Wh-Clefts: 動作にドラマを加える
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Wh-clefts move the most important part of your sentence to the end to create suspense and emphasis.
- Start with a Wh-word (usually 'What') followed by a clause: 'What I need...'
- Add the verb 'to be' as a bridge: 'What I need is...'
- Place the 'spotlight' information at the very end: 'What I need is a vacation.'
Overview
I resigned.(私は辞職した)という文は、事実を淡々と伝えるには十分です。しかし、ビジネスの重要な局面や、自分の決断の重みを強調したい時、あるいは周囲の誤解を解きたい時には、このままでは少し物足りません。そこで What I did was resign.(私がしたことは、辞職することだった)という形に組み替えることで、聞き手の注目を「辞職した」というアクションそのものに強烈に引きつけることができます。- 通常文:
He ignored my warning.(彼は私の警告を無視した) - Wh-Cleft:
What he did was ignore my warning.(彼がしたことは、私の警告を無視することだった)
What he did(彼がしたこと)という部分は、聞き手にとって「彼が何かをした」という既知の事実、あるいは前提(Presupposition)として提示されます。そして、その後に続く ignore my warning が、最も伝えたい「新しい情報」としてスポットライトを浴びるのです。do の役割do / does / did という補助的な動詞(代動詞)を潜り込ませることです。この do は、後に続く具体的なアクションの「プレースホルダー(仮置き場)」として機能します。日本語で「私がしたことは~」と言う時の「した」に近い役割ですが、英語ではこの do があることで、後に続く動詞が「裸の不定詞(Bare Infinitive)」として純粋なアクションの形を保つことができるのです。What we need is a plan. は「私たちに必要なのは、計画だ」となります。しかし、動作の強調(What we did was...)になると、日本語では「私たちがしたのは~することだ」と、名詞句にするために「~すること」という形式名詞が必要になります。英語ではこのプロセスを do と be 動詞の組み合わせで、よりダイナミックに表現していると考えてください。What + 主語 + do / does / did | is / was | Bare Infinitive (原形不定詞) |- 1Wh節の作成:
What で始めます。その後に動作の主体(主語)を置き、時制に合わせて do, does, did を選びます。現在完了形の場合は What they have done is... のように完了形を Wh節の中に閉じ込めます。- 1be動詞の選択:
is または was) になります。たとえ強調される動作の後に続く目的語が複数形であっても、are や were になることはありません。- 正解:
What I did was *buy* three cars. - 不正解:
What I did were buy three cars.
- 1原形不定詞(Bare Infinitive)の配置:
to を伴わない 原形不定詞 が好まれます。to を入れることも文法的に間違いではありませんが、動作の勢いや直接的なニュアンスを出すには原形がベストです。- 現在形(習慣・性質):
What she does is analyze market trends.- 過去形(特定の出来事):
What the company did was apologize for the error.- 助動詞を伴う形:
What you should do is talk to your boss directly.- Context: 「君はただ黙って見ていただけじゃないか」と言われた時
- Sentence:
No, what I did was record the entire incident for evidence.
- Context: 絶体絶命のピンチをどう切り抜けたか話す時
- Sentence:
What he did next was leap across the gap without hesitation.
- Context: 長い会議の最後に、具体的なネクストアクションを提示する時
- Sentence:
What we need to do now is streamline our production process.
- Context: 普段温厚な人が激怒した時
- Sentence:
What he did was slam the door and walk out.
- Context: 「この問題をどう解決したんですか?」という質問に対して
- Sentence:
What I did was implement a new security protocol.
do の欠落What I want is sleep. と言うと非常に不自然です。これでは「私の望み=睡眠(名詞)」というニュアンスになり、アクションとしての勢いが消えてしまいます。- 間違い:
What I want is go home. - 正解:
What I want to do is go home.またはWhat I did was go home. - 理由: 動作を強調する分裂文には、Wh節の中に「動作の受け皿」である
doが不可欠です。
did で時制を示しているのに、後ろの動詞も過去形にしてしまうミスです。これは日本語の「~したことは、~したことだ」という重複表現に引きずられるために起こります。- 間違い:
What he did was resigned. - 正解:
What he did was resign. - 理由:
didがすでに過去であることを示しているため、焦点となる動詞は「原形(Bare Infinitive)」でなければなりません。これを過去形にすると、英語の構造上、非常に座りの悪い文になります。
are や were を使ってしまうことがあります。- 間違い:
What I did were write an email and make a call. - 正解:
What I did was write an email and make a call. - 理由: 前述の通り、
What I didという節全体が「一つの事象」という単数扱いの主語になるため、be動詞は常にwasです。
I sent the report. | なし(中立) | 単なる事実報告。 |What I did was send the report. | 動作 (send) | 「何をしたか」を強調。ドラマチック、訂正。 |What I sent was the report. | 対象 (the report) | 「何を送ったか」を強調。他のものではないことを示す。 |It was I who sent the report. | 主体 (I) | 「誰がやったか」を強調。犯人探しや手柄の主張。 |All I did was send the report. | 限定 (only) | 「それしかしていない」という限定や言い訳。 |It is ... that ...) は、特定の「名詞(人や物)」を排他的に強調するのに適しています。例えば、It was John who broke the vase. は「花瓶を割ったのは(他の誰でもない)ジョンだ」という意味です。一方、Wh-Clefts はより「情報の流れ」を重視し、文脈全体の中で特定のアクションを浮き彫りにするのに適しています。What I did was to go. のように to を入れてもいいですか?to を省いた原形不定詞の方が圧倒的に一般的で、リズムも良くなります。動作の直接的なインパクトを伝えたいなら、原形を使いましょう。What 以外の Wh語(Where, When, Who)でも同じように動作を強調できますか?What だけです。Where I went was London.(私が行ったのはロンドンだ)のように場所を強調することはできますが、この場合 do を使った動作強調の形にはなりません。Who を使った Who did it was John. という形は現代英語では不自然で、その場合は It was John who did it.(It-Cleft)を使うのが一般的です。What I didn't do was...)と、補語の動詞を否定にする方法(What I did was not resign.)です。一般的には、前者の What I didn't do was...(私がしなかったことは~だ)という形が、期待されていたアクションを行わなかったことを強調する際によく使われます。Structure of a Wh-Cleft
| Wh-Clause (Subject) | Bridge (Be) | Focus (Complement) |
|---|---|---|
|
What I need
|
is
|
a break
|
|
What she said
|
was
|
shocking
|
|
What they are doing
|
is
|
helping
|
|
What we want
|
is
|
to succeed
|
|
What happened
|
was
|
an accident
|
|
What I don't like
|
is
|
his attitude
|
Contractions in Wh-Clefts
| Full Form | Contraction | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|
|
What is
|
What's
|
Very common in speech
|
|
What I am
|
What I'm
|
Common in speech
|
|
What we are
|
What we're
|
Common in speech
|
Meanings
A Wh-cleft is a sentence structure that uses a relative clause (starting with 'What', 'Where', 'Why', etc.) to focus on specific information, making it more prominent than in a standard sentence.
Emphasizing an Object
Using 'What' to highlight a noun or noun phrase that is the object of the verb.
“What I bought was a vintage typewriter.”
“What she hates most is being late.”
Emphasizing an Action
Using 'What [Subject] did was...' to focus on a specific verb or event.
“What he did was call the police immediately.”
“What I'm going to do is write a formal complaint.”
Emphasizing a Reason or Place
Using 'Why' or 'Where' (though less common than 'What') to focus on logic or location.
“Why I'm here is to help you succeed.”
“Where we should go is the mountains, not the beach.”
Reference Table
| 構造 | 強調点 | 例 | 現代の状況 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
通常文
|
ニュートラル
|
I studied all night.
|
深夜の勉強会
|
|
Wh-Cleft (行動)
|
行動そのもの
|
What I did was study all night.
|
友達に努力を説明する
|
|
Wh-Cleft (出来事)
|
出来事/結果
|
What happened was I aced the exam.
|
TikTokで自慢する
|
|
It-Cleft (名詞)
|
名詞/焦点
|
It was the exam that I aced.
|
親に成果を報告する
|
|
「What...do/does/did」
|
行為そのもの
|
What he does is code complex algorithms.
|
開発者の仕事内容を説明する
|
|
「What...is/was」
|
結果/物事
|
What's important is clear communication.
|
大学のグループミーティング
|
|
「The thing that...」
|
特定の事柄
|
The thing that confused me was the deadline.
|
期限について確認する
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
What is required at this juncture is additional time. (Requesting a deadline extension)
What I need is more time. (Requesting a deadline extension)
What I'm gonna need is a bit more time. (Requesting a deadline extension)
What I need is like, five more minutes, okay? (Requesting a deadline extension)
行動のためのWh-Clefts:強調マップ
中核となる構造
- What + Subject + do/does/did + is/was + Base Verb 行動強調の基礎
- `what` clause singular 常に単数形の「to be」を取る
- Bare Infinitive 「is/was」の後の動詞の形
いつ使うか
- Correct Misconceptions 事実をはっきりさせる
- Dramatic Emphasis 主張を印象づける
- Clarification 詳細を特定する
- Complaining/Strong Feelings 感情を表現する
例(現代)
- Job Interview スキルを強調する
- Gaming Chat 失敗/戦略を説明する
- Social Media キャプションにセンスを加える
よくある落とし穴
- SVA `to be` 主語と動詞の一致(単数)
- Verb Form 動詞の原形を使う、-edや-ingではない
- Overuse 頻繁すぎると不自然に聞こえる
Wh-Clefts vs. It-Clefts:スポットライト対決
行動にWh-Cleftを使うべきか?
行動や出来事全体を強調したいですか?
いいえ:人、場所、時間、または物を強調したいですか?
はい:その行動はメッセージの最も重要な部分ですか?
はい:明確にしたい、訂正したい、またはドラマを加えたいですか?
はい:「What + 主語 + do/does/did + is/was + 動詞の原形」の構造を使用します。
Wh-Cleftの行動機能
訂正
- • What I meant was...
- • What we decided was not to...
強調
- • What happened next was...
- • What really got to me was...
明確化
- • What our team did was...
- • What this feature offers is...
感情
- • What bothers me is...
- • What excites me is...
レベル別の例文
What I want is a cat.
Lo que quiero es un gato.
What I like is pizza.
Lo que me gusta es la pizza.
What he needs is water.
Lo que él necesita es agua.
What we have is a car.
Lo que tenemos es un coche.
What I did was go home.
Lo que hice fue ir a casa.
What she said was 'No'.
Lo que ella dijo fue 'No'.
What they bought was a house.
Lo que compraron fue una casa.
What I saw was a big bird.
Lo que vi fue un pájaro grande.
What I'm trying to say is that I'm sorry.
Lo que intento decir es que lo siento.
What happened was that the car broke down.
Lo que pasó fue que el coche se averió.
What we need to do is call a taxi.
Lo que tenemos que hacer es llamar a un taxi.
What I love about summer is the weather.
Lo que me encanta del verano es el tiempo.
What the government should do is lower taxes.
Lo que el gobierno debería hacer es bajar los impuestos.
What I found most interesting was the ending.
Lo que me pareció más interesante fue el final.
What they are looking for is a creative solution.
Lo que están buscando es una solución creativa.
What makes this city great is the people.
Lo que hace que esta ciudad sea genial es la gente.
What concerns me is the lack of transparency.
Lo que me preocupa es la falta de transparencia.
What he's effectively doing is sabotaging the project.
Lo que está haciendo efectivamente es sabotear el proyecto.
What I'd like to highlight is the shift in consumer behavior.
Lo que me gustaría destacar es el cambio en el comportamiento del consumidor.
What remains to be seen is whether the plan will work.
Lo que queda por ver es si el plan funcionará.
What the author is positing is a radical rethink of ethics.
Lo que el autor está planteando es un replanteamiento radical de la ética.
What is particularly striking is the use of chiaroscuro.
Lo que es particularmente llamativo es el uso del claroscuro.
What we are witnessing is a paradigm shift in technology.
Lo que estamos presenciando es un cambio de paradigma en la tecnología.
What lies at the heart of the matter is a simple misunderstanding.
Lo que se encuentra en el corazón del asunto es un simple malentendido.
間違えやすい
Learners don't know when to use 'It is...' vs 'What is...'.
よくある間違い
What I want are apples.
What I want is apples.
What I did was went home.
What I did was go home.
What I like it is swimming.
What I like is swimming.
What I'm concerned is the cost.
What I'm concerned about is the cost.
文型パターン
What I love about ___ is ___.
Real World Usage
What I can contribute is five years of experience.
What I'd give for a burger right now!
What the data suggests is a correlation between the two variables.
What I can do for you is offer a full refund.
What I actually ordered vs. what I got.
What this country needs is change.
明確化に使う
一致に注意!
動詞の原形がベスト
微妙なドラマ vs. 露骨なドラマ
質問で練習しよう
使いすぎは禁物
Smart Tips
Start your sentence with 'What we need to focus on is...' instead of 'We should focus on...'
Use 'What happened was...' to distance yourself slightly from the error.
発音
The 'What' Pause
There is often a slight rise in pitch and a tiny pause after the Wh-clause to build suspense.
Suspense Rise
What I want ↗ is a car ↘
The rise on 'want' signals that more important info is coming.
暗記しよう
記憶術
W.H.A.T. = Why Highlight All This? (Use it when you want to highlight the main point).
視覚的連想
Imagine a dark stage where a spotlight slowly moves from left to right. The 'What' clause is the dark stage, and the 'Focus' at the end is where the spotlight finally lands.
Rhyme
Start with What, give it a pause / Put your focus at the end of the clause.
Story
A detective enters a room. He doesn't just say 'The butler did it.' He says, 'What I discovered... after hours of searching... was that the butler did it!' The Wh-cleft creates the suspense needed for the big reveal.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Take three normal sentences from your last email and rewrite them as Wh-clefts to make them sound more professional.
文化メモ
Wh-clefts are frequently used in polite British English to soften a request or a disagreement.
Used heavily in 'corporate speak' to sound more decisive and visionary.
Clefting comes from the Old English 'cleofan' (to split).
会話のきっかけ
What is the one thing you would change about your city?
What did you do last weekend that was unexpected?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
What she said ___ incredibly insightful.
Find and fix the mistake:
What he did was to ran away from the spider.
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
Score: /3
練習問題
8 exercisesI need a strong cup of coffee.
What I did was ___ the door.
Find and fix the mistake:
What I like most about her are her eyes.
___ I really want to know is why you lied.
I hate rain.
is / what / need / we / a / plan
'What I bought was a new car.'
A: Why are you so angry? B: ___ is that you forgot my birthday.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesWhat I love most about coding ___ solving complex problems.
Choose the correct sentence:
What was confusing me were the conflicting instructions.
Lo que me sorprende es su dedicación.
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the beginnings and endings:
What the user complained about ___ the slow loading times.
Choose the correct sentence:
What I'm trying to say are that we need to collaborate more.
Es el trabajo en equipo lo que hace que nuestro proyecto sea exitoso.
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the clauses:
Score: /12
よくある質問 (8)
No, we don't usually say 'Who I saw was John.' Instead, use 'The person I saw was John.'
In formal English and exams, use `is`. In casual speech, `are` is common, but `is` is never wrong.
Yes, but they are less common. 'Where I want to go is Paris' is correct but sounds a bit formal.
It's when you put the focus first: 'A coffee is what I need.' It's less dramatic but still emphasizes the coffee.
No, it's optional. 'What I did was go' is actually more common in modern English.
To control the 'Information Flow'. It helps you highlight the 'new' information and build suspense.
Yes! 'What I will do is call you tomorrow.'
They are neutral. You can use them in a casual text to a friend or a formal academic paper.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Lo que...
Spanish speakers must remember not to say 'The what I need' in English.
Ce que / Ce qui...
French requires a 'ce' (that) which English does not.
Was...
German requires a comma before the 'ist', which English does not.
...no wa
The focus comes at the end, but the structure is built with particles rather than Wh-words.
Al-ladhi / Ma...
Arabic often requires a 'resumptive pronoun' later in the sentence which English forbids.
...de shi
The word order is quite different as Chinese doesn't use Wh-words for this purpose.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
関連動画
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