B1 · 中級 チャプター 17

Describing People and Things That Might Not Exist

2 トータルルール
20 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the French subjunctive to confidently describe people or things that might not exist at all.

  • Identify negative triggers that require the subjunctive mood.
  • Construct sentences using indefinite expressions like 'qui que' and 'quoi que'.
  • Apply these structures to express uncertainty in your daily French conversations.
Embrace the uncertainty of the French subjunctive!

学べること

Hey there, language explorer! Get ready for a super cool chapter that's going to make your French conversations much more natural and interesting. You know how sometimes you want to talk about someone or something that might not actually exist, or you haven't found yet? Like when you're looking for 'a cafe that has live music (but maybe there isn't one around!)' or you wish for 'a friend who is always smiling (but does such a person truly exist?)'. This is exactly where the French subjunctive (subjonctif) comes in to save the day! You'll learn how to use this special verb mood to describe things that don't exist. We'll start with how to use the subjunctive when you're denying the existence of something, like after negative expressions such as 'ne... personne' (no one). Then, we'll dive into 'où que' and 'quel que' to help you say things like 'no matter where' or 'whatever.' And finally, you'll master 'qui que' and 'quoi que' to express 'whoever' and 'whatever' in those uncertain situations. These rules might sound a little tricky at first, but don't worry! We'll go step-by-step, and you'll see how they all connect to express a kind of 'unreality' or 'non-existence.' It's easier than you think! By the end of this chapter, you'll confidently be able to talk about things that aren't real or are uncertain in French, making your sentences sound much more elegant and native-like! Imagine being able to say 'I don't know any student who studies this hard' or 'Wherever you are, I will find you!' Isn't that exciting?

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use the subjunctive mood correctly when denying the existence of a person or object.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Formulate sentences using 'qui que' and 'quoi que' to describe universal uncertainty.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Hey there, language explorer! Welcome to this exciting B1 French grammar chapter where we're going to unlock a powerful way to express yourself more naturally and precisely. Have you ever wanted to talk about something you're looking for, but you're not sure it even exists?
Or perhaps you're describing a person who might be purely hypothetical? This is where the French subjunctive truly shines! As you advance in your French grammar journey, mastering the subjunctive for expressing uncertainty or non-existence is key to sounding more like a native speaker.
This chapter focuses on specific scenarios where the subjunctive helps you articulate ideas about things, people, or places that are indefinite, hypothetical, or whose existence is denied. We'll explore how to use it after negative expressions like ne... personne, and then dive into versatile phrases like où que, quel que, qui que, and quoi que.
Get ready to elevate your CEFR B1 French conversation skills by adding nuance and elegance to your sentences!

How This Grammar Works

At its heart, the French subjunctive is often used to express uncertainty, wishes, emotions, or doubt. In this chapter, we're applying it to situations where the existence of the person, thing, or place being described is not confirmed or is explicitly denied. This concept is often called the Subjonctif après antécédent négatif (subjunctive after a negative antecedent).
First, let's look at the French Subjunctive with Negative Words. When you use negative expressions such as ne... personne (no one), **ne...
rien (nothing), ne... aucun(e) (no, not any), or ne... pas de** (no, not any), and you're describing an indefinite or non-existent entity, the subjunctive is almost always required.
* Je ne connais personne qui sache parler le chinois. (I don't know anyone who knows how to speak Chinese.)
* Il n'y a rien ici qui puisse t'aider. (There is nothing here that can help you.)
* Nous n'avons trouvé aucune solution qui convienne. (We haven't found any solution that suits.)
Next, we tackle Wherever and Whatever with Où que and Quel que.
* Où que means wherever and is always followed by the subjunctive. It expresses an indefinite place.
* Où que tu ailles, je te suivrai. (Wherever you go, I will follow you.)
* Quel que means whatever or whichever. This phrase is a bit special: quel must agree in gender and number with the noun it refers to, and it is always followed by a form of être in the subjunctive.
* Quels que soient vos problèmes, nous sommes là. (Whatever your problems are, we are here.)
* Quelle que soit la raison, vous devez partir. (Whatever the reason, you must leave.)
Finally, for Whatever & Whoever, we use Quoi que and Qui que.
* Quoi que means whatever or no matter what and is always followed by the subjunctive. It refers to an indefinite action or thing.
* Quoi que tu fasses, fais-le avec passion. (Whatever you do, do it with passion.)
* Qui que means whoever or no matter who and is also always followed by the subjunctive. It refers to an indefinite person.
* Qui que tu sois, tu es le bienvenu. (Whoever you are, you are welcome.)
These constructions all share the common thread of referring to something hypothetical, uncertain, or explicitly non-existent, making the French subjunctive the perfect mood to convey this nuance.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Je cherche un emploi qui *est* intéressant.
✓ Correct:
Je cherche un emploi qui soit intéressant.
(I'm looking for a job that is interesting.)
*Explanation:* If you are actively *looking* for a job with certain qualities, its existence (or the existence of such a job *for you*) is uncertain or not yet confirmed, thus requiring the subjunctive. If you already *have* an interesting job, you'd use the indicative: "J'ai un emploi qui *est* intéressant."
  1. 1✗ Wrong: "Quel que *est* son avis, je m'en fiche."
✓ Correct: "Quel que soit son avis, je m'en fiche." (Whatever his opinion is, I don't care.)
*Explanation:* Quel que always requires the subjunctive form of être and must agree in gender and number with the noun it precedes (avis is masculine singular, so quel que soit).
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Où que tu *vas*, je serai là.
✓ Correct:
Où que tu ailles, je serai là.
(Wherever you go, I will be there.)
*Explanation:* The conjunction où que (wherever) consistently demands the subjunctive mood for the following verb.

Real Conversations

A

A

Je ne trouve personne qui puisse m'aider avec ce problème. (I can't find anyone who can help me with this problem.)
B

B

Ah, c'est dommage ! Il n'y a personne ici qui connaisse la réponse ? (Oh, that's a shame! Is there no one here who knows the answer?)
A

A

Où que tu sois en ce moment, j'espère que tu penses à moi. (Wherever you are right now, I hope you're thinking of me.)
B

B

Bien sûr ! Quels que soient mes soucis, tu es toujours dans mes pensées. (Of course! Whatever my worries are, you're always in my thoughts.)
A

A

Quoi que tu décides de faire, je te soutiendrai. (Whatever you decide to do, I will support you.)
B

B

Merci ! Qui que tu sois pour moi, ton soutien compte beaucoup. (Thanks! Whoever you are to me, your support means a lot.)

Quick FAQ

Q

When do I use the French subjunctive for uncertainty?

You use the French subjunctive for uncertainty, especially when describing things or people whose existence is denied, hypothetical, or indefinite, often after negative expressions or with phrases like où que, quel que, quoi que, qui que.

Q

What's the difference between quoi que and quel que in French?

Quoi que means whatever (no matter what) and is an invariable conjunction followed by the subjunctive. Quel que also means whatever but is an adjective that agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies, and it's always followed by the subjunctive form of être.

Q

Does où que always take the subjunctive in French?

Yes, où que (wherever) is a conjunction that consistently requires the subjunctive mood for the verb that follows it.

Q

How to form the French subjunctive after negative expressions?

After negative expressions like ne... personne, ne... rien, or ne... aucun, if you're referring to an indefinite or non-existent antecedent, you use the regular subjunctive conjugation of the verb.

Cultural Context

These subjunctive constructions are not just formal grammar points; they are deeply ingrained in everyday French to express nuance. Native speakers use them instinctively to convey that something is hypothetical, uncertain, or simply doesn't exist. Mastering them allows you to express sophisticated thoughts and feelings, making your French sound incredibly natural and elegant, whether you're discussing philosophy or just trying to find a specific type of restaurant.
It's a hallmark of fluency!

重要な例文 (2)

1

Quoi que tu dises, je vais commander une pizza.

君が何を言おうと、私はピザを注文するよ。

何が〜でも・誰が〜でも (Quoi que / Qui que)
2

Qui que tu sois, tu es le bienvenu ici.

あなたが誰であれ、ここでは歓迎します。

何が〜でも・誰が〜でも (Quoi que / Qui que)

ヒントとコツ (2)

🎯

「幽霊テスト」で考えよう

物理的にそこにいない、または実在しないものを説明するなら、動詞を「幽霊」扱いして接続法にしましょう。 "Il n'y a personne qui sache la vérité."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の接続法：存在しないものについて語る（否定の先行詞）
⚠️

スペースに注意！

2語の Quoi que（何が〜でも）と1語の Quoique（〜だけれども）は別物です！
Quoique je sois fatigué, je travaille.
と間違えないように。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 何が〜でも・誰が〜でも (Quoi que / Qui que)

重要な語彙 (6)

personne no one aucun none / not any quoi que whatever qui que whoever douter to doubt n'importe no matter

Real-World Preview

home

The Ideal Apartment Hunt

Review Summary

  • Negation + qui/que + Subjunctive
  • Qui/Quoi que + Subjunctive

よくある間違い

When the person you are looking for hasn't been found, use the subjunctive 'soit' instead of the indicative 'est'.

Wrong: Je cherche quelqu'un qui est gentil.
正解: Je cherche quelqu'un qui soit gentil.

'Qui que' requires the subjunctive. 'Es' is the indicative form.

Wrong: Qui que tu es, je t'aime.
正解: Qui que tu sois, je t'aime.

Always follow 'quoi que' with the subjunctive verb.

Wrong: Quoi que tu fais, c'est bien.
正解: Quoi que tu fasses, c'est bien.

Next Steps

You have conquered the subjunctive! Keep practicing these structures, and they will become second nature.

Write three sentences about things you wish existed but don't.

Continue to: Adding Detail and Precision

クイック練習 (6)

空欄に 'être' の接続法の正しい形を入れてください。

Qui que tu ____, je t'aiderai.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: sois
'qui que' の後は接続法が必要です。主語が 'tu' なので 'sois' が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 何が〜でも・誰が〜でも (Quoi que / Qui que)

この文の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Qui que ce est à la porte, n'ouvre pas.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Qui que ce soit à la porte, n'ouvre pas.
「誰であろうとも」は 'qui que ce soit' という接続法を使った決まった形です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 何が〜でも・誰が〜でも (Quoi que / Qui que)

文章の中の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Il n'existe aucun étudiant qui sait tout.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Il n'existe aucun étudiant qui sache tout.
否定語 'aucun' があるため、直説法の 'sait' を接続法の 'sache' に変える必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の接続法：存在しないものについて語る（否定の先行詞）

文法的に正しい文はどれですか？

「あなたが何をしても」をフランス語で正しく言うと：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Quoi que tu fasses
'Quoi que' は接続法 'fasses' を引き起こします。1語の 'Quoique' は「〜だけれども」という意味です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 何が〜でも・誰が〜でも (Quoi que / Qui que)

正しい接続法の形を選んで空欄を埋めてください。

Il n'y a personne qui ___ (être) plus gentil que lui.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: soit
'Il n'y a personne' がトリガーとなり、êtreの接続法3人称単数形 'soit' が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の接続法：存在しないものについて語る（否定の先行詞）

文法的に正しい文章を選んでください。

正しい文を選択してください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Je ne trouve rien qui me plaise.
'Rien' は否定の先行詞なので、直説法の 'plait' ではなく接続法の 'plaise' を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の接続法：存在しないものについて語る（否定の先行詞）

Score: /6

よくある質問 (4)

接続法は中級レベルですが、 rien qui soit のような決まり文句は日常会話でよく出てくるので、早めに慣れておくとお得ですよ。
「一つも〜ない」という意味の pas de + 名詞 なら使えます。例えば "Je n'ai pas d'ami qui soit riche."（金持ちの友達はいない）のようにね。
はい、通常は必要です。 "Quoi que tu fasses, je t'aime." のように、導入部分としてコンマで区切ります。
可能ですが、接続法過去という高度な形になります。まずは "Quoi qu'il ait dit..." よりも現在形をマスターしましょう！
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