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A2 verb #6,000 よく出る 9分で読める

संदर्भ देना

To reference/cite, to refer to (a source) in support of an argument.

At the A1 level, 'संदर्भ देना' (sandarbh denā) might be a bit advanced, as it is a formal word. However, beginners can understand it as 'giving a name or a source.' Imagine you are telling a teacher where you found a picture. You are 'giving a reference.' At this level, you focus on the simple idea of 'giving' (denā) and the noun 'reference' (sandarbh). You might use it in very simple sentences like 'Reference do' (Give a reference). It helps you start thinking about formal Hindi early on. You won't use it often, but you might see it in textbooks. It's like learning the word 'cite' in English—you know what it means even if you usually just say 'tell the source.' This level is about recognizing the word when you see it in a classroom setting.
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At the A2 level, you should be able to use 'संदर्भ देना' in basic formal sentences. You are likely moving beyond just basic survival Hindi and starting to talk about books, news, or school work. You can use it to say 'He gave a reference to the book' (Usne kitab ka sandarbh diya). You start to learn the grammar rule that 'sandarbh' is a masculine noun. You also begin to understand that it's a polite and smart way to talk about sources. Instead of just saying 'I read it there,' you say 'I am citing that.' This makes your Hindi sound more educated. You will encounter this word in simple news articles or formal letters. It's a key word for anyone who wants to study or work in a Hindi-speaking environment.
At the B1 level, you can use 'संदर्भ देना' with more confidence in various tenses and complex structures. You understand the difference between 'sandarbh dena' and 'sandarbh lena.' You can use it in the continuous tense (Main sandarbh de raha hoon) or the future tense (Main sandarbh doonga). You are also able to connect it with other ideas, like 'While citing the report, he said...' (Report ka sandarbh dete hue, usne kaha...). You start to see it as a tool for making arguments. In debates or essays, you use this word to show that your information is reliable. You also begin to recognize its synonyms like 'hawala dena' and know that 'sandarbh' is slightly more academic. Your vocabulary is expanding to include the 'why' and 'how' of citations.
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At the B2 level, you have a nuanced understanding of 'संदर्भ देना.' You can use it in professional settings, academic writing, and formal speeches without hesitation. You understand the 'ne' construction perfectly in the past tense (Vidvano ne sandarbh diya). You can also use it in passive or causative forms if needed. You are aware of the cultural context—how citing traditional texts or elders is important in Indian discourse. You can distinguish between 'ullekh karna' (mentioning) and 'sandarbh dena' (citing) and choose the right one based on the level of detail required. Your use of this phrase adds a layer of sophistication to your Hindi, making you sound like a near-native speaker in formal contexts. You can handle abstract discussions where referencing multiple sources is necessary.
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At the C1 level, 'संदर्भ देना' is a natural part of your high-level vocabulary. You use it to weave complex arguments in academic or literary Hindi. You are familiar with the Sanskrit roots of the word and how it implies 'weaving context.' You can use the word in stylistic ways, such as in literary criticism or philosophical debates. You understand subtle differences in register between 'sandarbh dena,' 'hawala dena,' and 'uddhrit karna.' You can critique others' work by saying their 'sandarbh' are weak or incorrect. You are comfortable using the word in legal, administrative, and highly technical documents. Your command over the word allows you to use it metaphorically as well, referencing historical or cultural 'contexts' to explain modern phenomena.
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At the C2 level, you have complete mastery over 'संदर्भ देना' and its entire semantic field. You can use it with the precision of a scholar or a legal expert. You understand the historical evolution of the term and its place in Hindi literature. You can use it in spontaneous, high-level intellectual discussions, effortlessly citing sources and providing context. You are also aware of the most obscure synonyms and can use them to avoid repetition or to strike a specific tone. For you, the word is not just a vocabulary item but a conceptual tool that you use to structure your thoughts and communication at the highest level of the language. You can translate complex academic texts into Hindi, ensuring the nuances of referencing are perfectly preserved.
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例文 メモとヒント

संदर्भ देना 30秒で

  • A formal Hindi verb meaning to cite or reference a source.
  • Commonly used in academic, legal, and professional writing.
  • Follows the 'ne' construction in past tense as a transitive verb.
  • Distinguishes your speech as educated and authoritative.

The Hindi compound verb संदर्भ देना (sandarbh denā) is a formal and semi-formal expression primarily used to describe the act of referencing, citing, or providing context for a statement or piece of evidence. In its most literal sense, 'sandarbh' means 'context' or 'reference,' and 'denā' means 'to give.' When combined, they function as a single semantic unit meaning 'to provide a reference' or 'to cite a source.' This term is indispensable in academic, legal, and professional environments where the validity of an argument depends on the sources cited. Unlike the more common word 'batānā' (to tell) or 'dikhanā' (to show), sandarbh denā carries a weight of authority and intellectual rigor. It suggests that the speaker is not merely sharing an opinion but is grounding their discourse in established facts or previous works. In everyday conversation, you might hear it when someone is being asked to clarify the background of a story—'tum kis sandarbh mein yeh keh rahe ho?' (In what context are you saying this?)—but the specific verbal form sandarbh denā is most frequently found in writing or formal presentations.

Academic Context
In research papers, students are instructed to sandarbh denā for every quote used to avoid plagiarism. It involves mentioning the author, year, and publication.

लेखक ने अपनी बात को सिद्ध करने के लिए प्राचीन ग्रंथों का संदर्भ दिया। (The author cited ancient texts to prove his point.)

Beyond academia, the term is used in legal proceedings where lawyers must sandarbh denā of previous court rulings (precedents) to support their current case. In journalism, a reporter might sandarbh denā to an earlier interview to highlight a contradiction in a politician's statement. The beauty of this phrase lies in its precision; it distinguishes between 'giving information' and 'citing a source.' It is a bridge between raw data and validated knowledge. For a learner, mastering this phrase signals a transition from basic conversational Hindi to a more sophisticated, literate register of the language.

Professional Usage
During a business meeting, if you want to mention a previous agreement, you would say, 'Main pichle samjhoute ka sandarbh dena chahunga' (I would like to refer to the previous agreement).

कृपया अपनी रिपोर्ट में सही स्रोतों का संदर्भ देना न भूलें। (Please do not forget to cite the correct sources in your report.)

In the digital age, sandarbh denā has also adapted to include hyperlinking or tagging. If someone asks for the 'source' of a viral claim, they are essentially asking you to sandarbh denā. The word 'sandarbh' itself comes from Sanskrit, where it relates to weaving or stringing together (like beads on a thread), implying that by providing a reference, you are weaving your statement into the larger fabric of existing knowledge. This imagery helps in understanding why it is so important—without references, a statement hangs in isolation; with them, it is part of a connected whole.

Using संदर्भ देना correctly requires an understanding of Hindi's transitive verb structure. Since it is a 'denā' (to give) based compound verb, it follows the rules of the 'ne' construction in the perfective tenses. This means that in the past tense, the subject takes the 'ne' postposition, and the verb agrees with the object ('sandarbh'), which is masculine singular. For example, 'Maine sandarbh diyā' (I gave a reference). If you are using it in the continuous or future tense, it behaves like any other verb: 'Main sandarbh de rahā hoon' (I am giving a reference).

Basic Structure
[Subject] + [Source/Object] + [ka/ke/ki] + sandarbh denā. Note that the source being cited is usually followed by the possessive marker 'ka'.

उसने इतिहास की किताबों का संदर्भ दिया। (He cited history books.)

When you want to say 'refer to [something]', the construction often involves 'ka sandarbh denā'. It is important to distinguish this from 'sandarbh mein' (in the context of). While 'sandarbh mein' sets the stage, sandarbh denā is the action of pointing to a specific authority. For instance, in an essay, you might write: 'Is vishay par kai vidvano ne apne vichar diye hain aur unka sandarbh dena avashyak hai' (Many scholars have given their views on this subject and it is necessary to cite them). Here, the verb acts as a formal requirement of the writing process.

क्या आप इस आंकड़े का संदर्भ दे सकते हैं? (Can you provide a reference for this statistic?)

In more complex sentences, you can use the conjunctive participle form 'sandarbh dete hue' (while giving reference). This is very common in news reporting: 'Pradhan Mantri ne pichle dashak ki unnati ka sandarbh dete hue kaha...' (The Prime Minister, while referencing the progress of the last decade, said...). This construction allows for a smooth flow between the reference and the main action of the sentence. Remember that because 'sandarbh' is a masculine noun, the verb 'denā' will almost always stay in its masculine form unless it's part of a complex passive construction, which is rare for this specific phrase.

वकील ने पिछले फैसले का संदर्भ दिया। (The lawyer cited the previous judgment.)

You are unlikely to hear संदर्भ देना at a vegetable market or during a casual chat about the weather. However, it is ubiquitous in specific high-register domains. If you watch Hindi news channels like NDTV India or Rajya Sabha TV (now Sansad TV), you will hear anchors and panelists using this phrase constantly. They use it to ground their debates in policy documents, historical events, or previous statements made by politicians. For example, during a debate on the economy, an expert might say, 'Main RBI ki haliya report ka sandarbh dena chahunga' (I would like to cite the recent RBI report). This adds a layer of credibility to their argument that simple verbs cannot provide.

Academic Lectures
Professors in Hindi-medium universities use this term when explaining theories. They will ask students to 'sandarbh dena' in their assignments to ensure academic integrity.

समाचार वाचक ने सरकारी आंकड़ों का संदर्भ दिया। (The news reader cited government statistics.)

In the world of Hindi literature and criticism, sandarbh denā is a standard tool. Critics use it to link a contemporary poem to an ancient poetic tradition. You'll find it in the prefaces of books, where authors thank those whose work they have referenced. Furthermore, in religious discourses (pravachans), speakers often sandarbh denā to shlokas from the Bhagavad Gita or verses from the Ramayana to validate their spiritual teachings. Even if the audience is not highly educated, they understand that 'sandarbh dena' means the speaker is quoting a holy text.

कवि ने अपनी कविता में कालिदास का संदर्भ दिया। (The poet referenced Kalidasa in his poem.)

Finally, in the corporate world in India, especially in government-adjacent sectors or formal HR communications, this phrase is common. When an employee refers to a specific clause in their contract, they are 'sandarbh de-ing' that clause. It is the language of documentation. If you are reading a formal letter in Hindi, look for the 'Vishay' (Subject) line followed by 'Sandarbh' (Reference) line—this is where the previous correspondence number or date is cited. This formal structure is a direct application of the concept of sandarbh denā.

One of the most frequent mistakes learners make is confusing संदर्भ देना (to give a reference) with संदर्भ लेना (to take a reference/context). While they look similar, they imply different directions of information flow. 'Sandarbh denā' is when you provide the source to others; 'sandarbh lenā' is when you use a context to understand something yourself. Another common error is using the wrong postposition. Learners often say 'sandarbh ko dena' instead of the correct 'ka sandarbh dena'. In Hindi, you give the *reference of* a source, not *to* a source in the same way English might phrase it.

Confusion with 'Udaharan'
Many students use 'udaharan dena' (to give an example) when they actually mean 'sandarbh dena'. An example illustrates a point; a reference validates it. Don't mix them up in academic writing.

Incorrect: उसने किताब को संदर्भ दिया।
Correct: उसने किताब का संदर्भ दिया।

Another subtle mistake involves the level of formality. Using sandarbh denā in a very casual setting, like telling a friend about a movie, can sound overly stiff or even sarcastic. For instance, saying 'Main kal ki film ka sandarbh de raha hoon' to a friend might make them laugh because it's too formal. In such cases, 'baat karna' (to talk about) or 'batānā' (to tell/mention) is better. Additionally, ensure you don't confuse 'sandarbh' with 'sambandh' (relation). While related in meaning, they are not interchangeable. 'Sandarbh' is about the specific citation or context, while 'sambandh' is about the general relationship between two things.

गलती: उसने मेरा सम्बन्ध दिया। (He gave my relation - Wrong context)
सही: उसने मेरा संदर्भ दिया। (He gave my reference - Correct)

While संदर्भ देना is the most precise term for 'citing' or 'referencing,' several other words share its semantic space. Understanding the nuances between these can help you choose the right word for the right situation. The most common alternative is हवाला देना (hawālā denā). This is an Arabic-origin word that is very common in Urdu-influenced Hindi and legal contexts. It is almost synonymous with 'sandarbh denā' but feels slightly more 'active' or 'assertive.' You 'hawālā denā' a witness or a specific quote to prove someone wrong.

Comparison: Sandarbh vs. Hawala
Sandarbh Denā: Academic, formal, Sanskrit-rooted, focuses on context and bibliography.
Hawālā Denā: Legal, journalistic, Persian/Arabic-rooted, focuses on citing as evidence or authority.

उसने कानून की धारा का हवाला दिया। (He cited the section of the law.)

Another related term is उल्लेख करना (ullekh karnā), which means 'to mention' or 'to make a reference to.' This is broader than sandarbh denā. If you just briefly touch upon a topic, you are 'ullekh-ing' it. It doesn't necessarily require a formal citation. Then there is उद्धृत करना (uddhrit karnā), which specifically means 'to quote.' Use this when you are repeating the exact words of a source. While you sandarbh denā (cite) the book, you uddhrit karnā (quote) the sentence. For learners, 'sandarbh denā' is the safest bet for formal referencing, while 'ullekh karnā' is better for general mentioning.

Other Alternatives
  • प्रमाण देना (pramāṇ denā): To give proof/evidence.
  • संकेत करना (sanket karnā): To point towards/allude to.
  • जिक्र करना (zikr karnā): To mention (informal/poetic).

How Formal Is It?

フォーマル

"प्रबंधक ने रिपोर्ट का संदर्भ दिया।"

ニュートラル

"उसने अखबार का संदर्भ दिया।"

カジュアル

"अरे, संदर्भ तो दो कि बात क्या है!"

Child friendly

"शिक्षक ने कहानी का संदर्भ दिया।"

スラング

"बिना संदर्भ के ज्ञान मत बांटो।"

豆知識

In ancient Sanskrit literature, 'sandarbha' was often used to describe the systematic arrangement of a musical composition or a literary work, comparing it to weaving a beautiful cloth.

発音ガイド

UK /sənˈd̪ərbʱ d̪eː.nɑː/
US /sənˈd̪ərbʱ d̪eɪ.nɑː/
Primary stress is on the second syllable of 'sandarbh' (-darbh) and the first syllable of 'dena' (de-).
韻が合う語
अंक देना (ank dena) दिखाई देना (dikhayi dena) बधाई देना (badhayi dena) सफ़ाई देना (safayi dena) दिखाई देना (dikhayi dena) सुनाई देना (sunayi dena) दिखाई देना (dikhayi dena) दिखाई देना (dikhayi dena)
よくある間違い
  • Pronouncing 'sandarbh' as 'sandarb' (missing the aspiration of 'bh').
  • Using an English retroflex 'd' instead of the Hindi dental 'd'.
  • Shortening the final 'a' in 'dena' so it sounds like 'den'.

難易度

読解 3/5

Easy to recognize in formal texts once the root is known.

ライティング 4/5

Requires knowledge of 'ne' construction and formal phrasing.

スピーキング 4/5

Used in formal registers; might sound stiff in casual speech.

リスニング 3/5

Common in news and lectures, usually pronounced clearly.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

देना बात किताब नाम सही

次に学ぶ

हवाला देना उल्लेख करना उद्धृत करना प्रमाणित करना स्पष्टीकरण

上級

परिप्रेक्ष्य प्रासंगिकता विमर्श तर्कसंगत अपरिहार्य

知っておくべき文法

Transitive Verbs in Perfective Tense

Maine sandarbh diya (I gave a reference).

Possessive Postposition 'ka/ke/ki'

Kitab *ka* sandarbh (Reference *of* the book).

Conjunctive Participle '-kar'

Sandarbh dekar (Having given a reference).

Present Continuous with 'raha hai'

Vah sandarbh de raha hai (He is giving a reference).

Modal 'chahiye' for obligation

Hamein sandarbh dena chahiye (We should give a reference).

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レベル別の例文

1

किताब का संदर्भ दो।

Give the reference of the book.

Simple imperative using 'do' (give).

2

वह संदर्भ देता है।

He gives a reference.

Present simple tense.

3

क्या आप संदर्भ देंगे?

Will you give a reference?

Future tense with 'denge'.

4

यह सही संदर्भ है।

This is the correct reference.

Using 'sandarbh' as a noun.

5

संदर्भ देना अच्छा है।

Giving a reference is good.

Infinitive as a subject.

6

मैंने संदर्भ दिया।

I gave a reference.

Past tense with 'ne' (implied).

7

नाम का संदर्भ दें।

Give the reference of the name.

Formal imperative 'den'.

8

यहाँ संदर्भ दो।

Give the reference here.

Adverb of place 'yahan'.

1

शिक्षक ने पाठ का संदर्भ दिया।

The teacher gave the context of the lesson.

Past tense 'ne' construction.

2

आपको स्रोत का संदर्भ देना चाहिए।

You should cite the source.

Using 'chahiye' (should).

3

उसने पुरानी कहानी का संदर्भ दिया।

He referenced an old story.

Adjective 'purani' modifying 'kahani'.

4

क्या मैं आपका संदर्भ दे सकता हूँ?

Can I give your reference?

Using 'sakta hoon' (can).

5

लेखक ने अपनी पुस्तक में संदर्भ दिया है।

The author has given a reference in his book.

Present perfect tense.

6

कृपया पृष्ठ संख्या का संदर्भ दें।

Please cite the page number.

Formal request with 'kripya'.

7

समाचार में कल की घटना का संदर्भ दिया गया।

The news referenced yesterday's event.

Passive-like construction 'diya gaya'.

8

बिना संदर्भ दिए बात मत करो।

Don't talk without giving context.

Negative imperative with 'bina'.

1

वैज्ञानिक ने अपनी खोज के लिए पुराने प्रयोगों का संदर्भ दिया।

The scientist cited old experiments for his discovery.

Complex subject and purpose clause.

2

भाषण के दौरान उन्होंने महात्मा गांधी का संदर्भ दिया।

During the speech, he referenced Mahatma Gandhi.

Temporal phrase 'ke dauran'.

3

यदि आप संदर्भ देंगे, तो आपकी बात अधिक प्रभावशाली होगी।

If you give a reference, your statement will be more impactful.

Conditional sentence 'yadi... toh'.

4

वह अपनी हर बात में वेदों का संदर्भ देता है।

He references the Vedas in everything he says.

Frequency marker 'har baat mein'.

5

रिपोर्ट लिखते समय सही आंकड़ों का संदर्भ देना आवश्यक है।

It is necessary to cite correct statistics while writing the report.

Gerundial phrase 'likhte samay'.

6

वकील ने पिछले मामले का संदर्भ देते हुए अपनी दलील शुरू की।

The lawyer started his argument while referencing a previous case.

Conjunctive participle 'dete hue'.

7

हमें इस नियम का संदर्भ देना होगा।

We will have to cite this rule.

Obligation with 'hoga'.

8

क्या आपने इस जानकारी का संदर्भ दिया है?

Have you cited this information?

Interrogative present perfect.

1

आलोचक ने कवि की रचनाओं का संदर्भ देते हुए उनकी प्रशंसा की।

The critic praised the poet while referencing his works.

Use of 'dete hue' for simultaneous action.

2

संशोधित संस्करण में नए शोध का संदर्भ दिया गया है।

Reference to new research has been given in the revised edition.

Perfect passive construction.

3

बिना उचित संदर्भ दिए किसी के विचारों का उपयोग करना चोरी है।

Using someone's ideas without proper citation is theft.

Abstract noun usage 'uchit sandarbh'.

4

उन्होंने अपनी सफलता का श्रेय देते हुए अपने गुरु का संदर्भ दिया।

Giving credit for his success, he referenced his mentor.

Compound sentence with multiple participles.

5

प्रबंधक ने पिछले साल की बिक्री का संदर्भ देकर भविष्य की योजना बनाई।

The manager made a future plan by referencing last year's sales.

Use of 'dekar' (having given).

6

इस दस्तावेज़ में संविधान की धाराओं का संदर्भ दिया जाना चाहिए।

Sections of the Constitution should be cited in this document.

Passive with 'diya jana chahiye'.

7

शोधकर्ता ने अंतरराष्ट्रीय मानकों का संदर्भ देने का प्रयास किया।

The researcher tried to cite international standards.

Infinitive phrase 'dene ka prayas'.

8

अदालत ने मानवाधिकारों का संदर्भ देते हुए अपना फैसला सुनाया।

The court announced its verdict while referencing human rights.

Formal judicial context.

1

दार्शनिक ने अस्तित्ववाद के सिद्धांतों का संदर्भ देते हुए मानव जीवन की व्याख्या की।

The philosopher explained human life while referencing the principles of existentialism.

High-level vocabulary 'astitvavad' (existentialism).

2

लेख में प्राचीन और आधुनिक विचारधाराओं का तुलनात्मक संदर्भ दिया गया है।

A comparative reference of ancient and modern ideologies is given in the article.

Adjective 'tulnatmak' (comparative).

3

वक्ता ने अपनी बात की पुष्टि के लिए सांख्यिकीय आंकड़ों का सटीक संदर्भ दिया।

The speaker gave a precise reference to statistical data to confirm his point.

Use of 'pushti' (confirmation) and 'sateek' (precise).

4

साहित्यिक विश्लेषण में ऐतिहासिक संदर्भ देना अपरिहार्य है।

It is indispensable to give historical context in literary analysis.

Use of 'apariharya' (indispensable).

5

उन्होंने अपनी रिपोर्ट में वैश्विक जलवायु परिवर्तन की चुनौतियों का संदर्भ दिया।

He referenced the challenges of global climate change in his report.

Complex noun phrase 'vaishvik jalvayu parivartan'.

6

इस शोध पत्र में मौलिक स्रोतों का संदर्भ देना अनिवार्य कर दिया गया है।

Citing original sources has been made mandatory in this research paper.

Passive with 'kar diya gaya hai'.

7

विद्वान ने उपनिषदों का संदर्भ देते हुए आत्मा के स्वरूप पर प्रकाश डाला।

The scholar shed light on the nature of the soul while referencing the Upanishads.

Metaphorical phrase 'prakash dala' (shed light).

8

नीति निर्माताओं ने आर्थिक मंदी का संदर्भ देते हुए नए करों का प्रस्ताव रखा।

Policy makers proposed new taxes while referencing the economic recession.

Subject 'neeti nirmata' (policy makers).

1

उनकी आलोचनात्मक दृष्टि ने पाठ के अंतर्निहित संदर्भों को उजागर करने के लिए बहुआयामी संदर्भ दिए।

His critical perspective gave multi-dimensional references to reveal the inherent contexts of the text.

Use of 'bahu-ayami' (multi-dimensional) and 'ujagar karna' (reveal).

2

प्रबंध में केवल गौण स्रोतों का संदर्भ देना शोध की विश्वसनीयता को कम कर सकता है।

Citing only secondary sources in a thesis can reduce the credibility of the research.

Use of 'gaun srot' (secondary sources) and 'vishvasniyata' (credibility).

3

उन्होंने समाजशास्त्रीय परिप्रेक्ष्य में वर्ग संघर्ष का संदर्भ देते हुए अपना तर्क प्रस्तुत किया।

He presented his argument while referencing class struggle in a sociological perspective.

Use of 'pariprekshya' (perspective) and 'varg sangharsh' (class struggle).

4

लेखक ने अपनी आत्मकथा में उन घटनाओं का संदर्भ दिया जिन्होंने उनके व्यक्तित्व को गढ़ा।

The author referenced those events in his autobiography that shaped his personality.

Relative clause 'jinhone... gadha'.

5

न्यायाधीश ने प्राकृतिक न्याय के सिद्धांतों का संदर्भ देते हुए ऐतिहासिक निर्णय सुनाया।

The judge delivered a landmark judgment while referencing the principles of natural justice.

Use of 'prakritik nyay' (natural justice).

6

इस वैचारिक विमर्श में विभिन्न सांस्कृतिक संदर्भ देना अत्यंत आवश्यक है।

It is extremely necessary to give various cultural references in this ideological discourse.

Use of 'vaicharik vimarsh' (ideological discourse).

7

उन्होंने अपनी कलाकृति में पौराणिक कथाओं का सूक्ष्म संदर्भ दिया है।

He has given subtle references to mythological stories in his artwork.

Use of 'sookshm' (subtle) and 'pauranik' (mythological).

8

वैज्ञानिक लेख में प्रयोग की कार्यप्रणाली का संदर्भ देना परिणामों की वैधता के लिए आवश्यक है।

Citing the methodology of the experiment in a scientific article is necessary for the validity of the results.

Use of 'karyapranali' (methodology) and 'vaidhata' (validity).

よく使う組み合わせ

सटीक संदर्भ देना
गलत संदर्भ देना
उचित संदर्भ देना
ऐतिहासिक संदर्भ देना
शास्त्रों का संदर्भ देना
कानूनी संदर्भ देना
साहित्यिक संदर्भ देना
मौखिक संदर्भ देना
लिखित संदर्भ देना
विस्तृत संदर्भ देना

よく使うフレーズ

संदर्भ के साथ

बिना संदर्भ के

संदर्भ सहित व्याख्या

संदर्भ सूची

संदर्भ ग्रंथ

प्रसंग और संदर्भ

संदर्भ बिंदु

संदर्भ संख्या

पुराना संदर्भ

नया संदर्भ

慣用句と表現

"संदर्भ से बाहर"

Out of context; when something is misunderstood because the background is missing.

उसने मेरी बात को संदर्भ से बाहर लिया।

Common

"संदर्भ की कड़ियां जोड़ना"

To connect the dots of context; to understand the full picture.

जासूस ने संदर्भ की कड़ियां जोड़ीं।

Literary

"हवा में बात करना"

To talk without any basis or reference (opposite of sandarbh dena).

वह हमेशा हवा में बात करता है, कभी संदर्भ नहीं देता।

Informal

"पन्ने पलटना"

To search through references (literally turning pages).

संदर्भ देने के लिए उसने कई पन्ने पलटे।

Neutral

"जमीन तलाशना"

To look for a ground or basis (context) for an argument.

उसने अपनी बात के लिए जमीन तलाशने हेतु इतिहास का संदर्भ दिया।

Literary

"मुहर लगाना"

To give a final reference that confirms everything (to seal it).

इस रिपोर्ट ने उसकी बात पर मुहर लगा दी।

Formal

"आईना दिखाना"

To show the reality by referencing facts.

आंकड़ों का संदर्भ देकर उसने सरकार को आईना दिखाया।

Journalistic

"लकीर का फकीर"

Someone who follows old references blindly without new thinking.

वह केवल पुराने संदर्भ देता है, लकीर का फकीर है।

Informal

"जड़ें खोजना"

To find the roots/origins by referencing history.

लेखक ने इस प्रथा की जड़ें खोजने के लिए प्राचीन संदर्भ दिए।

Literary

"नाम उछालना"

To reference someone's name in a negative or controversial way.

बिना संदर्भ दिए किसी का नाम उछालना गलत है।

Informal

語族

名詞

動詞

形容詞

関連

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暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'Sand' + 'Darbh'. Imagine 'Sand' representing the grains of information and 'Darbh' (like a thread) weaving them together into a 'Reference'.

視覚的連想

Visualize a spider web. Each point where the threads meet is a 'sandarbh' (reference) that holds the whole structure (argument) together.

Word Web

Book Author Page Citation Evidence Context Scholar Library

チャレンジ

Write three sentences about your favorite book and 'sandarbh dena' to a specific chapter or character in each.

語源

Derived from the Sanskrit word 'sandarbha' (सन्दर्भ). The prefix 'sam-' means 'together' or 'completely,' and the root 'drbh' means 'to string together' or 'to weave.'

元の意味： Originally referred to the arrangement of words, a composition, or a collection (like a garland of words).

Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit)

文化的な背景

No specific sensitivities, but avoid using it sarcastically as it can seem dismissive of someone's intelligence.

Equivalent to 'citing' in APA or MLA style, but used more broadly in general formal speech.

Used in the 'Sandarbh' series of educational books in India. Commonly heard in 'Rajya Sabha' debates when members cite the Constitution. Frequent in Hindi news headlines: 'PM ne pichle aankdon ka sandarbh diya'.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

Academic Writing

  • स्रोत का संदर्भ देना
  • संदर्भ सूची बनाना
  • लेखक का संदर्भ देना
  • अध्याय का संदर्भ देना

Legal Proceedings

  • धारा का संदर्भ देना
  • फैसले का संदर्भ देना
  • कानून का संदर्भ देना
  • गवाह का संदर्भ देना

News Reporting

  • आंकड़ों का संदर्भ देना
  • भाषण का संदर्भ देना
  • घटना का संदर्भ देना
  • रिपोर्ट का संदर्भ देना

Religious Discourse

  • श्लोक का संदर्भ देना
  • ग्रंथ का संदर्भ देना
  • कथा का संदर्भ देना
  • गुरु का संदर्भ देना

Office Meetings

  • ईमेल का संदर्भ देना
  • मीटिंग का संदर्भ देना
  • प्रोजेक्ट का संदर्भ देना
  • पिछली बात का संदर्भ देना

会話のきっかけ

"क्या आप इस जानकारी का संदर्भ दे सकते हैं?"

"आपने किस पुस्तक का संदर्भ दिया है?"

"हमें इस विषय में इतिहास का संदर्भ देना चाहिए।"

"क्या न्यूज़ रिपोर्टर ने सही आंकड़ों का संदर्भ दिया?"

"बिना संदर्भ दिए हम इस बात पर विश्वास कैसे करें?"

日記のテーマ

आज आपने जो कुछ पढ़ा, उसमें से किसी एक मुख्य विचार का संदर्भ देते हुए उसके बारे में लिखें।

क्या आपको लगता है कि सोशल मीडिया पर लोग संदर्भ देना भूल जाते हैं? विस्तार से लिखें।

अपने जीवन की किसी महत्वपूर्ण घटना का संदर्भ देते हुए अपनी वर्तमान स्थिति का वर्णन करें।

एक काल्पनिक बहस लिखें जहाँ दो लोग अलग-अलग पुस्तकों का संदर्भ दे रहे हैं।

संदर्भ देने के महत्व पर एक छोटा निबंध लिखें।

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