vocation
vocation 30秒で
- Vocation is a feminine noun in French meaning a 'calling' or a deep passion for a specific career or mission in life.
- It is commonly used for professions like teaching, medicine, and the arts, where personal dedication is more important than financial gain.
- The word can also describe the intended purpose or mission of an institution, such as a school with a 'vocation international'.
- It is a 'false friend' to the English word 'vacation'; in French, 'vocation' never means holiday or time off work.
- Etymological Origin
- The word comes from the Latin 'vocatio', meaning 'a calling'. Historically, this was exclusively used in a religious context, referring to God calling someone to the priesthood or a monastic life. In modern French, however, it has been secularized to include any career where passion and dedication are paramount.
Dès son plus jeune âge, elle a ressenti une véritable vocation pour la médecine.
- The Secular Shift
- During the 19th and 20th centuries, the term moved from the church to the schoolhouse and the hospital. The 'hussards noirs' (the Republican teachers of France) were said to have a vocation to educate the youth in the values of the Republic.
Ce centre de recherche a une vocation internationale.
- Modern Nuances
- In today's job market, the term is sometimes debated. Some argue that the 'vocation' narrative is used to justify lower wages in sectors like healthcare or education, suggesting that the personal satisfaction of the 'calling' is its own reward. This adds a layer of socio-political complexity to the word.
Il a trouvé sa vocation après de nombreuses années d'errance professionnelle.
Elle a perdu sa vocation à cause de l'épuisement professionnel.
- Common Verb Pairings
- Verbs like 'trouver' (to find), 'suivre' (to follow), 'découvrir' (to discover), and 'susciter' (to arouse/create) are the building blocks of sentences involving vocation. For example, 'Ce film a suscité de nombreuses vocations chez les jeunes' means the film inspired many young people to pursue a specific career.
Il suit sa vocation malgré les obstacles financiers.
- The Preposition 'Pour'
- When expressing what the calling is for, 'pour' is the standard preposition. 'Ma vocation pour l'enseignement' (My calling for teaching). It connects the internal feeling to the external field of work.
Elle a une vocation tardive pour la peinture.
- Negation and Absence
- You can say someone 'manque de vocation' (lacks calling). This is a common critique in professions like nursing or teaching where passion is seen as a prerequisite. 'Il exerce ce métier sans aucune vocation' suggests he is just doing it for the paycheck.
C'est un choix par vocation, pas par intérêt financier.
Sa vocation est née d'une rencontre avec un grand maître.
- In the Media
- Documentaries about 'métiers de passion' (passion-driven jobs) frequently use this word. Whether it's a baker waking up at 3 AM or a humanitarian worker in a conflict zone, the narrative usually centers on their 'vocation'. It provides a romanticized but deeply held view of work in French culture.
Dans cette interview, l'actrice parle de sa vocation pour le théâtre.
- Professional Reconversion
- In recent years, the concept of 'reconversion professionnelle' (career change) has become very popular in France. You will often hear people say they quit their corporate job because they finally found their 'vraie vocation' in something like carpentry or organic farming. The word here signifies a return to authenticity.
Le gouvernement encourage les vocations dans le secteur du numérique.
- Literature and Philosophy
- French literature is full of characters struggling with their vocations. From Balzac's ambitious young men to Flaubert's frustrated dreamers, the 'vocation' is a central theme of identity and social mobility.
Il a une vocation de service public chevillée au corps.
- Gender Confusion
- Like many French nouns ending in '-tion', 'vocation' is feminine. Learners often forget this and use masculine articles like 'le' or 'un'. Always remember: 'LA vocation'. Using the wrong gender is a common marker of a non-native speaker and can affect the agreement of any following adjectives.
Incorrect: C'est un beau vocation. Correct: C'est une belle vocation.
- Preposition Errors
- Learners sometimes use 'pour' when 'à' is required, or vice versa. Use 'vocation pour [a field/activity]' but 'vocation à [do something/a goal]'. For example: 'vocation pour la musique' vs 'vocation à devenir célèbre'. Getting these prepositions right is a sign of advanced proficiency.
Incorrect: Il a une vocation de médecin. Correct: Il a une vocation pour la médecine.
- Confusing with 'Appel'
- While 'appel' means 'call', it is rarely used to mean 'career calling' in the way 'vocation' is. 'Appel' is more physical or immediate. Stick to 'vocation' for long-term life paths.
Incorrect: J'ai entendu un appel pour être prof. Correct: J'ai une vocation pour l'enseignement.
- Vocation vs. Métier
- 'Métier' refers to the craft, the job, or the trade itself. You can have a 'métier' without having a 'vocation'. A 'vocation' is the internal motivation, while the 'métier' is the external practice. Example: 'Il exerce son métier de menuisier avec une véritable vocation.'
Sa passion pour l'espace est devenue sa vocation.
- Inclination and Penchant
- 'Inclination' and 'penchant' are softer words. They suggest a tendency or a liking for something. You might have an 'inclination' for mathematics, but a 'vocation' for being a mathematician implies a much stronger, more definitive commitment.
Il a un talent naturel, mais il lui manque la vocation.
- Carrière vs. Vocation
- 'Carrière' focuses on the progression, the titles, and the success over time. 'Vocation' focuses on the soul and the 'why'. You can have a brilliant career without a vocation, and a profound vocation without a successful career.
C'est sa raison d'être.
How Formal Is It?
豆知識
The word 'avocat' (lawyer) shares the same root because a lawyer is someone 'called' to help or speak for another person in court.
発音ガイド
- Pronouncing '-tion' like the English 'shun'.
- Failing to nasalize the final 'on'.
- Adding a 't' sound at the end.
- Using a closed 'o' sound like in 'go'.
- Confusing the stress and putting it on the first syllable.
難易度
Easy to recognize due to the English cognate.
Requires correct gender and preposition usage.
Nasal 'on' and 'sy-on' ending can be tricky for beginners.
Clear pronunciation in most contexts.
次に学ぶべきこと
前提知識
次に学ぶ
上級
知っておくべき文法
Feminine nouns ending in -tion
La nation, la création, la vocation.
Preposition 'pour' after feelings/inclinations
Une passion pour, une vocation pour.
The use of 'par' to indicate motivation
Il agit par amour, il travaille par vocation.
Pronominal verbs for self-discovery
Se découvrir, se trouver.
Adjective agreement with feminine nouns
Une vocation tardive (not tardif).
レベル別の例文
Ma vocation est d'aider les animaux.
My calling is to help animals.
Simple subject + verb 'être' + vocation.
Elle a une vocation pour la musique.
She has a calling for music.
Using 'avoir une vocation pour'.
C'est ma vocation !
It is my calling!
Exclamatory sentence with 'c'est'.
Il n'a pas de vocation pour le sport.
He doesn't have a calling for sports.
Negative form 'ne...pas de'.
Quelle est ta vocation ?
What is your calling?
Interrogative with 'quelle' (feminine).
Le dessin est sa vocation.
Drawing is his calling.
Noun as subject.
Une vocation pour la cuisine.
A calling for cooking.
Noun phrase.
Trouver sa vocation est important.
Finding one's calling is important.
Infinitive as subject.
Il a trouvé sa vocation dans l'enseignement.
He found his calling in teaching.
Passé composé with 'trouver'.
Elle suit sa vocation d'artiste.
She follows her calling as an artist.
Present tense of 'suivre'.
Ce métier demande une vraie vocation.
This job requires a true calling.
Verb 'demander' with an adjective.
Il est pompier par vocation.
He is a firefighter by calling.
Adverbial phrase 'par vocation'.
Ma vocation est née quand j'étais petit.
My calling was born when I was little.
Passive-like construction 'est née'.
Elle a une vocation tardive pour le piano.
She has a late calling for the piano.
Adjective 'tardive' following the noun.
Il n'exerce pas ce métier par vocation.
He doesn't do this job by calling.
Negative 'ne...pas' with 'par vocation'.
Ce centre a une vocation sportive.
This center has a sports-oriented purpose.
Vocation as 'purpose/mission'.
Le film a suscité de nombreuses vocations de pilotes.
The movie inspired many callings as pilots.
Verb 'susciter' (to arouse/inspire).
Il a toujours eu la vocation de servir son pays.
He always had the calling to serve his country.
Vocation followed by 'de' + infinitive.
Beaucoup de jeunes perdent leur vocation après le stage.
Many young people lose their calling after the internship.
Verb 'perdre' in the present tense.
C'est une vocation qui demande beaucoup de sacrifices.
It's a calling that requires many sacrifices.
Relative clause with 'qui'.
Elle hésite entre sa vocation et un salaire stable.
She hesitates between her calling and a stable salary.
Preposition 'entre...et'.
Sa vocation pour l'écologie est très forte.
Her calling for ecology is very strong.
Noun + 'pour' + noun.
Il s'est découvert une vocation pour l'ébénisterie.
He discovered a calling for woodworking.
Pronominal verb 'se découvrir'.
L'école doit aider les élèves à trouver leur vocation.
The school must help students find their calling.
Infinitive 'trouver' after 'aider...à'.
La crise actuelle provoque un manque de vocations médicales.
The current crisis is causing a lack of medical callings.
Abstract noun phrase as subject.
Ce musée a pour vocation de conserver le patrimoine local.
This museum's mission is to preserve local heritage.
Phrase 'avoir pour vocation de'.
Elle a renoncé à sa vocation pour des raisons familiales.
She gave up her calling for family reasons.
Verb 'renoncer à'.
Il agit par pure vocation, sans attendre de reconnaissance.
He acts out of pure calling, without expecting recognition.
Adjective 'pure' modifying 'vocation'.
Sa vocation s'est confirmée au fil des années.
His calling was confirmed over the years.
Pronominal verb in passé composé.
L'orientation scolaire ne doit pas ignorer la vocation personnelle.
School orientation must not ignore personal calling.
Modal verb 'devoir' with negation.
On parle souvent de vocation manquée pour les artistes ratés.
We often speak of a missed calling for failed artists.
Phrase 'vocation manquée'.
Ce projet a une vocation sociale affirmée.
This project has a clear social mission.
Adjective 'affirmée' (clear/strong).
L'engagement humanitaire est souvent le fruit d'une vocation profonde.
Humanitarian commitment is often the result of a deep calling.
Complex noun phrase with 'le fruit de'.
Il interroge la vocation universelle de la littérature française.
He questions the universal mission of French literature.
Abstract usage of 'vocation'.
Sa vocation de chercheur l'a poussé à l'exil.
His calling as a researcher pushed him into exile.
Vocation as a driving force.
La vocation d'un intellectuel est de dire la vérité.
The calling of an intellectual is to tell the truth.
Philosophical definition structure.
Il a toujours ressenti cette vocation comme un fardeau.
He always felt this calling as a burden.
Vocation as a 'burden' (fardeau).
L'article analyse la dérive commerciale d'une institution à vocation culturelle.
The article analyzes the commercial drift of an institution with a cultural mission.
Prepositional phrase 'à vocation'.
Elle s'est forgé une vocation au contact des plus démunis.
She forged a calling through contact with the most destitute.
Verb 'se forger' (to forge/create for oneself).
La vocation n'est pas un don, c'est une conquête.
Calling is not a gift; it is a conquest.
Rhetorical contrast.
L'ontologie sartrienne refuse l'idée d'une vocation prédéterminée.
Sartrean ontology rejects the idea of a predetermined calling.
Philosophical/Academic context.
Le texte explore la vocation hégémonique de certaines puissances.
The text explores the hegemonic mission of certain powers.
Political/Geopolitical usage.
Il y a une tension entre vocation individuelle et impératifs économiques.
There is a tension between individual calling and economic imperatives.
Abstract noun pairing.
La vocation sacerdotale exige une abnégation totale.
The priestly calling requires total self-denial.
Formal/Religious adjective 'sacerdotale'.
Elle a transcendé sa condition sociale par la force de sa vocation.
She transcended her social condition through the strength of her calling.
High-level literary narrative.
Le délitement des vocations témoigne d'une crise de sens.
The crumbling of callings testifies to a crisis of meaning.
Sophisticated vocabulary ('délitement', 'témoigne').
Il s'agit d'une œuvre à vocation testamentaire.
It is a work with a testamentary purpose (a final legacy).
Adjective 'testamentaire' with 'à vocation'.
La vocation du poète est de nommer l'innommable.
The poet's calling is to name the unnamable.
Abstract/Poetic definition.
よく使う組み合わせ
よく使うフレーズ
— Used when someone does something with extreme passion or natural ease.
Tu cuisines si bien, c'est une vocation !
— Acting out of a sense of calling rather than for money or fame.
Il est devenu prêtre par vocation.
— To lack the necessary passion or temperament for a job.
Ce médecin manque cruellement de vocation.
— To suddenly realize what one is meant to do in life.
Elle s'est découvert une vocation pour le théâtre à 40 ans.
— To have an experience that proves one's career choice was correct.
Son premier concert a confirmé sa vocation de musicien.
— To give up on one's dream or calling.
Il a dû renoncer à sa vocation d'astronaute.
— The dedication to serving the community through government work.
Il a la vocation de service public chevillée au corps.
— A situation where a profession struggles to attract new people.
La France traverse une crise des vocations chez les enseignants.
— A natural calling toward creative pursuits.
Sa vocation artistique s'est manifestée très tôt.
— To no longer feel the drive or passion for one's calling.
Après dix ans, il a fini par perdre sa vocation.
よく混同される語
In French, this means a short period of work or a fee, not a holiday.
This is the actual word for 'vacation' (holidays) in English.
This means 'rental' in French (e.g., louer une voiture).
慣用句と表現
— To have a calling so deeply rooted that it is part of one's identity.
Elle a la vocation de soigner chevillée au corps.
Informal/Expressive— A sudden, unexpected decision to follow a specific path.
Il a eu une vocation de dernière minute pour la politique.
Neutral— A calling that was prevented by external circumstances.
C'est l'histoire d'une vocation contrariée par la guerre.
Literary— The irresistible feeling of being drawn to a path.
Il n'a pas pu résister à l'appel de la vocation.
Poetic— Pretending to have a calling for appearances.
Sa vocation de philanthrope n'est qu'une vocation de façade.
Critical— To flourish or find happiness in one's calling.
Elle s'épanouit pleinement dans sa vocation d'architecte.
Neutral— A calling that inherently requires giving up personal comfort.
Le métier de missionnaire est une vocation de sacrifice.
Formal— To be completely unsuited for a specific role.
Il n'a aucune vocation pour la vie de bureau.
Neutral— A calling to create, build, or organize large projects.
Il a une véritable vocation de bâtisseur d'empire.
Neutral— A calling that appears suddenly without prior interest.
Sa vocation pour la poésie lui est tombée du ciel.
Informal間違えやすい
Both refer to work.
Profession is the neutral term for a job requiring training. Vocation is the internal drive.
Sa profession est avocat, mais sa vocation est la musique.
Both refer to work.
Métier focuses on the craft and manual/technical skills. Vocation is the 'calling'.
Il connaît bien son métier, mais il n'a pas la vocation.
Both refer to a life path.
Carrière is about the external success and timeline. Vocation is about the internal purpose.
Il a fait une belle carrière sans jamais trouver sa vocation.
Both involve strong feelings.
Passion can be temporary or a hobby. Vocation implies a life mission or job.
Le surf est sa passion, mais la biologie est sa vocation.
Direct translation of 'calling'.
Appel is more poetic or literal (a shout). Vocation is the standard term for a career calling.
L'appel de la forêt vs La vocation de médecin.
文型パターン
C'est ma vocation.
Aider les gens ? C'est ma vocation.
[Sujet] a une vocation pour [nom].
Paul a une vocation pour le dessin.
Trouver sa vocation dans [domaine].
Elle a trouvé sa vocation dans l'humanitaire.
Être [métier] par vocation.
Il est instituteur par vocation.
Une institution à vocation [adjectif].
Une école à vocation européenne.
Susciter des vocations chez [groupe].
Ce livre suscite des vocations chez les jeunes.
La vocation de [quelque chose] est de [verbe].
La vocation de l'art est de troubler les esprits.
Se découvrir une vocation de [métier].
Il s'est découvert une vocation de prédicateur.
語族
名詞
動詞
形容詞
関連
使い方
High in professional and educational contexts.
-
Using 'le vocation'
→
La vocation
Vocation is a feminine noun. All nouns ending in -tion are feminine in French.
-
Saying 'Je suis en vocation' for holidays.
→
Je suis en vacances.
'Vocation' is a career calling; 'vacances' are holidays.
-
J'ai une vocation de médecine.
→
J'ai une vocation pour la médecine.
Use the preposition 'pour' with the field of study/work.
-
Pronouncing '-tion' like 'shun'.
→
Pronouncing it 'sy-on'.
The French '-tion' is distinct from the English one.
-
Using 'vocation' for a part-time summer job.
→
Un petit boulot / un job d'été.
'Vocation' implies a deep, lifelong passion.
ヒント
Always Feminine
Remember to use feminine adjectives like 'belle', 'grande', or 'tardive' with vocation.
Don't Overuse
Don't use it for every job. Save it for paths that involve real passion or a 'calling'.
Not a Holiday
Never use 'vocation' to mean time off. Use 'vacances' for that.
The Nasal 'ON'
The final syllable is nasal. Practice saying 'sion' without letting your tongue touch your teeth.
Related Words
Learn 'métier' and 'passion' alongside 'vocation' to express different levels of interest.
Company Mission
Use 'à vocation' to describe the goal of a business or project in a professional setting.
Respect the 'Appel'
In France, saying you have a 'vocation' for your job is a sign of high professional integrity.
Missed Callings
The phrase 'vocation manquée' is very common for people who are talented but chose a different path.
Vocation POUR
Always use 'pour' when connecting the word to a field: 'vocation pour la science'.
Universal Vocation
In high-level French, 'vocation' can refer to the destiny of a nation or a language.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Think of a 'Voice' (Vo-) 'Calling' (-cation). Your vocation is the voice in your head calling you to your career.
視覚的連想
Imagine a megaphone (for calling) pointing toward a doctor's stethoscope or a teacher's book.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Try to describe your dream job using the phrase 'Ma vocation est de...' and explain why you feel 'called' to it in three sentences.
語源
The word 'vocation' comes from the Latin 'vocatio', which means 'a calling' or 'a summons'. This is derived from the verb 'vocare', meaning 'to call'.
元の意味: In its earliest usage, it referred to a religious calling—the sense that God was calling an individual to serve the church.
Indo-European > Italic > Latin > Romance > French文化的な背景
Be careful not to dismiss someone's job by saying they 'lack vocation' unless you are prepared for a serious conversation; it is a personal critique.
In English, 'vocation' is often synonymous with 'trade school' (vocational school) or religious life. In French, it is broader and used more casually to describe any passionate career choice.
実生活で練習する
実際の使用場面
Education
- Trouver sa voie
- Conseiller d'orientation
- Études supérieures
- Susciter des vocations
Healthcare
- Vocation de soignant
- Dévouement aux patients
- Crise des vocations
- Don de soi
Arts
- Vocation artistique
- Besoin de créer
- Expression personnelle
- Suivre son instinct
Religion
- Entrer dans les ordres
- Appel de Dieu
- Vocation sacerdotale
- Vie monastique
Business
- Vocation de l'entreprise
- Mission sociale
- Objectifs stratégiques
- Culture d'entreprise
会話のきっかけ
"As-tu déjà trouvé ta véritable vocation dans la vie ?"
"Penses-tu que l'on naît avec une vocation ou qu'on la découvre ?"
"Est-il possible d'avoir plusieurs vocations au cours d'une vie ?"
"Quels métiers considères-tu comme de vraies vocations aujourd'hui ?"
"As-tu déjà dû renoncer à une vocation pour des raisons pratiques ?"
日記のテーマ
Décris le moment où tu as ressenti ta première vocation pour quelque chose.
Si l'argent n'existait pas, quelle serait ta vocation quotidienne ?
Réflexion sur la différence entre un métier alimentaire et une vocation.
Comment peut-on aider les jeunes à découvrir leur vocation plus tôt ?
Est-ce que ta vocation actuelle correspond à tes rêves d'enfant ?
よくある質問
10 問No, while it started that way, in modern French it is used for any job you are passionate about, like teaching or art.
Usually, no. It implies a professional or life commitment. Use 'passion' for hobbies.
It is feminine: LA vocation. All French words ending in -tion are feminine.
You say 'J'ai trouvé ma vocation'.
Absolutely not. That is a common mistake. 'Vacation' in French is a legal term, and 'holidays' are 'vacances'.
Yes, in the sense of 'purpose'. For example, 'Ce bâtiment a une vocation sociale'.
It is a 'missed calling'—someone who wanted to do something but couldn't or didn't.
It is neutral to formal. It's used in everyday conversation but also in very high-level literature.
It is 'vocations'. It is used when talking about groups of people (e.g., 'la crise des vocations').
The most common are 'avoir', 'trouver', 'suivre', and 'susciter'.
自分をテスト 200 問
Translate: 'It is my calling.'
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Write: 'She has a calling for art.'
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Translate: 'He found his calling.'
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Write: 'I am a doctor by calling.'
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Translate: 'She is following her calling.'
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Write a sentence about a 'missed calling'.
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Translate: 'This school has an international mission.'
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Write: 'The crisis is causing a lack of callings.'
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Explain 'vocation tardive' in French.
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Translate: 'His calling is deeply rooted.'
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Translate: 'My calling is music.'
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Write: 'A true calling.'
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Translate: 'I discovered a calling for cooking.'
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Write: 'She acts out of pure calling.'
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Discuss the 'vocation' of art (one sentence).
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Translate: 'What is your calling?'
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Write: 'A calling born in childhood.'
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Translate: 'He confirmed his calling.'
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Write: 'A project with a social purpose.'
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Translate: 'She gave up her calling.'
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Say: 'Ma vocation est d'aider.'
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Say: 'C'est ma vocation.'
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Say: 'J'ai trouvé ma vocation.'
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Say: 'Une vraie vocation.'
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Say: 'Je suis prof par vocation.'
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Say: 'Suivre sa vocation.'
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Say: 'Une vocation tardive.'
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Say: 'Susciter des vocations.'
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Say: 'Vocation chevillée au corps.'
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Say: 'Renoncer à sa vocation.'
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Say: 'La vocation.'
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Say: 'Vocation pour la musique.'
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Say: 'Confirmer sa vocation.'
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Say: 'Vocation internationale.'
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Say: 'Vocation sacerdotale.'
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Say: 'Quelle est ta vocation ?'
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Say: 'Une vocation précoce.'
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Say: 'Perdre sa vocation.'
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Say: 'Vocation sociale.'
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Say: 'La vocation de l'art.'
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Listen and identify the word: 'vocation'.
Listen and identify the article: 'la vocation'.
Listen to: 'J'ai trouvé ma vocation.' What did I find?
Listen to: 'Une vocation pour le piano.' What is the calling for?
Listen to: 'Il est médecin par vocation.' Is it for money?
Listen to: 'Elle suit sa vocation.' What is she doing?
Listen to: 'Une vocation tardive.' When was it found?
Listen to: 'Susciter des vocations.' What is the verb?
Listen to: 'Vocation chevillée au corps.' How strong is it?
Listen to: 'Renoncer à sa vocation.' What happened?
Listen to: 'Ma vocation.' Whose is it?
Listen to: 'Vraie vocation.' Is it fake?
Listen to: 'Confirmé sa vocation.' Was it proved?
Listen to: 'Crise des vocations.' Is there a surplus?
Listen to: 'Vocation sacerdotale.' What sector?
/ 200 correct
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Summary
The word 'vocation' in French represents the intersection of passion, talent, and duty. It is the 'calling' that drives a person toward their true professional path. Example: 'Il a trouvé sa vocation dans l'aide humanitaire' (He found his calling in humanitarian aid).
- Vocation is a feminine noun in French meaning a 'calling' or a deep passion for a specific career or mission in life.
- It is commonly used for professions like teaching, medicine, and the arts, where personal dedication is more important than financial gain.
- The word can also describe the intended purpose or mission of an institution, such as a school with a 'vocation international'.
- It is a 'false friend' to the English word 'vacation'; in French, 'vocation' never means holiday or time off work.
Always Feminine
Remember to use feminine adjectives like 'belle', 'grande', or 'tardive' with vocation.
Don't Overuse
Don't use it for every job. Save it for paths that involve real passion or a 'calling'.
Not a Holiday
Never use 'vocation' to mean time off. Use 'vacances' for that.
The Nasal 'ON'
The final syllable is nasal. Practice saying 'sion' without letting your tongue touch your teeth.
関連コンテンツ
workの関連語
à distance
A2遠隔で、その場に物理的にいなくてもできること。
à durée déterminée
B1For a fixed or definite period; fixed-term.
à durée indéterminée
B1無期限の;終身の(契約など)。
à la fin
A2最後に (saigo ni)
à la journée
B1毎日、または1日限りの期間または支払い。
à la semaine
B1Weekly, by the week.
à l'année
B1Annually, by the year.
à l'attention de
B1(~)様気付、または(~)宛。公式な手紙やメールで、特定の担当者を指定する際に使用されます。
à l'avance
A2事前に、あるいは前もって何かをすること。
à l'issue de
A2〜の終わりに、〜の結果として。会議や試合などの公式な行事が終わった際によく使われる表現です。