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A1 noun #1,500 よく出る 9分で読める

زمستان

zemestan
練習する 例文 メモとヒント زمستان 30秒で
解説 زمستان in your Level:
At the A1 level, 'Zemestān' is a fundamental vocabulary word used to describe the four seasons. Learners at this stage should focus on recognizing the word in simple sentences and using it to express basic likes, dislikes, and weather conditions. For example, 'Zemestān sard ast' (Winter is cold) or 'Man zemestān rā dust dāram' (I like winter). The focus is on the literal meaning: the time of year when it snows and people wear coats. You should be able to identify which months belong to winter and use the word in the context of a basic daily routine or a simple description of your environment. It's about building the foundation of time-related nouns.
At the A2 level, you begin to use 'Zemestān' in more complex sentence structures, including the use of prepositions and basic adjectives. You might describe what you do during the season: 'Dar zemestān mā be kuhestān miravim barāye eskī' (In winter, we go to the mountains for skiing). You also start to use the adjective form 'zemestāni' to describe objects like clothes (lebās-e zemestāni) or food. At this stage, you can compare winter with other seasons using simple comparative structures like 'Zemestān az pāyiz sardtar ast' (Winter is colder than autumn). You are also expected to know the names of the winter months: Dey, Bahman, and Esfand.
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By B1, you can discuss 'Zemestān' in the context of personal experiences, habits, and social norms. You can talk about how winter affects your mood or the economy (e.g., heating costs). You start to encounter the word in news reports and simple literature. You can use conditional sentences: 'Agar zemestān barf bebārad, khosh-hāl mishavam' (If it snows in winter, I will be happy). You also begin to learn common idioms and proverbs related to winter. Your ability to describe the 'atmosphere' of winter—using words like 'sokut' (silence) or 'tāriki' (darkness)—develops at this level, allowing for more expressive communication.
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At the B2 level, 'Zemestān' is used in more abstract and metaphorical ways. You can understand and participate in discussions about the environmental impact of changing winter patterns or the cultural significance of winter festivals like Yalda in greater detail. You can read contemporary Persian poetry or short stories where winter might symbolize a character's emotional state or a period of societal hardship. You are comfortable with the Ezafe construction in complex phrases like 'borān-hā-ye shadid-e zemestāni' (intense winter blizzards). You can also explain the geographical differences of winter across the Iranian plateau to a listener.
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At C1, you have a deep understanding of the literary and historical connotations of 'Zemestān'. You can analyze classical poems by Rumi or Hafez where winter represents the 'nafs' or a period of spiritual trial. You are familiar with modern masterpieces like Akhavan-Sales's 'Zemestan' and can discuss its political symbolism regarding the 1953 coup. Your vocabulary includes archaic or highly formal synonyms and related terms. You can write essays or give presentations on the role of winter in Persian folklore, mythology (like the story of Amoo Norooz and Naneh Sarma), and its influence on Iranian architecture and lifestyle over centuries.
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At the C2 level, your mastery of 'Zemestān' is indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker. You can use the word and its derivatives in any register, from street slang to the most esoteric academic or poetic discourse. You understand the subtle nuances of how winter is used as a trope in Iranian cinema and high-level political rhetoric. You can engage in spontaneous, deep philosophical debates about the duality of winter as both a season of death and a necessary precursor to life. You can effortlessly switch between literal meteorological descriptions and complex allegorical uses, employing a vast array of related idioms and historical references.
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زمستان 30秒で

  • Zemestān means 'Winter' in Persian, the coldest of the four seasons.
  • It starts after the Yalda night and consists of three months: Dey, Bahman, and Esfand.
  • Commonly associated with snow (barf), cold (sarmā), and warm clothing (lebās-e garm).
  • Used both literally for weather and metaphorically in Persian poetry and literature.

The word زمستان (Zemestān) is the primary Persian noun for the season of winter. In the Iranian solar calendar (Hijri Shamsi), winter marks the final quarter of the year, beginning with the winter solstice—the longest night of the year, known as Shab-e Yalda. This period encompasses the months of Dey, Bahman, and Esfand. Beyond its literal meaning as a meteorological phase characterized by low temperatures and precipitation, Zemestān carries deep cultural and metaphorical weight in Persian thought, symbolizing a time of introspection, endurance, and the necessary silence before the rebirth of spring (Nowruz).

Etymological Root
Derived from Middle Persian 'zamistān', where 'zam' relates to cold/winter and '-stān' is a suffix denoting a place or time period.

در زمستان کوه‌ها پوشیده از برف هستند.

(In winter, the mountains are covered with snow.)

In the context of modern Iran, winter varies significantly by geography. In the northern Alborz and western Zagros ranges, Zemestān is a harsh reality of heavy snowfall and sub-zero temperatures, while in the southern coastal regions, it is a mild, pleasant period often considered the best time for travel. This linguistic unit is essential for anyone describing the climate, planning a trip, or engaging with Persian literature, where winter is a recurring motif for hardship or the 'coldness' of social and political climates.

Grammatical Function
It functions as a common noun and can act as an adverb of time when used with prepositions like 'dar' (in) or 'dar tule' (during).

لباس‌های گرم برای زمستان لازم است.

(Warm clothes are necessary for winter.)

Furthermore, the word is often paired with adjectives like sakht (hard/harsh) or t طولانی (long). In poetry, specifically the famous poem 'Zemestan' by Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, the word represents a period of political repression and social apathy, showing that even at an A1 level, the word you are learning has profound depths in higher-level discourse.

میوه‌های زمستان مثل پرتقال و انار بسیار خوشمزه هستند.

(Winter fruits like oranges and pomegranates are very delicious.)
Synonym Note
While 'Sarmā' means 'coldness', it is often used colloquially to refer to the winter season itself.

تعطیلات زمستان شروع شده است.

(Winter holidays have started.)

Using زمستان correctly involves understanding its role as a temporal marker. At the basic level, you use it to describe the time of year. In Persian, we typically use the preposition dar (in) to say 'in winter'. For example, Dar zemestān havā sard ast (In winter, the weather is cold). Unlike English, Persian does not require an article like 'the' before the season name unless it is being specified with an adjective or a relative clause.

Common Adjectives
Sard (cold), Barfi (snowy), Sakht (harsh), Tolāni (long), Zibā (beautiful).

من زمستان برفی را دوست دارم.

(I like snowy winter.)

When describing activities that happen throughout the season, you might use dar tule (during). For instance, Dar tule zemestān mā be eskī miravim (During winter, we go skiing). It is also common to use the word as a modifier in compound nouns or Ezafe constructions, such as lebās-e zemestāni (winter clothes) or varzesh-hā-ye zemestāni (winter sports).

Temporal Prepositions
Tā (until), Az (from), Dar (in). Example: Az aval-e zemestān (From the beginning of winter).

امسال زمستان خیلی زود آمد.

(This year, winter came very early.)

In formal writing, you might encounter the term fasl-e zemestān (the season of winter). This is more descriptive and used in scientific or literary contexts. In casual conversation, simply saying zemestān is sufficient. Pay attention to the pronunciation: Ze-mes-tān. The stress is on the final syllable '-tān'.

خورشید در زمستان کم‌رنگ است.

(The sun is pale in winter.)
Verbs often used with Zemestān
Amadan (to come), Gozashtan (to pass), Shoru' shodan (to start), Tamām shodan (to end).

ما در زمستان به شمال سفر نمی‌کنیم.

(We do not travel to the north in winter.)

You will encounter the word زمستان in a variety of daily and formal settings. One of the most common places is the daily weather forecast (gozāresh-e havā-shenāsi). News anchors will discuss the arrival of winter storms or the state of the roads during the winter months. In schools, children learn about the four seasons, and zemestān is always a key part of that curriculum.

Media & News
Used in headlines about energy consumption (gas usage increases in winter) and school closures due to snow.

اخبار گفت که زمستان امسال بسیار سرد خواهد بود.

(The news said that this year's winter will be very cold.)

In the marketplace or bazaar, you'll hear vendors shouting about mive-ye zemestān (winter fruit) or shops advertising harāj-e zemestāni (winter sales). It's also a staple in music and poetry. From classical poets like Rumi and Saadi to contemporary pop singers, winter is used to evoke feelings of longing, separation, or the quiet beauty of nature.

Literature & Art
Title of famous poems and films, often symbolizing a period of waiting or political 'freeze'.

صدای کلاغ‌ها در زمستان شنیده می‌شود.

(The sound of crows is heard in winter.)

Travel agencies also use the word frequently when promoting winter tours to the south of Iran (like Kish or Qeshm islands) or to ski resorts like Dizin and Shemshak. Whether you are reading a brochure or listening to a travel vlogger, zemestān is the keyword for these seasonal activities.

بهترین زمان برای سفر به جنوب، زمستان است.

(The best time to travel to the south is winter.)
Everyday Conversation
Discussing heating bills, changing tires, or simply asking 'When does winter start?'.

چای داغ در زمستان خیلی می‌چسبد.

(Hot tea is very enjoyable in winter.)

One of the most frequent errors for English speakers is the misuse of the definite article. In English, we often say 'the winter'. In Persian, you should not say آن زمستان (ān zemestān) or use any article unless you are referring to a specific, previously mentioned winter. Usually, zemestān stands alone. Another common mistake is confusing zemestān (the season) with sarmā (the cold). While they are related, you 'feel the cold' (sarmā rā hes mikonam), but you 'are in winter' (dar zemestān hastim).

Mistake: Article Overuse
Incorrect: Man 'in' zemestan ra dust daram. Correct: Man zemestan ra dust daram.

اشتباه: من در سرمای می‌روم. درست: من در زمستان می‌روم.

(Confusing 'cold' with 'winter'.)

Prepositional errors are also common. Learners sometimes use be (to) when they mean dar (in). Remember: Dar zemestān is the standard way to express 'during the winter season'. Also, pay attention to the spelling. The letter 'z' is ze (ز), not zhe (ژ). Pronouncing it as 'Zhemestan' is a common phonetic error for some speakers.

Confusing with 'Day'
Don't confuse 'Dey' (the first month of winter) with the English word 'day'. They sound similar but are unrelated.

اشتباه: هوا در زمستان گرم است. (Unless you are in the southern hemisphere!)

(Factual error: Winter is cold.)

Lastly, ensure you use the Ezafe correctly when adding adjectives. It is zemestān-e sard (cold winter), not zemestān sard. The small 'e' sound at the end of zemestān connects it to the describing word. Skipping this is a hallmark of beginner speech.

در زمستانِ گذشته برف زیادی بارید.

(Note the Ezafe connecting winter to 'past'.)
Word Order
Time expressions like 'Dar zemestān' usually come at the beginning of the sentence.

من زمستان را به تابستان ترجیح می‌دهم.

(I prefer winter to summer.)

To truly master زمستان, you must understand the words that orbit it. The most immediate comparison is with the other three seasons: Bahār (Spring), Tābestān (Summer), and Pāyiz (Autumn). Notice the '-stān' suffix shared with Tābestān, which also denotes a season. Another related word is Sarmā, which means 'cold' or 'coldness'. While Zemestān is the period, Sarmā is the sensation.

Zemestān vs. Sarmā
Zemestān is the noun for the season. Sarmā is the noun for the cold temperature. You can have sarmā in autumn, but you only have Zemestān once a year.

زمستان فصل سرما است.

(Winter is the season of cold.)

Then there is Barf (snow) and Yakh (ice). These are the physical manifestations of winter. A more poetic or literary term is Day, which is the name of the first month of winter but is sometimes used metonymically to represent the whole season in older texts. You might also hear Chaleh, referring to the 'forty days' of peak winter (Cheleh-ye Bozorg and Cheleh-ye Kuchek).

Comparison: Zemestān vs. Pāyiz
Pāyiz is the season of falling leaves and yellow colors. Zemestān is the season of white snow and bare trees.

بعد از پاییز، زمستان می‌آید.

(After autumn, winter comes.)

In terms of weather conditions, Borān (blizzard) and Yakh-bandān (frost/freezing conditions) are more specific terms used during Zemestān. If you want to describe a very cold day without using the word winter, you might say havā jān-suz ast (the weather is soul-burning/bitterly cold). Understanding these nuances helps move from basic identification to descriptive fluency.

زمستان در کوهستان بسیار سخت است.

(Winter in the mountains is very hard.)
Related Concept: Yaldā
The night that bridges Pāyiz and Zemestān, celebrated with watermelons and pomegranates.

شب یلدا، شبِ اولِ زمستان است.

(Yalda night is the first night of winter.)

How Formal Is It?

難易度

知っておくべき文法

Ezafe construction for adjectives

Prepositions of time

Simple present tense for facts

Comparative adjectives

Compound verbs with 'shodan'

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レベル別の例文

1

زمستان سرد است.

Winter is cold.

Simple subject-adjective sentence.

2

من زمستان را دوست دارم.

I like winter.

Direct object with 'rā'.

3

در زمستان برف می‌بارد.

It snows in winter.

Use of 'dar' for time.

4

امروز اول زمستان است.

Today is the first day of winter.

Noun phrase as subject.

5

زمستان سه ماه دارد.

Winter has three months.

Simple present tense.

6

لباس زمستان کجاست؟

Where are the winter clothes?

Question form.

7

هوا در زمستان زود تاریک می‌شود.

The weather gets dark early in winter.

Adverbial use of 'zud'.

8

نام این فصل زمستان است.

The name of this season is winter.

Identification sentence.

1

ما در زمستان به اسکی می‌رویم.

We go skiing in winter.

Habitual action.

2

او یک کت زمستانی خرید.

He bought a winter coat.

Adjective 'zemestāni'.

3

زمستان امسال خیلی طولانی بود.

This year's winter was very long.

Past tense with adjective.

4

میوه‌های زمستان بسیار مفید هستند.

Winter fruits are very useful/healthy.

Plural subject.

5

آیا شما در زمستان سفر می‌کنید؟

Do you travel in winter?

Interrogative sentence.

6

شب‌های زمستان بلند و سرد هستند.

Winter nights are long and cold.

Compound adjectives.

7

در زمستان درختان برگ ندارند.

In winter, trees don't have leaves.

Negative possession.

8

من از سرمای زمستان می‌ترسم.

I am afraid of the winter cold.

Preposition 'az'.

1

اگر زمستان سخت باشد، گاز گران می‌شود.

If winter is harsh, gas becomes expensive.

Conditional type 1.

2

او همیشه در طول زمستان احساس تنهایی می‌کند.

He always feels lonely during winter.

Expression of feeling.

3

بسیاری از حیوانات در زمستان به خواب می‌روند.

Many animals go to sleep (hibernate) in winter.

Biological fact.

4

زمستان فرصت خوبی برای مطالعه است.

Winter is a good opportunity for reading.

Abstract noun 'forsat'.

5

او ترجیح می‌دهد زمستان را در جنوب سپری کند.

He prefers to spend winter in the south.

Infinitive 'separi kardan'.

6

جاده‌ها در زمستان به دلیل برف بسته می‌شوند.

Roads are closed in winter due to snow.

Passive voice construction.

7

باید برای زمستان هیزم جمع کنیم.

We must collect firewood for winter.

Modal verb 'bāyad'.

8

او شعری زیبا درباره زیبایی‌های زمستان سرود.

He composed a beautiful poem about the beauties of winter.

Past tense 'sorud'.

1

زمستان در ادبیات فارسی نمادهای مختلفی دارد.

Winter has various symbols in Persian literature.

Plural 'namādhā'.

2

با وجود سرمای زمستان، بازار گرم و پررونق بود.

Despite the winter cold, the market was warm and bustling.

Contrast with 'bā vojud-e'.

3

تغییرات اقلیمی باعث شده زمستان‌ها کوتاه‌تر شوند.

Climate change has caused winters to become shorter.

Causative construction.

4

او با یادآوری خاطرات زمستان گذشته لبخند زد.

He smiled remembering the memories of last winter.

Gerund-like 'yād-āvari'.

5

زمستان در این منطقه زودتر از بقیه جاها فرا می‌رسد.

Winter arrives earlier in this region than elsewhere.

Formal verb 'farā rasidan'.

6

معماری خانه‌های قدیمی برای مقابله با زمستان طراحی شده بود.

The architecture of old houses was designed to counter winter.

Passive past perfect.

7

او در اوج زمستان تصمیم به مهاجرت گرفت.

He decided to migrate in the peak of winter.

Compound verb 'tasmim gereftan'.

8

صدای باد زمستانی در میان درختان می‌پیچید.

The sound of the winter wind was echoing among the trees.

Descriptive past continuous.

1

شعر 'زمستان' اخوان ثالث بازتابی از فضای سیاسی آن دوران است.

Akhavan-Sales's poem 'Winter' is a reflection of the political atmosphere of that era.

Literary analysis.

2

زمستان، گویی ردایی سپید بر تن زمین پوشانده است.

Winter, as if it has clad the earth in a white robe.

Personification and metaphor.

3

در متون کهن، زمستان را مظهر قهر طبیعت می‌دانستند.

In ancient texts, winter was considered the manifestation of nature's wrath.

Formal 'midānestand'.

4

او با دقتی فیلسوفانه به تضاد میان مرگ زمستانی و نوزایی بهاری می‌پردازد.

He addresses the contrast between winter death and spring rebirth with philosophical precision.

Complex adverbial phrase.

5

سوز زمستان استخوان‌سوز بود و امان از کف می‌برد.

The winter chill was bone-chilling and took away all endurance.

Idiomatic 'amān az kaf bordan'.

6

تجربه زیسته او در زمستان‌های سیبری، نگاهش را به زندگی تغییر داد.

His lived experience in Siberian winters changed his outlook on life.

Abstract concept 'tajrobe-ye ziste'.

7

زمستان با تمام ابهت و سکوتش، پیامی از صلح به همراه دارد.

Winter, with all its grandeur and silence, brings a message of peace.

Formal 'be hamrāh dārad'.

8

او در پی یافتن ریشه‌های اساطیری ننه سرما در اعماق زمستان بود.

He was seeking the mythological roots of Naneh Sarma in the depths of winter.

Mythological reference.

1

دیالکتیک میان انجماد زمستانی و پویایی درونی، هسته اصلی این رمان است.

The dialectic between winter freezing and inner dynamism is the core of this novel.

Academic terminology.

2

زمستان در این منظومه، استعاره‌ای است از انجماد فکری و فرهنگی جامعه.

Winter in this poem is a metaphor for the intellectual and cultural stagnation of society.

Metaphorical analysis.

3

او با ظرافتی بی‌نظیر، گذار از پاییز به زمستان را به مثابه گذار از میانسالی به پیری ترسیم می‌کند.

With unique delicacy, he depicts the transition from autumn to winter as the transition from middle age to old age.

Comparative 'be masābe-ye'.

4

هیمنه زمستان بر دشت، هرگونه جنبشی را در نطفه خفه کرده بود.

The hegemony of winter over the plain had stifled any movement in its tracks.

High-level vocabulary 'heymane'.

5

واکاوی پدیدارشناختی زمستان نشان‌دهنده پیوند عمیق انسان با ادوار کیهانی است.

A phenomenological analysis of winter shows the deep connection of man with cosmic cycles.

Phenomenological terminology.

6

زمستان، آنگاه که با فقر درآمیزد، چهره‌ای کریه و هولناک از خود به نمایش می‌گذارد.

Winter, when intertwined with poverty, displays an ugly and terrifying face of itself.

Subjunctive 'dar-āmizad'.

7

او در جستار خود، زمستان را نه یک فصل، بلکه یک وضعیت وجودی تعریف می‌کند.

In his essay, he defines winter not as a season, but as an existential state.

Existentialist discourse.

8

توالی بی‌پایان زمستان‌های تاریخ، روح او را صیقل داده بود.

The endless succession of history's winters had polished his soul.

Poetic 'seyghal dādan'.

よく使う組み合わせ

زمستان سخت
زمستان برفی
تعطیلات زمستان
سرمای زمستان
لباس زمستانی
اول زمستان
پایان زمستان
خورشید زمستان
میوه‌های زمستانی
ورزش‌های زمستانی

よく使うフレーズ

در آستانه زمستان
زمستان در راه است
چله زمستان
سوز زمستان
خواب زمستانی
باران زمستانی
روزهای کوتاه زمستان
سرمای استخوان‌سوز زمستان
زمستان گذراندن
بوی زمستان

よく混同される語

زمستان vs سرما (coldness)

زمستان vs برف (snow)

زمستان vs پاییز (autumn)

慣用句と表現

"زمستان تمام می‌شود و روسیاهی به ذغال می‌ماند"
"کبکش خروس می‌خواند (often used in winter context for joy)"
"مثل برف زمستان (very white)"
"دلش مثل زمستان سرد است"
"زمستان بی‌برف، تابستان بی‌علف"
"یک گل بهار نمی‌شود (but winter needs many)"
"سرمای پیرزن"
"چله بزرگ و چله کوچک"
"زمستان‌زده"
"آتش زمستان"

間違えやすい

زمستان vs سرما

Sarma is the feeling/temperature; Zemestan is the season.

زمستان vs دی

Dey is a specific month; Zemestan is the whole season.

زمستان vs برف

Barf is the white stuff; Zemestan is the time it falls.

文型パターン

語族

関連

زمستان‌خوابی
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使い方

note 1

Can be used as an adjective 'zemestāni'.

note 2

Often used with 'sarmā' (cold).

よくある間違い
  • Using 'ān zemestān' for 'the winter'.
  • Confusing 'zemestān' with 'sarmā'.
  • Forgetting the Ezafe in 'zemestān-e sard'.
  • Misspelling 'zemestān' with 'zhe'.
  • Thinking 'Dey' means 'day'.

ヒント

Related Words

Learn 'barf' (snow) and 'yakh' (ice) alongside 'zemestan'.

Prepositions

Always use 'dar' for 'in winter'.

Yalda

Read about Yalda night to understand the start of winter.

Casual Form

Try saying 'Zemestun' in informal settings.

Spelling

Remember the 'n' at the end is not silent.

Songs

Listen to the song 'Zemestan' by Mohammad-Reza Shajarian.

Poetry

Look up the poem 'Zemestan' by Akhavan Sales.

Clothing

Practice saying 'lebās-e zemestāni' when shopping.

Iran's Climate

Note that winter is the best time to visit southern Iran.

Suffix

Remember '-stan' means place/time.

暗記しよう

語源

文化的な背景

Ash-e Reshteh

Skiing in Dizin

Yalda Night

Naneh Sarma

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

会話のきっかけ

"زمستان را دوست داری یا تابستان را؟"

"در زمستان معمولاً چه کار می‌کنی؟"

"آیا در شهر شما در زمستان برف می‌بارد؟"

"بهترین میوه زمستان چیست؟"

"برای زمستان لباس گرم خریدی؟"

日記のテーマ

Describe your favorite winter memory.

What are the differences between winter in your country and Iran?

Write about a snowy day.

Why do some people dislike winter?

What is the best food to eat in winter?

よくある質問

10 問

The winter months in the Iranian calendar are Dey, Bahman, and Esfand, which correspond roughly to late December through late March.

You say 'lebās-e zemestāni' or 'lebās-e garm barāye zemestān'.

Yes, the word refers to the season of winter regardless of the calendar or hemisphere, though in Iran it follows the solar Hijri calendar.

The opposite is Tābestān, which means summer.

You say 'Zemestān ast'.

Yes, they celebrate Yalda on the first night of winter and Sadeh in the middle of winter.

No, while the north and west are very cold, the south (near the Persian Gulf) remains mild and pleasant.

In literature, it often symbolizes silence, hardship, or political repression.

It is not a common first name for people, unlike 'Bahar' (Spring).

It is usually spelled 'Zemestan'.

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自分をテスト 100 問

writing

Write a simple sentence about winter.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

What do you like about winter?

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Describe winter weather in 3 words.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

What clothes do you wear in winter?

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

正解！ おしい！ 正解:
speaking

Say 'Winter is cold' in Persian.

Read this aloud:

正解！ おしい！ 正解:
listening

Listen and identify the season: (Audio of 'Zemestan')

正解！ おしい！ 正解:
正解！ おしい！ 正解:

/ 100 correct

Perfect score!

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