مقدمتاً 30秒で
- A formal adverb meaning 'preliminarily' or 'as an introduction.'
- Used primarily in academic, legal, and official Persian registers.
- Signals that the information is foundational or preparatory for what follows.
- Derived from the Arabic root Q-D-M with the 'Tanwin' suffix (-an).
The word مقدمتاً (pronounced moqaddamātan) is a sophisticated Persian adverb derived from the Arabic root 'Q-D-M', which relates to being in front, preceding, or coming before. In a linguistic sense, it serves as a structural signpost, signaling to the listener or reader that the information currently being provided is foundational, preparatory, or serves as a necessary prelude to the main point. It is most closely translated to the English terms 'preliminarily,' 'initially,' or 'by way of introduction.' When a speaker uses this word, they are essentially setting the stage, ensuring that the context is understood before diving into the core complexities of a subject.
- Register and Context
- This term is predominantly found in formal, academic, legal, and literary registers. You will rarely hear it in a casual conversation between friends at a café; instead, you will encounter it in university lectures, courtrooms, formal debates, or the opening paragraphs of a dissertation. It carries an air of professional authority and intellectual organization.
مقدمتاً باید عرض کنم که این پروژه نیاز به بودجه بیشتری دارد.
The use of the 'Tanwin' (the 'an' sound at the end, written as two strokes over an Alif) is a hallmark of Arabic-derived adverbs in Persian. While modern Persian sometimes seeks to replace these with native constructions (like 'dar ebteda'), مقدمتاً remains indispensable in formal logic and legal discourse. It implies a sequence of thought where 'A' must be acknowledged so that 'B' can be properly discussed. For instance, in a legal defense, a lawyer might say 'Moqaddamātan...' to address a procedural issue before arguing the facts of the case.
- Semantic Nuance
- Unlike 'avvalan' (firstly), which implies a list of points (1, 2, 3), 'moqaddamātan' implies a hierarchy of importance or a logical prerequisite. It suggests that what follows is not just the first point, but the foundation upon which all other points rest.
او مقدمتاً به تاریخچه موضوع پرداخت.
In the digital age, you might see this in formal emails or reports. If a manager is writing a report about a company's failure, they might start with 'Moqaddamātan' to describe the market conditions before blaming internal errors. It softens the blow by providing context. It is a word of preparation, a verbal clearing of the throat that ensures everyone is on the same page before the real work begins. Mastery of this word demonstrates a high level of Persian literacy and an understanding of formal rhetorical structures.
Using مقدمتاً correctly requires an understanding of its position and the logical flow of your argument. Typically, it appears at the very beginning of a sentence or a major clause. Because it is an adverb of manner/sequence, it modifies the entire proposition that follows. It acts as a frame for the statement. In Persian grammar, adverbs like this are often 'discourse markers' that help organize the text. You should use it when you want to sound professional and structured.
- Sentence Structure
- The most common pattern is: [مقدمتاً] + [Subject] + [Verb/Clause]. For example: 'مقدمتاً، لازم است قوانین را مرور کنیم' (Preliminarily, it is necessary to review the rules). Notice how the word sets a condition for the rest of the sentence. It can also follow a subject in very formal writing, though this is less common: 'ما مقدمتاً این موضوع را بررسی کردیم' (We examined this subject preliminarily).
مقدمتاً باید به چند نکته کلیدی اشاره کرد.
When constructing sentences with مقدمتاً, it is often paired with verbs like 'عرض کردن' (to state - humble), 'اشاره کردن' (to point out), 'بیان کردن' (to express), or 'بررسی کردن' (to investigate). These verbs complement the introductory nature of the adverb. It is also frequently followed by the word 'باید' (must) or 'لازم است' (it is necessary), emphasizing that the preliminary step is an obligation before proceeding further.
این گزارش مقدمتاً به بررسی زیرساختها میپردازد.
- Comparative Usage
- Compare 'مقدمتاً' with 'در آغاز' (in the beginning). 'در آغاز' is more temporal—it just tells you when something happened. 'مقدمتاً' is more functional—it tells you that the action is a preparation for something else. If you say 'در آغاز باران بارید' (In the beginning it rained), it's a simple fact. If you say 'مقدمتاً باران بارید,' it sounds like the rain was a necessary prerequisite for the rest of the story, which would be very strange in that context!
In academic writing, مقدمتاً is often used to define terms before they are used in a complex argument. 'مقدمتاً، واژه 'عدالت' را تعریف میکنیم' (Preliminarily, we define the term 'justice'). This usage ensures that the reader and writer are using the same definitions, preventing later confusion. It is a tool for clarity and precision, hallmarks of the B2 and C1 levels of Persian proficiency.
The word مقدمتاً is a staple of the 'official' Iranian soundscape. If you turn on the news on IRIB (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting) and listen to an interview with a government official or a legal expert, you will likely hear this word within the first few minutes. It is part of the 'Adabi' (literary/polite) register that characterizes public discourse in Iran. It signals that the speaker is educated and is approaching the topic with a methodical, serious mindset.
- Legal and Judicial Settings
- In a courtroom, 'مقدمتاً' is used to address 'irādāt-e moqaddamāti' (preliminary objections). Before a judge hears the merits of a case, lawyers might argue about whether the court even has jurisdiction. They will start their plea with 'Moqaddamātan...' to signal they are dealing with these procedural hurdles first. If you are reading Iranian legal codes or court transcripts, this word will appear frequently.
وکیل مدافع مقدمتاً به صلاحیت دادگاه اعتراض کرد.
In the world of academia, specifically in the 'Hawza' (religious seminaries) or traditional Persian literature departments, this word is used to introduce the 'Moqaddameh' (preface) of a book. A scholar giving a 'dars-e khārej' (advanced lecture) will often use it to lay out the axioms of his argument. It creates a bridge between the unknown and the known. When listening to a podcast about Persian history or philosophy, keep an ear out for this word—it usually precedes the most important definitions of the episode.
در کنفرانس علمی، سخنران مقدمتاً فرضیات خود را بیان کرد.
Finally, in high-level business negotiations in Tehran, particularly those involving contracts or state-owned enterprises, مقدمتاً is used to establish the 'tāfāhom-nāmeh' (Memorandum of Understanding). It is used to clear the air: 'Preliminarily, let us agree on the currency of the transaction.' It is a word of negotiation and diplomacy. Knowing this word allows you to navigate the complexities of Iranian bureaucracy and formal society with much greater ease and respect.
The most frequent mistake learners make with مقدمتاً is using it in an inappropriate social register. Because it is highly formal, using it with your family or close friends can sound strange, sarcastic, or unnecessarily stiff. For example, saying 'مقدمتاً، من گرسنه هستم' (Preliminarily, I am hungry) at a dinner table would be seen as a joke or a sign that you are trying too hard to sound like a textbook. In casual settings, use 'avval' (first) or 'dar ebteda' (at the start) instead.
- Confusing with 'Moqaddamāti'
- Learners often confuse the adverb 'مقدمتاً' with the adjective 'مقدماتی' (moqaddamāti). While they share the same root, they function differently. 'Moqaddamāti' describes a noun (e.g., 'doreh-ye moqaddamāti' - introductory course). 'Moqaddamātan' modifies a whole action or sentence. You cannot say 'این یک کتاب مقدمتاً است'; you must say 'این یک کتاب مقدماتی است.'
Incorrect: او مقدماتی صحبت کرد. (He spoke introductory.)
Correct: او مقدمتاً صحبت کرد. (He spoke preliminarily.)
Another common error involves the spelling of the 'Tanwin'. Some learners might forget the Alif at the end or try to write it with a 'Nun' (مقدمتن), which is a major spelling error in Persian. Always remember that Arabic-derived adverbs in Persian ending in the 'an' sound are written with the Alif and the two small strokes (though the strokes are often omitted in informal typing, the Alif must remain).
Mistake: استفاده از این کلمه در پیامکهای دوستانه.
Correct: استفاده از آن در نامههای اداری و مقالات.
Finally, avoid redundancy. Do not say 'مقدمتاً در ابتدا' (Preliminarily in the beginning). These two phrases serve the same purpose. Choose one. If you want to emphasize the sequence, 'مقدمتاً' is usually enough to convey that you are starting with the basics. Being concise is a sign of a sophisticated speaker.
Understanding the synonyms and alternatives for مقدمتاً helps you tailor your speech to the specific situation. While they all relate to 'starting' or 'beginning,' each has a different 'flavor' and level of formality. In Persian, choosing the right word for 'first' is a social skill as much as a linguistic one.
- Synonym Comparison
- در ابتدا (Dar Ebteda): The most common and neutral way to say 'at the beginning.' Suitable for both speech and writing.
- بدواً (Badvan): Even more formal and legalistic than 'moqaddamātan.' Frequently used in law to mean 'initially' or 'at the first instance.'
- نخست (Nokhost): A pure Persian (non-Arabic) word. It is poetic and formal. Use this if you want to sound more 'Persian' and less 'Arabic-influenced.'
- اولاً (Avvalan): Means 'firstly.' Used when you have a list of points coming (firstly, secondly, thirdly).
به جای مقدمتاً، میتوان از در آغاز استفاده کرد.
When should you choose مقدمتاً over the others? Choose it when you are providing a necessary foundation. If you are just telling a story about what happened first in time, use 'avval.' If you are writing a legal brief, use 'badvan' or 'moqaddamātan.' If you are writing a poem, 'nokhost' is your best bet. This word is specifically for the logic of an argument.
او پیشاپیش تشکر کرد، اما مقدمتاً شرایط را توضیح داد.
In technical documentation, you might see 'be tor-e moqaddamāti.' This is a more modern, 'Persianized' way of saying the same thing without the Arabic Tanwin suffix. It is common in translated manuals or modern scientific papers. However, مقدمتاً remains the classic, most respected form in traditional Iranian scholarship and formal oratory.
How Formal Is It?
豆知識
The 'Tanwin' (-an) suffix is a remnant of Arabic case endings (accusative) that Persian borrowed to create adverbs easily.
発音ガイド
- Pronouncing it as 'moqaddamāt' without the 'an' sound.
- Pronouncing the 'q' as a 'k'.
- Stress on the first syllable.
- Mixing it up with 'moqaddameh'.
- Treating the 'an' as a separate word.
難易度
Requires knowledge of Arabic-derived Persian adverbs.
Must be used in the correct formal context.
Pronunciation of Tanwin and 'q' can be tricky.
Easily recognized once the root is known.
次に学ぶべきこと
前提知識
次に学ぶ
上級
知っておくべき文法
Tanwin Adverbs
Words like مقدمتاً, واقعاً, and احتمالاً use the Arabic Tanwin suffix.
Adverbial Position
Adverbs like مقدمتاً usually come at the beginning of the sentence.
Formal Register
Using Arabic-derived adverbs increases the formality of the speech.
Spelling of Tanwin
Always write the Alif at the end of مقدمتاً.
Discourse Markers
مقدمتاً acts as a marker to organize the flow of information.
レベル別の例文
اول من میروم.
First I go.
A1 alternative using 'avval'.
او اول سلام کرد.
He said hello first.
Simple sequence.
کتاب را اول بخوان.
Read the book first.
Imperative with 'avval'.
اول چای بخور.
Drink tea first.
Simple advice.
او اول آمد.
He came first.
Past tense.
اول نان بخر.
Buy bread first.
Daily task.
اول بازی کنیم؟
Shall we play first?
Question form.
من اول بیدار شدم.
I woke up first.
Simple past.
مقدمتاً باید بگویم سلام.
Preliminarily, I must say hello.
Using the word as a formal greeting.
او مقدمتاً درس داد.
He taught preliminarily.
Simple adverb usage.
مقدمتاً کتاب را باز کنید.
Preliminarily, open the book.
Formal instruction.
ما مقدمتاً به پارک رفتیم.
We went to the park preliminarily.
Showing sequence.
مقدمتاً باید غذا بخوریم.
Preliminarily, we must eat food.
Expressing necessity.
او مقدمتاً سوال پرسید.
He asked a question preliminarily.
Starting with an action.
مقدمتاً به این عکس نگاه کنید.
Preliminarily, look at this photo.
Directing attention.
آنها مقدمتاً کار کردند.
They worked preliminarily.
Focusing on the start of work.
مقدمتاً لازم است که اهداف را مشخص کنیم.
Preliminarily, it is necessary to define the goals.
Formal structure with 'lāzem ast'.
نویسنده مقدمتاً به معرفی شخصیتها میپردازد.
The author preliminarily deals with introducing the characters.
Literary analysis context.
مقدمتاً باید به تاریخچه این شهر اشاره کرد.
Preliminarily, one must mention the history of this city.
Historical context.
او مقدمتاً توضیح داد که چرا دیر آمده است.
He preliminarily explained why he came late.
Explaining reasons.
مقدمتاً، اجازه دهید از شما تشکر کنم.
Preliminarily, let me thank you.
Formal politeness.
در این مقاله، مقدمتاً به تعریف مفاهیم میپردازیم.
In this article, we preliminarily deal with defining concepts.
Academic writing style.
مقدمتاً باید بدانیم که این کار خطرناک است.
Preliminarily, we must know that this work is dangerous.
Providing a warning.
او مقدمتاً از مشکلات صحبت کرد.
He preliminarily spoke about the problems.
Setting the context of issues.
مقدمتاً، باید خاطرنشان کرد که این پژوهش محدودیتهایی دارد.
Preliminarily, it should be noted that this research has limitations.
Advanced academic signposting.
وکیل مقدمتاً به نقص پرونده اعتراض نمود.
The lawyer preliminarily objected to the deficiency of the file.
Legal/Judicial register.
مقدمتاً، بررسی وضعیت اقتصادی کشور ضروری به نظر میرسد.
Preliminarily, investigating the country's economic status seems essential.
Policy discussion context.
او مقدمتاً به تبیین مبانی نظری بحث خود پرداخت.
He preliminarily proceeded to explain the theoretical foundations of his discussion.
High-level intellectual discourse.
مقدمتاً باید عرض کنم که بنده با این طرح مخالفم.
Preliminarily, I must state that I disagree with this plan.
Using 'arz kardan' for formal disagreement.
این گزارش مقدمتاً به تحلیل آماری دادهها اختصاص دارد.
This report is preliminarily dedicated to the statistical analysis of data.
Formal report structure.
مقدمتاً، لازم است تعریفی جامع از این واژه ارائه دهیم.
Preliminarily, it is necessary to provide a comprehensive definition of this word.
Linguistic precision.
او مقدمتاً به نقد آثار پیشین در این حوزه پرداخت.
He preliminarily proceeded to critique previous works in this field.
Academic literature review.
مقدمتاً، شایسته است که بر اهمیت وفاق ملی تأکید ورزیم.
Preliminarily, it is appropriate that we emphasize the importance of national consensus.
Political/Diplomatic register.
دادگاه مقدمتاً به بررسی صلاحیت محلی خود مبادرت ورزید.
The court preliminarily undertook the investigation of its local jurisdiction.
Highly technical legal terminology.
مقدمتاً، باید میان این دو مفهوم بنیادین تمایز قائل شد.
Preliminarily, a distinction must be made between these two fundamental concepts.
Philosophical/Logical rigor.
او مقدمتاً به کالبدشکافی علل شکست پروژه پرداخت.
He preliminarily proceeded to dissect the causes of the project's failure.
Metaphorical formal language.
مقدمتاً، لازم به ذکر است که این تئوری بر پایه شواهد تجربی است.
Preliminarily, it is worth mentioning that this theory is based on empirical evidence.
Scientific methodology context.
وی مقدمتاً به تشریح پیشفرضهای هستیشناختی خود مبادرت کرد.
He preliminarily undertook to explain his ontological assumptions.
Deep philosophical terminology.
مقدمتاً، بایستی به این نکته ظریف توجه داشت که زمان محدود است.
Preliminarily, one must pay attention to this subtle point that time is limited.
Nuanced formal warning.
او مقدمتاً به بازخوانی متون کلاسیک جهت استخراج معنا پرداخت.
He preliminarily proceeded to re-read classical texts to extract meaning.
Hermeneutic/Literary context.
مقدمتاً، تقارن این دو واقعه تاریخی نیازمند مداقه بیشتری است.
Preliminarily, the symmetry of these two historical events requires further scrutiny.
Sophisticated vocabulary ('modāqqeh').
نگارنده مقدمتاً بر آن است تا پارادایم حاکم بر تحقیق را تبیین نماید.
The writer preliminarily intends to explain the paradigm governing the research.
Formal self-reference ('negarandeh').
مقدمتاً، استمداد از منابع دست اول برای این پژوهش الزامی بود.
Preliminarily, seeking help from primary sources was mandatory for this research.
Advanced formal construction.
او مقدمتاً به واکاوی لایههای پنهان این معضل اجتماعی پرداخت.
He preliminarily proceeded to analyze the hidden layers of this social dilemma.
Sociological analysis register.
مقدمتاً، نباید از نظر دور داشت که این فرآیند زمانبر است.
Preliminarily, it should not be overlooked that this process is time-consuming.
Idiomatic formal expression ('az nazar dur dāsht').
وی مقدمتاً به احصای موانع موجود بر سر راه توسعه پرداخت.
He preliminarily proceeded to enumerate the existing obstacles in the way of development.
Administrative/Economic terminology ('ehsā').
مقدمتاً، شایان ذکر است که این فرضیه با چالشهای جدی روبروست.
Preliminarily, it is worth mentioning that this hypothesis faces serious challenges.
Academic critical tone.
او مقدمتاً به تلطیف فضای حاکم بر جلسات مذاکره مبادرت ورزید.
He preliminarily undertook to soften the atmosphere prevailing over the negotiation sessions.
Diplomatic nuance ('taltif').
よく使う組み合わせ
よく使うフレーズ
— A very polite way to start a formal explanation.
مقدمتاً عرض شود که این پروژه زمانبر است.
— Stressing that a preliminary action is mandatory.
لازم است مقدمتاً مدارک را چک کنید.
— Referring back to something said at the start.
چنانکه مقدمتاً ذکر شد، بودجه محدود است.
— A phrase used to clear the air before the main topic.
مقدمتاً و پیش از ورود به بحث، از شما تشکر میکنم.
— A polite request to provide context first.
اجازه دهید مقدمتاً کمی در مورد تاریخچه بگویم.
— A formal way to inform someone of a starting point.
مقدمتاً به استحضار میرساند که جلسه لغو شده است.
— Used to give a preliminary warning or reminder.
مقدمتاً باید متذکر شد که ایمنی مهم است.
— As stated preliminarily.
همانطور که مقدمتاً بیان شد، ما به زمان نیاز داریم.
— I preliminarily inform you (humble).
مقدمتاً به عرض میرسانم که گزارش آماده است.
慣用句と表現
— Metaphorical: To lay the first brick (foundation) preliminarily.
او خشت اول را مقدمتاً با دقت نهاد.
Literary— To say the final result at the very beginning (unusual).
او مقدمتاً حرف آخر را زد و رفت.
Colloquial/Sarcastic— To clear the path or prepare the ground.
این گفتگو مقدمتاً راه را برای صلح باز کرد.
Formal— To preliminarily calm a situation before discussing details.
او مقدمتاً با عذرخواهی آبی بر آتش ریخت.
Metaphorical— To preliminarily ruin someone's reputation (rare/slangy use).
او مقدمتاً پنبه رقیبش را زد.
Slang— To preliminarily judge oneself or be fair.
مقدمتاً باید کلاه خود را قاضی کنیم.
Idiomatic— To settle preliminary details or clear misunderstandings.
بیایید مقدمتاً سنگهایمان را واکنیم.
Neutral— To set firm rules from the very beginning.
او مقدمتاً گربه را دم حجله کشت تا همه حساب ببرند.
Proverbial— To preliminarily prepare oneself for a hardship.
او مقدمتاً پیه سختیها را به تن مالید.
Idiomatic— To pass preliminary hard stages.
ما مقدمتاً از هفتخوان گذشتیم تا به اینجا رسیدیم.
Literary文型パターン
مقدمتاً باید [فعل]
مقدمتاً باید از همه تشکر کنم.
مقدمتاً لازم است که [جمله]
مقدمتاً لازم است که قوانین را بدانید.
مقدمتاً خاطرنشان میگردد که [جمله]
مقدمتاً خاطرنشان میگردد که این طرح آزمایشی است.
نگارنده مقدمتاً بر آن است که [فعل]
نگارنده مقدمتاً بر آن است که مفاهی
語族
名詞
動詞
形容詞
関連
暗記しよう
記憶術
Think of 'Moqaddamātan' as 'More-Qadam-At-An'. You take a 'Qadam' (step) 'At' the 'An' (moment) of starting.
視覚的連想
Imagine a red carpet being rolled out before a king walks. The carpet is 'Moqaddamātan'—it's the preparation before the main event.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Try to write a formal email to a professor starting with 'مقدمتاً' to explain why you are writing.
語源
Derived from the Arabic root Q-D-M (ق-د-م) which means 'to precede' or 'to be in front.'
元の意味： The noun 'moqaddameh' means the front part of an army or the introduction to a book.
Semitic (Arabic) root, integrated into Indo-European (Persian) grammar.文化的な背景
None, but avoid using it in very informal or 'street' Persian as it sounds pretentious.
Equivalent to starting a sentence with 'By way of introduction' or 'As a preliminary matter.'
実生活で練習する
実際の使用場面
Academic Writing
- مقدمتاً به تعریف مفاهیم میپردازیم.
- چنانکه مقدمتاً ذکر شد...
- مقدمتاً باید خاطرنشان کرد...
- این تحقیق مقدمتاً...
Legal Proceedings
- وکیل مقدمتاً اعتراض کرد.
- مقدمتاً صلاحیت دادگاه بررسی شد.
- مقدمتاً ایرادات مطرح گردید.
- دادگاه مقدمتاً تصمیم گرفت.
Formal Speeches
- مقدمتاً از حضور شما سپاسگزارم.
- مقدمتاً عرض میکنم که...
- اجازه دهید مقدمتاً بگویم...
- مقدمتاً به چند نکته اشاره میکنم.
Business Meetings
- مقدمتاً بر سر دستور جلسه توافق کنیم.
- مقدمتاً بودجه را چک کنیم.
- مقدمتاً باید بگویم که...
- آنها مقدمتاً تفاهمنامه امضا کردند.
Dissertations
- مقدمتاً به پیشینه تحقیق پرداخته میشود.
- مقدمتاً فرضیات بیان میگردد.
- در این فصل مقدمتاً...
- مقدمتاً روش تحقیق توضیح داده شد.
会話のきっかけ
"مقدمتاً باید بگویم که از دیدن شما بسیار خوشحالم."
"مقدمتاً، نظر شما در مورد این طرح جدید چیست؟"
"مقدمتاً، اجازه میدهید کمی در مورد خودم توضیح دهم؟"
"مقدمتاً، آیا شما با تاریخچه این شرکت آشنا هستید؟"
"مقدمتاً، باید عرض کنم که وقت ما برای این جلسه محدود است."
日記のテーマ
مقدمتاً در مورد اهداف سال جدید خود بنویسید و سپس جزئیات را شرح دهید.
یک نامه رسمی به شهرداری بنویسید و مقدمتاً مشکل محله خود را بیان کنید.
در مورد یک کتاب که خواندهاید بنویسید و مقدمتاً نویسنده آن را معرفی کنید.
یک گزارش کاری بنویسید و مقدمتاً دستاوردهای ماه گذشته را ذکر کنید.
در مورد سفر رویایی خود بنویسید و مقدمتاً دلیل انتخاب آن مقصد را توضیح دهید.
Summary
Use 'مقدمتاً' at the start of formal sentences to provide context or prerequisites. For example: 'مقدمتاً، باید قوانین را بدانید' (Preliminarily, you must know the rules). It makes you sound professional and organized.
- A formal adverb meaning 'preliminarily' or 'as an introduction.'
- Used primarily in academic, legal, and official Persian registers.
- Signals that the information is foundational or preparatory for what follows.
- Derived from the Arabic root Q-D-M with the 'Tanwin' suffix (-an).
関連コンテンツ
academicの関連語
اعمال کردن
B2To apply, to implement; to put into operation or effect.
عامل شدن
B2何かの要因や原因になること。
اعتبار علمی
B2大学や研究者の学術的な信頼性や名声のこと。
اعتبار بخشیدن
B2何かを検証する、または公式に承認すること。
اعتبار سنجی کردن
B2妥当性を確認または検証すること。
اعتباربخشی
B2認定とは、個人または機関が特定の基準を満たしていることの公式な認識です。
اعتمادپذیر
B2信頼できる; 頼りになる。
اعتراف کردن
B2告白する、認める。犯罪を犯したり、何か間違ったことをしたりしたことを認めること。 (彼は嘘をついたことを認めなければならない。彼はその犯罪を告白した。)
عضو هیئت علمی
B2A faculty member; a professional academic engaged in teaching and research at a university.
عقلانی
B2合理的；理性や論理に基づいた。
