се отбележи, че...

Using active voice where passive/impersonal is expected in C1 academic style.

И така, предвид гореизложеното...

В заключение, предвид гореизложеното...

Using 'И така' with very formal legalistic language.

В заключение, обаче...

В заключение следва да добавим обаче, че...

Clunky placement of contrastive markers within a conclusion.

В заключение, аз свърших.

В заключение, това са моите изводи.

Ending a formal speech with a very informal 'I am done'.

文型パターン

И така, ___.

В заключение, бих искал да ___.

И така, след като ___, решихме да ___.

В заключение следва да се отбележи, че ___.

Real World Usage

Job Interview very common

В заключение, вярвам, че съм подходящ за тази роля.

Texting a friend constant

И така, ще се видим в 8.

Academic Essay very common

В заключение, изследването потвърждава хипотезата.

Ordering Food occasional

И така, това е поръчката ми.

Giving a Toast common

И така, да вдигнем наздравица!

Ending a Blog Post very common

В заключение, благодаря, че прочетохте статията.

💡

The Comma Rule

Always put a comma after 'В заключение' and 'И така' when they start a sentence. It helps the reader breathe and understand you are summarizing.
⚠️

Avoid Overuse

Don't start every sentence with 'И така'. It can make you sound like you are struggling to find your words. Use it only for the final point.
🎯

Academic Flair

In formal writing, instead of just 'В заключение', try 'В заключение следва да се подчертае...' to sound more like a native academic.
💬

The 'So' Trap

English speakers often say 'So...' and trail off. In Bulgarian, if you say 'И така...', people will wait for you to finish the sentence. Don't leave it hanging!

Smart Tips

Use 'В заключение' to summarize your main point before the sign-off.

Това е всичко. Поздрави. В заключение, очаквам вашия отговор. Поздрави.

Use 'И така' to signal the end without being rude.

Чао. И така, ще се чуем пак. Чао!

Combine 'В заключение' with 'следва да се отбележи' for a high-level C1 feel.

В заключение, това е важно. В заключение следва да се отбележи значението на този процес.

If you can put a full stop before it, use 'И така'.

Беше студено, и така останахме. Беше студено. И така, останахме.

発音

za-klyu-CHE-ni-ye

Stress in 'заключение'

The stress is on the 'е' (заключЕние).

i ta-KA, [pause]

Intonation of 'И така'

When starting a sentence, 'И така' usually has a rising intonation on 'така' followed by a pause.

Concluding Fall

В заключение, това е всичко. ↘

Conveys finality and certainty.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Remember: 'В заключение' is for the 'Conclusion' of a book, while 'И така' is for the 'Action' of a story.

視覚的連想

Imagine a judge hitting a gavel for 'В заключение' (formal and final) and a friend closing a book and standing up for 'И така' (moving to the next thing).

Rhyme

В заключение пиши, когато искаш да си важен ти. И така кажи, когато искаш да си тръгнеш ти.

Story

A professor finishes a lecture with 'В заключение, науката е важна.' He then walks to the cafe, meets a friend, and says 'И така, как си?' The first is for his work, the second for his life.

Word Web

заключениекрайобобщениерезултатследователнонакрая

チャレンジ

Write three sentences about your last holiday. Use 'Първо' for the start, 'После' for the middle, and 'В заключение' or 'И така' for the end.

文化メモ

Bulgarian academic writing is very formal. Using 'В заключение' is almost mandatory in student essays to get a high grade for structure.

Bulgarians often use 'И така' as a filler word (like 'um' or 'so') when they don't know how to end a voice message.

In meetings, 'И така' is used by the leader to signal that it is time to stop discussing and start acting.

'Заключение' comes from the Old Church Slavonic root 'ключ' (key), meaning to 'lock' or 'close' a thought.

会話のきっかけ

И така, какво реши за почивката?

В заключение на нашия разговор, какви са твоите изводи?

И така, как завърши филмът снощи?

В заключение, бихте ли променили нещо в проекта си?

日記のテーマ

Write about your favorite book and end with 'В заключение'.
Describe a difficult day and use 'И така' to show how it ended.
Write a formal letter to a manager and use 'В заключение' to summarize your request.
Summarize your goals for the next year using 'И така'.

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解

Test Yourself

Choose the correct marker for a formal essay. 選択問題

____, можем да кажем, че икономиката се подобрява.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: В заключение
'В заключение' is the standard formal marker for summaries.
Fill in the missing marker for a casual conversation.

____, ще се видим ли утре?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: И така
'И така' is used for casual wrap-ups and questions.
Correct the punctuation in this sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

В заключение искам да благодаря на всички.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: В заключение, искам да благодаря на всички.
A comma is required after the introductory discourse marker.
Match the marker to the register. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Formal, 2-Informal
Register awareness is key at C1 level.
Put the words in the correct order. Sentence Building

заключение / в / е / проектът / успешен

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: В заключение проектът е успешен.
The marker usually comes first in a summary sentence.
Is the following statement true or false? True False Rule

You can use 'В заключение' to say goodbye to a friend.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
It is too formal for a casual goodbye.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

А: Беше дълъг ден. Б: ____, време е за сън.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: И така
'И така' fits the neutral/informal conversational tone.
Sort these by formality (Highest to Lowest). Grammar Sorting

A. И така, B. В заключение, C. Айде

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: B, A, C
В заключение (Formal) > И така (Neutral) > Айде (Slang).

Score: /8

練習問題

8 exercises
Choose the correct marker for a formal essay. 選択問題

____, можем да кажем, че икономиката се подобрява.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: В заключение
'В заключение' is the standard formal marker for summaries.
Fill in the missing marker for a casual conversation.

____, ще се видим ли утре?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: И така
'И така' is used for casual wrap-ups and questions.
Correct the punctuation in this sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

В заключение искам да благодаря на всички.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: В заключение, искам да благодаря на всички.
A comma is required after the introductory discourse marker.
Match the marker to the register. Match Pairs

Match: 1. В заключение, 2. И така

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Formal, 2-Informal
Register awareness is key at C1 level.
Put the words in the correct order. Sentence Building

заключение / в / е / проектът / успешен

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: В заключение проектът е успешен.
The marker usually comes first in a summary sentence.
Is the following statement true or false? True False Rule

You can use 'В заключение' to say goodbye to a friend.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
It is too formal for a casual goodbye.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

А: Беше дълъг ден. Б: ____, време е за сън.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: И така
'И така' fits the neutral/informal conversational tone.
Sort these by formality (Highest to Lowest). Grammar Sorting

A. И така, B. В заключение, C. Айде

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: B, A, C
В заключение (Formal) > И така (Neutral) > Айде (Slang).

Score: /8

よくある質問 (8)

Yes, but only to show a logical result within a paragraph. For the final summary of the whole essay, 'В заключение' is much better.

In writing, yes. 'В заключение' is a parenthetical phrase and 'И така' is an introductory marker; both require commas in Bulgarian.

'Накрая' means 'at the end of a list' (sequential). 'И така' means 'as a result of what I said' (logical).

Only in formal speeches, lectures, or business presentations. In a cafe, it would sound very strange.

Yes, it can also be used literally to mean 'and in that way', but its most common use is as a discourse marker.

You can use 'В обобщение' (In summary), 'В крайна сметка' (Ultimately), or 'В резюме' (In summary).

It's a filler. They are signaling that they have finished their point but are waiting for your reaction.

No, 'В заключение' is a fixed prepositional phrase. You cannot say just 'Заключение, ...'.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

English high

In conclusion / And so

Bulgarian requires more frequent use of commas for these markers.

Spanish high

En conclusión / Así que

Bulgarian 'И така' is more common at the very start of a sentence than 'Así que'.

French moderate

En conclusion / Alors

French uses 'Donc' more frequently in the middle of sentences than Bulgarian uses 'И така'.

German moderate

Zusammenfassend / Also

German word order changes after 'Also', but Bulgarian word order remains the same after 'И така'.

Japanese partial

結論として (Ketsuron to shite) / だから (Dakara)

Japanese markers often come at the end or use specific formal nouns like 'Ketsuron'.

Chinese moderate

总之 (Zǒngzhī) / 所以 (Suǒyǐ)

Chinese markers are often shorter and can be used more flexibly in the sentence.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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