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B1 adjective 11分で読める

malsain

例文
解説 malsain in your Level:
At the A1 level, you are just starting to learn about health and food. You might know the word 'sain' (healthy) or 'bon pour la santé' (good for health). The word 'malsain' is the opposite. It means 'not good for your body.' When you are at this level, think of 'malsain' as a way to describe food that is too sweet, too salty, or too fatty. For example, 'Le soda est malsain.' You can also use it to talk about things that are bad for you in a very simple way, like 'Fumer est malsain.' It is an important word because it helps you express what is bad or dangerous for your physical well-being. At this stage, don't worry too much about the complicated psychological meanings. Just remember that 'mal' means 'bad' and 'sain' means 'healthy.' So, 'malsain' is simply 'bad-healthy.' Remember to add an 'e' at the end if you are talking about a feminine word, like 'la nourriture malsaine.' You will often see this word on food labels or in simple health advice. It is a building block for talking about your lifestyle and choices. Even if you don't use it every day, recognizing it will help you understand when someone is giving you a warning about something that could make you sick or is just generally 'not good.' Try to pair it with simple nouns like 'repas' (meal), 'boisson' (drink), or 'habitude' (habit).
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At the A2 level, you can begin to use 'malsain' in slightly more varied contexts. Beyond just food, you can use it to describe environments. If a room is very dusty or has a lot of smoke, you can say 'L'air est malsain.' You are also learning to describe people's habits and lifestyles in more detail. You might say someone has a 'mode de vie malsain' (an unhealthy lifestyle) because they don't exercise or sleep enough. This level is also where you start to understand that 'malsain' can describe feelings or situations that aren't just about physical germs. For instance, if two friends are always fighting and it makes everyone sad, you might describe that atmosphere as 'malsaine.' You should also be careful with the grammar: 'un environnement malsain' vs 'une ambiance malsaine.' Notice how the pronunciation changes slightly when you add the 'e.' At A2, you are moving from just identifying 'bad food' to describing 'bad situations.' You might hear this word in school when teachers talk about the importance of a 'climat scolaire sain' (a healthy school climate) versus a 'climat malsain.' It's a useful word for giving your opinion on things that affect how people feel or live. You can also use intensifiers like 'très' or 'un peu' to be more specific: 'Ce gâteau est un peu malsain, mais c'est délicieux !'
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As a B1 learner, you should be comfortable using 'malsain' to describe both physical health and psychological states. This is the level where the word's nuance really becomes important. You can use it to talk about 'une curiosité malsaine' (a morbid curiosity) or 'une relation malsaine' (a toxic relationship). You understand that 'malsain' implies something that is corrupting or detrimental to one's mental or moral well-being. In discussions about society or the workplace, you can use it to describe a 'climat de travail malsain,' where people are stressed or unhappy due to bad management. You should also be able to distinguish 'malsain' from its synonyms. For example, you know that 'insalubre' is more for buildings and 'nuisible' is more for general harm. At B1, you can use 'malsain' to express a more complex opinion on social issues, such as 'l'influence malsaine de la publicité sur les enfants.' Your grammar should be more consistent, and you should be able to use the word in different parts of a sentence, including as a predicate adjective after verbs like 'sembler' or 'devenir.' You are now using the word to analyze the world around you, looking at the 'health' of ideas, relationships, and systems, not just the 'health' of a plate of food. It's a key word for intermediate-level debates and personal reflections.
At the B2 level, you can use 'malsain' with precision in both formal and informal contexts. You understand the stylistic weight the word carries. In a literary or cinematic critique, you might describe a 'film à l'atmosphère malsaine' to convey a sense of moral ambiguity or unsettling tension. You can use it to discuss complex sociological concepts, such as the 'climat malsain' created by political polarization or the 'compétition malsaine' within high-pressure industries. You are aware of the word's ability to evoke a sense of decay or perversion. Your vocabulary is rich enough to use 'malsain' alongside more advanced terms like 'délétère,' 'pernicieux,' or 'morbide,' choosing the most appropriate one for the specific nuance you want to convey. For example, you might explain why a certain 'habitude' is not just 'mauvaise' but 'malsaine' because of its long-term psychological impact. You also understand the cultural connotations; you know that calling a situation 'malsain' is a strong statement that suggests a need for change or intervention. In writing, you can use it to create a specific mood or to argue a point about public health or social ethics. You are no longer just using the word; you are wielding it as a tool for sophisticated expression.
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At the C1 level, your use of 'malsain' is nuanced and takes into account its historical and literary resonance. You might use it to describe the 'esthétique malsaine' of certain 19th-century decadent poets or the 'climat intellectuel malsain' of a particular historical era. You are capable of using the word in highly abstract ways, such as discussing the 'nature malsaine' of certain philosophical ideologies or the 'dérive malsaine' of a social movement. You understand the subtle differences between 'malsain' and its most formal synonyms, like 'languissant' or 'vicié,' and can use them to add variety and depth to your prose. In professional or academic settings, you use 'malsain' to provide a sharp, critical analysis of systems or behaviors. You are also sensitive to the word's potential for irony or sarcasm in a sophisticated conversation. Your mastery of the word includes a perfect grasp of its agreement and placement, even in complex, multi-clause sentences. You can explore the 'malsain' as a theme in itself, analyzing how it manifests in art, politics, or human psychology. At this level, 'malsain' is not just an adjective; it is a conceptual category you use to categorize and critique the world with high-level linguistic precision.
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At the C2 level, you have a total mastery of 'malsain,' including its most subtle connotations and its place within the vast landscape of French vocabulary. You can use it in a way that is indistinguishable from a highly educated native speaker, employing it in philosophical treatises, high-level journalism, or creative writing. You might explore the 'paradoxe malsain' of certain societal structures or use the word to deconstruct the 'climat moral' of a contemporary debate. You are aware of how 'malsain' has been used by great French authors—from Baudelaire to Zola—to describe the underside of society and the human soul. You can use the word with such precision that you evoke exactly the right amount of unease or clinical detachment. Your ability to use 'malsain' extends to its most rare and elevated forms, and you can seamlessly integrate it into a discourse that requires a high degree of linguistic sophistication. You can also play with the word's meaning, perhaps using it in a subverted or metaphorical way that reveals a deep understanding of French culture and thought. For you, 'malsain' is a versatile instrument in a large orchestra of words, used to hit a specific, resonant note of corruption, illness, or moral decay.
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例文

The French adjective malsain (feminine: malsaine) is a powerful and versatile term that goes far beyond the simple English translation of "unhealthy." At its core, it is a compound word formed from mal (bad/evil) and sain (healthy/sound). While it can certainly describe a physical state—such as a diet high in processed sugars or a damp, moldy room—its most frequent and evocative uses are often psychological, social, or moral. In the French language, calling something malsain suggests that it is not merely lacking in health, but actively detrimental, corruptive, or morbid. It implies a sense of decay, whether that decay is occurring in the lungs due to poor air quality or in the soul due to a toxic relationship.

Physical Health
In a literal sense, malsain describes environments or habits that cause illness. A "climat malsain" might refer to a swampy area prone to malaria, while "nourriture malsaine" refers to junk food that lacks nutritional value and leads to obesity or heart disease.

Vivre dans cet appartement humide est devenu malsain pour mes poumons.

Moral and Psychological State
This is where the word truly shines in French literature and daily conversation. It describes thoughts, curiosities, or relationships that are twisted, morbid, or psychologically damaging. A "curiosité malsaine" is an unhealthy obsession with macabre details, while a "relation malsaine" is what English speakers would call a toxic relationship.

The word carries a weight of judgment. To label an atmosphere as malsaine is to say that it feels "wrong" at a fundamental level. In a professional setting, it might describe a workplace where gossip and backstabbing are the norm. In art or cinema, it describes a tone that is intentionally disturbing or perverse. It is often paired with nouns like ambiance, climat, esprit, or habitude. Understanding the breadth of malsain allows a learner to express nuance regarding both their physical well-being and their emotional boundaries. It is a word that demands attention because it signals a warning: something here is not as it should be, and it is causing harm.

Il entretient une jalousie malsaine envers son frère.

Social Contexts
In politics or sociology, malsain describes systemic issues. A "climat politique malsain" suggests corruption, extreme polarization, or a lack of transparency that erodes the foundations of society.

La propagation de fausses nouvelles crée un débat malsain.

L'influence de ce groupe sur les jeunes est jugée malsaine.

Il y a quelque chose de profondément malsain dans son obsession pour l'argent.

Using malsain effectively requires an understanding of its placement and the specific nouns it typically modifies. In French, adjectives usually follow the noun they describe, and malsain is no exception. Because it carries a strong descriptive and often subjective weight, placing it after the noun emphasizes the quality of being unhealthy or detrimental. For example, saying "un air malsain" focuses on the quality of the air itself. However, when used as a predicate adjective (after a verb like être, sembler, or paraître), it describes the subject directly: "Cette situation est malsaine."

Agreement Rules
The adjective must match the noun. For masculine singular, use malsain. For feminine singular, add an 'e' to get malsaine. For plural, add an 's': malsains (masculine) or malsaines (feminine). The pronunciation changes slightly: the 'n' in the masculine form is nasalized, while in the feminine form, the 'n' is clearly articulated and the 'ai' sound is followed by a distinct 'n' sound.

Il a développé une addiction malsaine aux réseaux sociaux.

When discussing diet and lifestyle, malsain is the standard term for anything that harms the body. You will often see it in health articles or hear it from doctors. For instance, "un régime alimentaire malsain" is a diet that is poor in nutrients. In contrast, when discussing morality, it can describe a "climat de suspicion malsain" (an unhealthy atmosphere of suspicion). It is a versatile tool for critiquing both the physical world and human behavior. It is also common to use the adverbial form malsainement, though it is much rarer than the adjective. More often, speakers use a construction like "d'une manière malsaine" (in an unhealthy way).

Le manque de sommeil est extrêmement malsain pour le cerveau.

Degrees of Comparison
You can intensify the word using très (very), particulièrement (particularly), or profondément (deeply). "Cette ambiance est profondément malsaine" suggests a situation that is toxic to its very core.

C'est un environnement malsain pour un enfant en pleine croissance.

Elle a rompu car leur relation était devenue malsaine.

Il y a une compétition malsaine entre les deux collègues.

Les vapeurs chimiques rendent le travail dans cette usine malsain.

In everyday French life, malsain appears in a variety of contexts, from the mundane to the dramatic. If you are watching a French news report about public health, you might hear experts discussing "les effets malsains de la pollution urbaine" (the unhealthy effects of urban pollution). In this context, the word is used scientifically to denote biological harm. It is also a staple of lifestyle magazines and television shows that focus on nutrition, where "les habitudes alimentaires malsaines" are frequently criticized in favor of a balanced diet. However, if you switch to a psychological drama or a crime thriller, the word takes on a darker, more sinister tone.

Cinema and Literature
French cinema often explores complex, sometimes disturbing human emotions. You will hear characters describe a "passion malsaine" or an "attirance malsaine" (an unhealthy attraction) when a relationship is obsessive or destructive. Critics might describe a film's atmosphere as malsaine if it creates a sense of dread or moral unease.

Le film explore la psychologie malsaine d'un manipulateur.

Workplace and Social Life
In the modern French workplace, there is an increasing focus on "bien-être au travail" (well-being at work). Consequently, you will hear people complain about a "management malsain" or an "ambiance malsaine au bureau." This refers to environments characterized by harassment, excessive pressure, or lack of trust.

The word is also prevalent in discussions about technology and children. Parents and educators often worry about "l'influence malsaine de certains jeux vidéo" or "le contenu malsain sur internet." Here, malsain serves as a moral guardian word, indicating that the content is not just inappropriate but potentially damaging to a child's development. You might also hear it in the context of architecture or real estate, where an old, poorly ventilated building is described as having "un air malsain" due to humidity and lack of sunlight. Whether in the doctor's office, the cinema, or the breakroom, malsain is the go-to adjective for anything that erodes health or integrity.

Il règne dans cette maison une atmosphère malsaine depuis le drame.

Les réseaux sociaux peuvent engendrer une comparaison malsaine avec les autres.

News and Media
Journalists use the word to describe scandalous situations. "Un système financier malsain" would refer to one built on fraud or unsustainable practices that threaten the economy.

La presse dénonce le climat malsain qui entoure ce procès.

Manger trop de produits transformés est malsain à long terme.

One of the most frequent mistakes English speakers make when using malsain is confusing it with other words for "unhealthy" or "sick." In English, we might say "I feel unhealthy today," but in French, you would rarely say "Je me sens malsain." Instead, you would say "Je ne me sens pas en forme" or "Je ne suis pas en bonne santé." Malsain is almost always used to describe an external thing (food, air, environment) or a character trait/situation, rather than a person's temporary physical feeling. Another common error is failing to make the adjective agree with the noun, particularly in the feminine form malsaine. Because the masculine ends in a silent 'n' sound (nasalized), learners often forget to pronounce the 'n' when the 'e' is added.

Malsain vs. Malade
Do not use malsain to mean "ill" or "sick." If a person has the flu, they are malade. If a person has a "sick" or "twisted" mind, then and only then might you describe their thoughts as malsaines.

Faux: Je suis malsain (I am unhealthy/evil). Correct: Je suis en mauvaise santé.

Another nuance involves the word insalubre. While both malsain and insalubre can mean unhealthy, insalubre is specifically used for housing or public spaces that are dangerous to health (like a building with no running water or lead paint). You wouldn't use insalubre to describe a toxic relationship or a bad diet. Conversely, using malsain for a building is fine, but it sounds more descriptive of the "vibe" or the dampness rather than the legal status of the building. Learners also sometimes confuse malsain with mauvais. While all things malsain are mauvais, not all things mauvais are malsain. Mauvais is a general word for "bad," whereas malsain specifically targets the concept of health and purity.

Il a une influence malsaine sur elle (He has a toxic/unhealthy influence on her).

Overusing the word
Sometimes learners use malsain for things that are just "unpleasant." If a room smells bad, it's une mauvaise odeur. If the air in the room is actually making people sick, then it is malsain.

Cette jalousie est malsaine pour votre couple.

L'humidité rend l'air de la cave malsain.

Ce climat de peur est malsain pour la démocratie.

Évitez les graisses malsaines pour votre cœur.

To truly master the nuances of French, it is helpful to know the alternatives to malsain and how they differ. While malsain is the most general term for "unhealthy," other words can provide more precision depending on whether you are talking about hygiene, morality, or danger.

Malsain vs. Insalubre
As mentioned before, insalubre is a technical and often legal term. It refers to living conditions that are so poor they are hazardous to human life. You would see this in a city council report about "logements insalubres" (slum housing). Malsain is more descriptive of the air or the effect, while insalubre is the state of the place.
Malsain vs. Nuisible
Nuisible means "harmful" or "detrimental." It is often used for things that cause damage but aren't necessarily "diseased." For example, "les insectes nuisibles" (pests). In a social sense, an influence can be nuisible without being malsain (creepy/twisted).

La pollution est nuisible à l'environnement, mais l'air d'une cave moisie est malsain.

Malsain vs. Toxique
Toxique is used almost exactly like "toxic" in English. It is common now to speak of "une relation toxique." While malsaine and toxique are often interchangeable in this context, malsaine carries a slightly more old-fashioned, moralistic, or "creepy" undertone, whereas toxique feels more modern and psychological.

Other alternatives include délétère (a formal word for harmful, often used for atmospheres or climates) and pernicieux (pernicious, implying a hidden or gradual harm). If you are talking about food, you can simply say gras (fatty) or trop sucré (too sweet), but malsain provides a summary of the negative health impact. In literature, you might encounter fétide (foul-smelling) or vicié (vitiated/tainted, specifically for air). Choosing the right word depends on the intensity of the harm and the context in which it occurs. For learners at the B1 level, malsain is the most versatile and useful term to describe anything that isn't "sain" (healthy).

L'air vicié de la pièce close était devenu malsain.

Cette curiosité morbide est tout à fait malsaine.

Son comportement a un effet délétère sur le groupe.

Il est nuisible de rester assis toute la journée.

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レベル別の例文

1

Manger trop de bonbons est malsain.

Eating too many candies is unhealthy.

Malsain agrees with 'manger' (masculine action).

2

Le soda est une boisson malsaine.

Soda is an unhealthy drink.

Malsaine is feminine to agree with 'boisson'.

3

Il n'est pas bon de fumer, c'est malsain.

It's not good to smoke, it's unhealthy.

Use 'c'est' with the masculine form for general statements.

4

Ce repas est très malsain.

This meal is very unhealthy.

Malsain follows the verb 'être'.

5

Elle a des habitudes malsaines.

She has unhealthy habits.

Malsaines is feminine plural to agree with 'habitudes'.

6

Un air malsain entre par la fenêtre.

Unhealthy air comes in through the window.

Malsain agrees with the masculine noun 'air'.

7

Ce n'est pas sain, c'est malsain.

It's not healthy, it's unhealthy.

Contrasting 'sain' and 'malsain'.

8

Évite les produits malsains.

Avoid unhealthy products.

Malsains is masculine plural to agree with 'produits'.

1

L'air de cette cave est humide et malsain.

The air in this cellar is damp and unhealthy.

Two adjectives describing 'l'air'.

2

Il a un mode de vie malsain depuis un mois.

He has had an unhealthy lifestyle for a month.

Malsain agrees with 'mode de vie'.

3

Cette ambiance au bureau est un peu malsaine.

This atmosphere at the office is a bit unhealthy.

Malsaine is feminine plural to agree with 'ambiance'.

4

Les enfants ne doivent pas regarder de choses malsaines.

Children should not watch unhealthy things.

Malsaines refers to 'choses' (feminine plural).

5

C'est malsain de rester devant l'ordinateur toute la nuit.

It is unhealthy to stay in front of the computer all night.

Predicate adjective following 'C'est'.

6

Elle a une peur malsaine des microbes.

She has an unhealthy fear of germs.

Malsaine modifies 'peur' (feminine).

7

Le climat de la ville est devenu malsain à cause de l'usine.

The city's climate has become unhealthy because of the factory.

Malsain agrees with 'climat'.

8

Ils mangent de la nourriture malsaine tous les jours.

They eat unhealthy food every day.

Malsaine agrees with 'nourriture'.

1

Leur relation est devenue malsaine avec le temps.

Their relationship became unhealthy over time.

Malsaine describes 'relation' (feminine).

2

Il a une curiosité malsaine pour les faits divers tragiques.

He has a morbid curiosity for tragic news stories.

Common collocation: 'curiosité malsaine'.

3

Le manque de sommeil a un effet malsain sur la concentration.

Lack of sleep has an unhealthy effect on concentration.

Malsain modifies 'effet' (masculine).

4

L'ambiance dans l'équipe est malsaine à cause de la compétition.

The atmosphere in the team is unhealthy because of the competition.

Malsaine modifies 'ambiance'.

5

Il est malsain de toujours vouloir plaire à tout le monde.

It is unhealthy to always want to please everyone.

Impersonal 'Il est' construction.

6

Cette jalousie malsaine détruit leur amitié.

This unhealthy jealousy is destroying their friendship.

Malsaine modifies 'jalousie'.

7

Les réseaux sociaux créent parfois un besoin malsain de validation.

Social media sometimes creates an unhealthy need for validation.

Malsain modifies 'besoin'.

8

Vivre dans un environnement malsain peut causer des maladies.

Living in an unhealthy environment can cause diseases.

Malsain modifies 'environnement'.

1

Le film dépeint une atmosphère malsaine et oppressante.

The film depicts an unhealthy and oppressive atmosphere.

Malsaine agrees with 'atmosphère'.

2

Il existe un climat politique malsain dans ce pays.

There is an unhealthy political climate in this country.

Malsain agrees with 'climat'.

3

L'obsession de la minceur peut devenir malsaine pour les jeunes filles.

The obsession with thinness can become unhealthy for young girls.

Malsaine agrees with 'obsession'.

4

Le scandale a révélé les pratiques malsaines de l'entreprise.

The scandal revealed the company's unhealthy practices.

Malsaines agrees with 'pratiques' (feminine plural).

5

Il y a quelque chose de malsain dans son acharnement au travail.

There is something unhealthy in his workaholism.

Use 'de' before an adjective following 'quelque chose'.

6

L'influence de ce gourou sur ses adeptes est jugée malsaine.

This guru's influence on his followers is considered unhealthy.

Malsaine agrees with 'influence'.

7

La presse dénonce souvent le voyeurisme malsain du public.

The press often denounces the public's unhealthy voyeurism.

Malsain agrees with 'voyeurisme'.

8

Ce secret de famille crée une tension malsaine entre eux.

This family secret creates an unhealthy tension between them.

Malsaine agrees with 'tension'.

1

L'esthétique du poète est marquée par un goût pour le malsain.

The poet's aesthetic is marked by a taste for the unhealthy/morbid.

'Le malsain' used as a noun.

2

Le climat de suspicion malsaine qui règne ici est insupportable.

The unhealthy atmosphere of suspicion that reigns here is unbearable.

Malsaine modifies 'suspicion'.

3

Certains critiques voient dans cette œuvre une complaisance malsaine pour la violence.

Some critics see in this work an unhealthy indulgence in violence.

Malsaine modifies 'complaisance'.

4

La dérive malsaine du système financier a conduit à la crise.

The unhealthy drift of the financial system led to the crisis.

Malsaine modifies 'dérive'.

5

Il règne dans ce salon une mondanité malsaine et superficielle.

In this salon, there reigns an unhealthy and superficial worldliness.

Malsaine modifies 'mondanité'.

6

L'auteur explore les recoins les plus malsains de l'âme humaine.

The author explores the unhealthiest corners of the human soul.

Malsains modifies 'recoins' (masculine plural).

7

Il y a une dimension malsaine dans cette quête effrénée du pouvoir.

There is an unhealthy dimension in this frantic quest for power.

Malsaine modifies 'dimension'.

8

Le débat public est pollué par des insinuations malsaines.

Public debate is polluted by unhealthy insinuations.

Malsaines modifies 'insinuations'.

1

L'ouvrage dissèque avec brio le climat intellectuel malsain de l'entre-deux-guerres.

The work brilliantly dissects the unhealthy intellectual climate of the interwar period.

Malsain modifies 'climat'.

2

Il se dégage de cette peinture une beauté vénéneuse et malsaine.

A poisonous and unhealthy beauty emerges from this painting.

Malsaine modifies 'beauté'.

3

La complaisance pour le sordide peut s'avérer profondément malsaine pour l'esprit.

Indulgence in the sordid can prove to be deepl

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