A1 Pronouns 1 min read かんたん

Indirect Object Pronouns (На кого)

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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Indirect object pronouns tell us who is receiving the action, like 'to me' or 'to him'.

  • Use 'ми' for 'to me' (e.g., Дай ми вода - Give me water).
  • Use 'ти' for 'to you' (e.g., Кажи ти истината - Tell you the truth).
  • Place them before the verb in most standard sentences.
Subject + [Indirect Pronoun] + Verb + Direct Object

Indirect Object Pronouns

Person Pronoun English Translation
1st Sing
ми
to me
2nd Sing
ти
to you
3rd Sing (M/N)
му
to him/it
3rd Sing (F)
ѝ
to her
1st Plural
ни
to us
2nd Plural
ви
to you (pl)
3rd Plural
им
to them

Meanings

These pronouns represent the recipient of an action, answering the question 'to whom?'.

1

Recipient

The person receiving the action.

“Дай ми ключа.”

“Кажи му истината.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Indirect Object Pronouns (На кого)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Pronoun + Verb
Дай ми вода
Negative
Не + Pronoun + Verb
Не ми давай
Question
Pronoun + Verb + ?
Дай ми ли?
Emphasis
На мен + Pronoun + Verb
На мен ми дай
Plural
Pronoun + Verb
Дай им книга
Formal
Pronoun + Verb
Дайте ми го

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
Дайте ми книгата.

Дайте ми книгата. (Requesting an item.)

ニュートラル
Дай ми книгата.

Дай ми книгата. (Requesting an item.)

カジュアル
Дай ми книгата.

Дай ми книгата. (Requesting an item.)

スラング
Дай книгата.

Дай книгата. (Requesting an item.)

The Recipient Flow

Verb (Action)

Recipient

  • ми to me
  • ти to you
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レベル別の例文

1

Дай ми вода.

Give me water.

2

Кажи ми името си.

Tell me your name.

3

Купи му подарък.

Buy him a gift.

4

Покажи ѝ снимката.

Show her the photo.

1

Той ми каза истината.

He told me the truth.

2

Тя ни изпрати писмо.

She sent us a letter.

3

Не ми харесва това.

I don't like this.

4

Дай им ключовете.

Give them the keys.

1

Обясних му как работи.

I explained to him how it works.

2

Тя ви даде съвет.

She gave you advice.

3

Не ми пречи на работата.

Don't disturb my work.

4

Помогни ни с багажа.

Help us with the luggage.

1

Той ми се обади вчера.

He called me yesterday.

2

Разказаха ни интересна история.

They told us an interesting story.

3

Не ми е ясно какво става.

It's not clear to me what's happening.

4

Дай им възможност да говорят.

Give them a chance to speak.

1

Той ми е доверено лице.

He is a trusted person to me.

2

Не ми се вярва, че е така.

I don't believe it's like that.

3

Дай ми да разбера логиката.

Let me understand the logic.

4

Тя му е поверила тайната.

She has entrusted him with the secret.

1

Не ми е до шеги сега.

I'm not in the mood for jokes now.

2

Той му е отвърнал с усмивка.

He replied to him with a smile.

3

Дай ми да разбера контекста.

Let me grasp the context.

4

Никой не ни е казал нищо.

Nobody has told us anything.

間違えやすい

Indirect Object Pronouns (На кого) 対 Direct vs Indirect

Learners mix up 'me' (direct) and 'to me' (indirect).

Indirect Object Pronouns (На кого) 対 Reflexive vs Indirect

Learners confuse 'si' (reflexive) with 'mi'.

Indirect Object Pronouns (На кого) 対 Long vs Short

Learners use long forms too often.

よくある間違い

✗

Дай вода ми

✓

Дай ми вода

Pronoun must precede the verb.
✗

Дай на мен

✓

Дай ми

Use short form for standard speech.
✗

Дай му на него

✓

Дай му

Redundant usage.
✗

Не давай ми

✓

Не ми давай

Negative particle comes first.
✗

Кажи ѝ на нея

✓

Кажи ѝ

Avoid redundancy.
✗

Дай им на тях

✓

Дай им

Redundant.
✗

Пиши ви

✓

Пиши ми

Wrong person.
✗

Дай ми го на мен

✓

Дай ми го

Too many pronouns.
✗

Той ми даде

✓

Той ми даде

Correct, but check context.
✗

Не ми е казал

✓

Не ми е казал

Correct.
✗

Дай ми го на него

✓

Дай му го

Wrong pronoun choice.
✗

Не ми се иска

✓

Не ми се иска

Reflexive vs indirect.
✗

Дай им го

✓

Дай им го

Correct.

文型パターン

Дай ___ [item]

Кажи ___ истината

Не ___ давай това

Той ___ изпрати писмо

Real World Usage

Ordering food constant

Дай ми едно кафе.

Texting very common

Пиши ми.

Job interview common

Изпратих му документите.

Travel common

Покажи ми пътя.

Food delivery common

Дай ми го на вратата.

Social media very common

Кажи ми какво мислиш.

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💡

Placement

Always put the pronoun before the verb.
⚠️

Don't repeat

Don't use 'на мен' if you already used 'ми'.
🎯

Negative forms

The pronoun stays between 'не' and the verb.
💬

Politeness

Use 'ви' for formal address.

Smart Tips

Use 'ви' instead of 'ти'.

Дай ти. → Дайте ви.

The pronoun always hugs the verb.

Дай вода ми. → Дай ми вода.

Add 'на мен' at the start.

Дай ми. → На мен ми дай.

Keep the pronoun after 'не'.

Не давай ми. → Не ми давай.

発音

mi, ti

Short vowels

Pronounce 'ми' and 'ти' clearly as short syllables.

Statement

Дай ми вода. ↘

Neutral request.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Remember 'M-T-M-I' (Mi-Ti-Mu-Im) for the main singular pronouns.

視覚的連想

Imagine a gift box. You are handing it to someone. The box is the verb, and the person you hand it to is the pronoun.

Rhyme

Give it to me, say 'ми'. Give it to him, say 'му'.

Story

I walk into a cafe. I say 'Дай ми кафе' (Give me coffee). The barista says 'Дай му захар' (Give him sugar) to his colleague. They are using indirect pronouns to manage the flow of the cafe.

Word Web

митимуѝнивиим

チャレンジ

Write 5 sentences using a different pronoun for each one.

文化メモ

Bulgarians use these pronouns constantly to show personal involvement in an action.

Derived from Old Church Slavonic dative case forms.

会話のきっかけ

“

Какво ми казваш?

“

Дай ми съвет.

“

Той ти каза ли?

“

Какво им даде?

日記のテーマ

Write about a gift you gave someone.
Describe a time someone gave you advice.
Write a dialogue where you ask for help.
Explain why you trust a friend.

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

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Test Yourself

Fill in the blank.

Дай ___ вода.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ми
Indirect object pronoun needed.
Choose the correct form. 選択問題

___ дай истината.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: му
Indirect object pronoun.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Дай вода ми.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Дай ми вода
Pronoun before verb.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Дай ми вода
Correct order.
Translate to Bulgarian. 翻訳

Give him the book.

Answer starts with: Дай...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Дай му книгата
Correct pronoun.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Дай ми ключа. B: ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ето ти го
Correct pronoun.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Use: ми, кажи, истината.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Кажи ми истината
Correct order.
Sort the pronouns. Grammar Sorting

Which is indirect?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ми
Indirect pronoun.

Score: /8

練習問題

8 exercises
Fill in the blank.

Дай ___ вода.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ми
Indirect object pronoun needed.
Choose the correct form. 選択問題

___ дай истината.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: му
Indirect object pronoun.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Дай вода ми.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Дай ми вода
Pronoun before verb.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

ми / дай / вода

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Дай ми вода
Correct order.
Translate to Bulgarian. 翻訳

Give him the book.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Дай му книгата
Correct pronoun.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Дай ми ключа. B: ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ето ти го
Correct pronoun.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Use: ми, кажи, истината.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Кажи ми истината
Correct order.
Sort the pronouns. Grammar Sorting

Which is indirect?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ми
Indirect pronoun.

Score: /8

よくある質問 (8)

No, indirect pronouns cannot start a sentence.

Use the long form 'на мен' before the short form.

Yes, they are used in all registers.

Only in the 3rd person singular (му/ѝ).

Bulgarian uses the same form for masculine and neuter.

Only with verbs that take a recipient.

Yes, it is used for 'you' plural or formal singular.

Use 'им'.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish high

me/te/le

Bulgarian has fewer gender distinctions in pronouns.

French high

me/te/lui

French has more complex clitic ordering.

German moderate

mir/dir

German is case-based, Bulgarian is clitic-based.

Japanese low

ni

Bulgarian uses pre-verbal pronouns.

Arabic partial

li-

Bulgarian uses separate words.

Chinese low

gei

Bulgarian uses pronouns.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
Direct Object Pronouns (Кого/Какво)
Next
Placement of Short Object Pronouns

Related Grammar Rules

A1

Direct Object Pronouns (Кого/Какво)
A2

Reflexive Pronoun 'Се' (Direct/Indirect)
A0

Personal Pronouns (Аз, Ти, Той/Тя/То)
A1

Demonstrative Pronouns (Това е...)
A1

Reflexive Object Pronouns (Се, Си)
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