cujas 30秒で
- Cujas: Whose / Of which (feminine plural).
- Connects ideas, showing possession for feminine plural nouns.
- Agrees with the possessed noun (feminine plural).
- Used in formal contexts, literature, and academic writing.
The Portuguese word 'cujas' is a feminine plural possessive relative pronoun. It translates directly to 'whose' or 'of which' when referring to something that belongs to or is associated with a feminine plural noun that has been previously mentioned. It functions as a connector, linking a subordinate clause to a main clause by indicating possession or relationship.
Think of it as a way to say 'the ones whose...' or 'those of which...'. It's essential for creating more complex and nuanced sentences, allowing you to express relationships between different entities in a sophisticated manner. For instance, if you are talking about 'as casas' (the houses) and you want to mention 'as cores' (the colors) that belong to them, you would use 'cujas cores'.
'Cujas' agrees in gender (feminine) and number (plural) with the noun it refers to in terms of possession, not necessarily the antecedent it modifies. This can be a tricky point for learners. The antecedent is the noun that the pronoun 'cujas' is describing the possession of. For example, in the sentence 'Vi as casas cujas janelas estavam quebradas' (I saw the houses whose windows were broken), 'cujas' refers to 'casas' (houses) which is feminine plural, and it modifies 'janelas' (windows), indicating that the windows belong to the houses.
It's important to distinguish 'cujas' from its masculine plural counterpart 'cujos', its feminine singular form 'cuja', and its masculine singular form 'cujo'. All these forms agree with the noun they modify in terms of gender and number, but the possessor can be singular or plural, and masculine or feminine. The relative pronoun connects back to the antecedent that possesses the item being described.
You'll encounter 'cujas' in various contexts, from formal writing to everyday conversations, though its usage might be more prevalent in written or more structured speech. It adds a layer of grammatical elegance and precision that is highly valued in Portuguese.
Using 'cujas' correctly involves understanding its role as a connector and ensuring it agrees with the noun it describes in terms of possession. It typically follows the noun that it relates to, introducing a clause that provides more information about it. The antecedent, the noun that 'cujas' refers back to, can appear earlier in the sentence.
Let's break down the structure: [Noun (antecedent)] + [Verb/Preposition] + [Noun modified by 'cujas'] + cujas + [Possessed Noun] + [Rest of the clause]. However, the antecedent often comes before the main verb, and 'cujas' relates back to it. A more common structure is: [Noun (antecedent)] + [Verb] + [Noun modified by 'cujas'] + cujas + [Possessed Noun] + [Rest of the clause].
Consider the sentence: 'Encontrei as amigas, cujas ideias eram inovadoras.' (I met the friends, whose ideas were innovative.) Here, 'cujas' refers to 'amigas' (friends), which is feminine plural. It modifies 'ideias' (ideas), indicating that the ideas belong to the friends. The agreement is with 'ideias' (feminine plural) which is the possessed noun.
Another example: 'As empresas, cujas estratégias de marketing foram bem-sucedidas, expandiram seus negócios.' (The companies, whose marketing strategies were successful, expanded their businesses.) In this case, 'cujas' links back to 'empresas' (companies, feminine plural) and describes 'estratégias de marketing' (marketing strategies, feminine plural). The agreement is with 'estratégias'.
It's crucial to identify the noun that 'cujas' is referring *to* (the possessor) and the noun that is *being possessed*. 'Cujas' will agree in gender and number with the possessed noun. For example, if the possessed noun were masculine plural, you would use 'cujos'. If it were feminine singular, 'cuja', and masculine singular, 'cujo'.
When constructing sentences with 'cujas', pay close attention to the context. It's often used to avoid repetition and to create smoother, more elegant prose. Practice identifying the antecedent and the possessed noun to ensure correct agreement. Think of it as a sophisticated way to express 'belonging to' or 'related to' when dealing with feminine plural nouns.
While 'cujas' might sound formal, you will encounter it in various forms of communication, especially where precision and elegance in language are valued. Its usage is more common in written Portuguese than in casual spoken Portuguese, but it's not absent from speech.
Literature and Formal Writing: This is where 'cujas' shines. Authors use it extensively in novels, essays, and academic papers to create sophisticated sentence structures and to clearly define relationships between characters, objects, or concepts. For example, in a historical novel, you might read about 'as rainhas, cujas coroas eram adornadas com joias raras' (the queens, whose crowns were adorned with rare jewels).
News and Journalism: Reputable news outlets and journalistic pieces often employ 'cujas' to maintain a formal tone and provide detailed information. You might see it in articles discussing companies, organizations, or public figures: 'As ONGs, cujas campanhas de arrecadação de fundos foram bem-sucedidas, anunciaram novos projetos.' (The NGOs, whose fundraising campaigns were successful, announced new projects.)
Speeches and Presentations: In formal speeches, presentations, and lectures, speakers might use 'cujas' to sound more articulate and to convey complex ideas clearly. It's a tool for speakers who want to demonstrate a strong command of the language.
Academic Discussions: In university settings, during lectures or seminars, 'cujas' is frequently used by both professors and students in discussions about research, theories, or historical events. For instance, 'As teorias, cujas bases foram estabelecidas no século passado, ainda são relevantes hoje.' (The theories, whose foundations were laid last century, are still relevant today.)
Slightly More Formal Conversations: While less common in very casual chat among friends, you might hear 'cujas' in conversations among educated speakers or in discussions about specific topics where detailed descriptions are necessary. For example, discussing art collections: 'Vi as exposições, cujas obras de arte eram impressionantes.' (I saw the exhibitions, whose works of art were impressive.)
It's important to note that in very informal spoken Portuguese, people might opt for simpler phrasing, such as using 'de elas' (of them) or rephrasing the sentence entirely. However, mastering 'cujas' will significantly enhance your ability to understand and produce more complex and nuanced Portuguese.
Learners often stumble over the usage of possessive relative pronouns like 'cujas'. The primary challenge lies in correctly identifying the gender and number agreement, especially distinguishing between the possessor and the possessed item.
Mistake 1: Incorrect Agreement with the Possessor instead of the Possessed. A very common error is to make 'cujas' agree with the antecedent (the possessor) rather than the noun being possessed. Remember, 'cujas' agrees with the *feminine plural noun that is being possessed*. For example, saying 'As casas, cujos telhados estavam danificados...' is incorrect if 'telhados' (roofs) is the possessed item and it's masculine plural. The correct would be 'As casas, cujos telhados estavam danificados...' if 'telhados' is masculine plural. If you meant 'As casas, cujas paredes estavam danificadas...' then 'paredes' (walls) is feminine plural, so 'cujas' is correct. The confusion arises when the antecedent is feminine plural but the possessed noun is not.
Mistake 2: Confusing 'cujas' with other relative pronouns. Learners might use 'que' (that/which) or 'onde' (where) inappropriately when a possessive relationship is intended. For example, 'Vi as casas que as janelas estavam quebradas' is grammatically awkward and incorrect. The correct structure requires a possessive relative pronoun.
Mistake 3: Using the wrong gender or number. Forgetting that 'cujas' is specifically feminine plural can lead to errors. If the possessed noun is masculine plural ('cujos'), feminine singular ('cuja'), or masculine singular ('cujo'), then 'cujas' is the wrong choice. For instance, if you are talking about 'os livros' (the books, masculine plural) and their 'capas' (covers, feminine plural), you would use 'cujas capas', because 'capas' is feminine plural. But if you were talking about 'os livros' and their 'títulos' (titles, masculine plural), you would use 'cujos títulos'.
Mistake 4: Over-reliance on translation. Directly translating 'whose' from English might not always yield the correct Portuguese structure. While 'cujas' is the direct translation for feminine plural 'whose', the grammatical context in Portuguese requires careful attention to the agreement rules, which can differ from English.
Mistake 5: Not identifying the antecedent clearly. Sometimes, the antecedent might be implied or distant, making it hard to connect 'cujas' correctly. Always ensure there's a clear feminine plural noun that 'cujas' refers back to.
Understanding 'cujas' also involves knowing its counterparts and when alternative phrasing might be more appropriate. Portuguese has a set of possessive relative pronouns that all function similarly but agree in gender and number with the possessed noun.
- Cujo (masculine singular)
- Used when the possessed noun is masculine singular. Example: 'O homem, cujo carro foi roubado, registrou um boletim de ocorrência.' (The man, whose car was stolen, filed a police report.) Here, 'carro' is masculine singular.
- Cuja (feminine singular)
- Used when the possessed noun is feminine singular. Example: 'A mulher, cuja casa pegou fogo, está hospedada com parentes.' (The woman, whose house caught fire, is staying with relatives.) Here, 'casa' is feminine singular.
- Cujos (masculine plural)
- Used when the possessed noun is masculine plural. Example: 'Os alunos, cujos trabalhos foram elogiados, receberam certificados.' (The students, whose assignments were praised, received certificates.) Here, 'trabalhos' is masculine plural.
Alternatives to 'Cujas' (and its forms):
- 'De' + Possessive Pronoun (e.g., 'delas', 'deles')
- This is a common and often simpler alternative, especially in spoken Portuguese. Instead of 'As empresas, cujas estratégias...', you might say 'As empresas, as estratégias delas...' or 'As estratégias das empresas...'. This avoids the need for gender and number agreement with the relative pronoun itself, but can sometimes make sentences longer or less direct. Example: 'Vi as amigas, as ideias delas eram incríveis.' (I saw the friends, their ideas were incredible.) This is less formal than using 'cujas'.
- Rephrasing the sentence
- Often, sentences can be restructured to avoid the need for possessive relative pronouns altogether. This might involve using separate sentences or different grammatical constructions. For instance, instead of 'As candidatas, cujas qualificações eram impressionantes, foram selecionadas,' one could say 'As candidatas foram selecionadas. Suas qualificações eram impressionantes.' (The candidates were selected. Their qualifications were impressive.) This is typically more common in informal speech.
- 'Que' + Verb 'ter' or 'haver' (less common for possession)
- While 'que' is a general relative pronoun, it's not typically used for direct possession in the same way as 'cujas'. However, in some constructions, you might see phrasing that implies possession. This is generally less direct and less common than using 'cujas' or 'de + possessive pronoun'.
Mastering 'cujas' means understanding when it is the most precise and elegant choice, but also recognizing when simpler alternatives like 'de + possessive pronoun' or sentence rephrasing might be more suitable for the context and desired level of formality.
レベル別の例文
Vi as casas cujas janelas eram azuis.
I saw the houses whose windows were blue.
'Cujas' refers to 'casas' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'janelas' (feminine plural).
Conheci as professoras cujas aulas eram interessantes.
I met the teachers whose classes were interesting.
'Cujas' relates to 'professoras' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'aulas' (feminine plural).
As estudantes, cujas mochilas estavam pesadas, caminhavam lentamente.
The students (female), whose backpacks were heavy, were walking slowly.
'Cujas' refers to 'estudantes' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'mochilas' (feminine plural).
Ela tem muitas amigas cujas opiniões ela valoriza.
She has many friends whose opinions she values.
'Cujas' connects to 'amigas' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'opiniões' (feminine plural).
As árvores cujas flores caíram cobriram o chão.
The trees whose flowers fell covered the ground.
'Cujas' refers to 'árvores' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'flores' (feminine plural).
As histórias cujas tramas eram complexas me cativaram.
The stories whose plots were complex captivated me.
'Cujas' relates to 'histórias' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'tramas' (feminine plural).
As empresas cujas filiais estão no exterior cresceram.
The companies whose branches are abroad have grown.
'Cujas' connects to 'empresas' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'filiais' (feminine plural).
As meninas cujas mães eram médicas jogavam juntas.
The girls whose mothers were doctors played together.
'Cujas' refers to 'meninas' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'mães' (feminine plural).
As pinturas, cujas cores vibrantes transmitiam emoção, foram exibidas.
The paintings, whose vibrant colors conveyed emotion, were exhibited.
'Cujas' agrees with 'cores' (feminine plural), referring back to 'pinturas' (feminine plural).
As estratégias cujas implementações foram bem-sucedidas garantiram o sucesso.
The strategies whose implementations were successful ensured success.
'Cujas' refers to 'estratégias' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'implementações' (feminine plural).
As cartas cujas mensagens eram secretas foram interceptadas.
The letters whose messages were secret were intercepted.
'Cujas' connects to 'cartas' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'mensagens' (feminine plural).
As ideias cujas origens eram antigas foram redescobertas.
The ideas whose origins were ancient were rediscovered.
'Cujas' relates to 'ideias' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'origens' (feminine plural).
As reuniões cujas pautas foram extensas se prolongaram.
The meetings whose agendas were extensive dragged on.
'Cujas' refers to 'reuniões' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'pautas' (feminine plural).
As tecnologias cujas aplicações são diversas revolucionaram o mercado.
The technologies whose applications are diverse have revolutionized the market.
'Cujas' connects to 'tecnologias' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'aplicações' (feminine plural).
As provas cujas evidências eram fortes levaram à condenação.
The proofs whose evidence was strong led to conviction.
'Cujas' relates to 'provas' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'evidências' (feminine plural).
As construções cujas fundações eram sólidas resistiram ao tempo.
The constructions whose foundations were solid withstood time.
'Cujas' refers to 'construções' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'fundações' (feminine plural).
As obras literárias, cujas narrativas exploram a condição humana, permanecem relevantes.
The literary works, whose narratives explore the human condition, remain relevant.
'Cujas' agrees with 'narrativas' (feminine plural), referring back to 'obras literárias' (feminine plural).
As políticas públicas, cujas diretrizes visam a inclusão social, enfrentam desafios.
The public policies, whose guidelines aim for social inclusion, face challenges.
'Cujas' refers to 'políticas públicas' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'diretrizes' (feminine plural).
As expedições cujas descobertas ampliaram o conhecimento geográfico foram memoráveis.
The expeditions whose discoveries expanded geographical knowledge were memorable.
'Cujas' connects to 'expedições' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'descobertas' (feminine plural).
As espécies cujas características adaptativas são únicas atraem a atenção dos cientistas.
The species whose adaptive characteristics are unique attract scientists' attention.
'Cujas' relates to 'espécies' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'características adaptativas' (feminine plural).
As tradições cujas origens se perdem na história continuam a ser celebradas.
The traditions whose origins are lost in history continue to be celebrated.
'Cujas' refers to 'tradições' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'origens' (feminine plural).
As universidades cujas pesquisas impulsionam a inovação recebem mais financiamento.
The universities whose research drives innovation receive more funding.
'Cujas' connects to 'universidades' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'pesquisas' (feminine plural).
As leis cujas interpretações geram controvérsia são frequentemente debatidas.
The laws whose interpretations generate controversy are frequently debated.
'Cujas' relates to 'leis' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'interpretações' (feminine plural).
As paisagens cujas belezas naturais atraem turistas são protegidas.
The landscapes whose natural beauties attract tourists are protected.
'Cujas' refers to 'paisagens' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'belezas naturais' (feminine plural).
As metodologias de investigação, cujas premissas foram rigorosamente testadas, fundamentam novas teorias.
The research methodologies, whose premises were rigorously tested, form the basis of new theories.
'Cujas' agrees with 'premissas' (feminine plural), referring back to 'metodologias de investigação' (feminine plural).
As instituições financeiras, cujas práticas de gestão de risco são exemplares, inspiram confiança.
The financial institutions, whose risk management practices are exemplary, inspire confidence.
'Cujas' refers to 'instituições financeiras' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'práticas de gestão de risco' (feminine plural).
As revoluções industriais, cujas transformações redefiniram a sociedade, deixaram um legado duradouro.
The industrial revolutions, whose transformations redefined society, left a lasting legacy.
'Cujas' connects to 'revoluções industriais' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'transformações' (feminine plural).
As obras de arte, cujas composições desafiam a percepção convencional, provocam reflexão.
The works of art, whose compositions challenge conventional perception, provoke reflection.
'Cujas' relates to 'obras de arte' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'composições' (feminine plural).
As políticas ambientais, cujas metas ambiciosas visam a sustentabilidade, exigem cooperação global.
The environmental policies, whose ambitious goals aim for sustainability, require global cooperation.
'Cujas' refers to 'políticas ambientais' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'metas ambiciosas' (feminine plural).
As descobertas científicas, cujas implicações éticas são profundas, demandam debate.
The scientific discoveries, whose ethical implications are profound, demand debate.
'Cujas' connects to 'descobertas científicas' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'implicações éticas' (feminine plural).
As tradições culturais, cujas raízes se entrelaçam com a história, moldam a identidade.
The cultural traditions, whose roots intertwine with history, shape identity.
'Cujas' relates to 'tradições culturais' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'raízes' (feminine plural).
As estratégias de negociação, cujas táticas são sutis, requerem perspicácia.
The negotiation strategies, whose tactics are subtle, require insight.
'Cujas' refers to 'estratégias de negociação' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'táticas' (feminine plural).
As reformas educacionais, cujas ramificações socioeconômicas são extensas, foram objeto de intenso escrutínio.
The educational reforms, whose socioeconomic ramifications are extensive, were subjected to intense scrutiny.
'Cujas' agrees with 'ramificações socioeconômicas' (feminine plural), referring back to 'reformas educacionais' (feminine plural).
As filosofias existenciais, cujas premissas questionam a natureza da realidade, influenciaram a arte e a literatura.
The existential philosophies, whose premises question the nature of reality, influenced art and literature.
'Cujas' refers to 'filosofias existenciais' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'premissas' (feminine plural).
As crises hídricas, cujas causas multifacetadas exigem soluções integradas, representam um desafio global.
The water crises, whose multifaceted causes demand integrated solutions, represent a global challenge.
'Cujas' connects to 'crises hídricas' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'causas multifacetadas' (feminine plural).
As representações artísticas, cujas alegorias complexas evocam significados profundos, convidam à interpretação.
The artistic representations, whose complex allegories evoke profound meanings, invite interpretation.
'Cujas' relates to 'representações artísticas' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'alegorias complexas' (feminine plural).
As políticas monetárias, cujas repercussões na economia são significativas, são cuidadosamente calibradas.
The monetary policies, whose repercussions on the economy are significant, are carefully calibrated.
'Cujas' refers to 'políticas monetárias' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'repercussões' (feminine plural).
As obras arquitetônicas, cujas inovações estruturais redefiniram os padrões, são marcos históricos.
The architectural works, whose structural innovations redefined standards, are historical landmarks.
'Cujas' connects to 'obras arquitetônicas' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'inovações estruturais' (feminine plural).
As teorias cosmológicas, cujas hipóteses desafiam a compreensão humana, continuam a ser exploradas.
The cosmological theories, whose hypotheses challenge human understanding, continue to be explored.
'Cujas' relates to 'teorias cosmológicas' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'hipóteses' (feminine plural).
As narrativas épicas, cujas jornadas heroicas inspiram gerações, são atemporais.
The epic narratives, whose heroic journeys inspire generations, are timeless.
'Cujas' refers to 'narrativas épicas' (feminine plural) and agrees with 'jornadas heroicas' (feminine plural).
よく使う組み合わせ
よく使うフレーズ
— The houses whose windows. This phrase sets up a description of specific parts of the houses.
Eu vi as casas cujas janelas estavam pintadas de azul.
— The friends whose ideas. This highlights the intellectual contributions or thoughts of the friends.
As amigas cujas ideias eram inovadoras formaram um grupo de estudo.
— The companies whose strategies. This refers to the plans and approaches taken by the companies.
As empresas cujas estratégias de marketing foram bem-sucedidas aumentaram suas vendas.
— The teachers whose classes. This focuses on the teaching style or content of the teachers' lessons.
As professoras cujas aulas eram dinâmicas motivavam os alunos.
— The stories whose plots. This refers to the narrative structure or sequence of events within stories.
As histórias cujas tramas surpreenderam o público foram premiadas.
— The paintings whose colors. This emphasizes the visual aspect and palette of the artwork.
As pinturas cujas cores vibrantes chamavam a atenção foram vendidas rapidamente.
— The plants whose leaves. This describes specific parts of the plants.
As plantas cujas folhas são grandes precisam de muita luz.
— The theories whose foundations. This refers to the fundamental principles or origins of the theories.
As teorias cujas bases foram estabelecidas há muito tempo ainda são estudadas.
— The laws whose interpretations. This points to how legal texts are understood or applied.
As leis cujas interpretações são complexas exigem advogados especializados.
— The meetings whose agendas. This refers to the topics planned for discussion in the meetings.
As reuniões cujas pautas foram enviadas com antecedência foram mais produtivas.
慣用句と表現
— This is not a standard idiom. The phrase 'cujas barbas de molho' is grammatically incorrect and does not convey a recognized idiomatic meaning in Portuguese. It seems to be a misunderstanding or an invented phrase.
N/A (phrase is not standard)
N/A— This phrase implies that inanimate objects or abstract concepts have intentions, which is a form of personification. It's used metaphorically to suggest that the nature or purpose of something reveals its underlying 'intentions'.
As decisões políticas, cujas intenções nem sempre são claras, afetam a todos.
Figurative— This is a metaphorical expression suggesting that promises, statements, or words that were spoken were not kept or were forgotten, much like things carried away by the wind. It implies a lack of commitment or permanence.
As promessas do político, cujas palavras o vento levou, deixaram os eleitores desapontados.
Figurative— This is a figurative expression suggesting that a place, particularly a house, holds secrets or tells stories through its atmosphere, history, or the events that occurred within it. It implies that the environment itself is communicative.
A mansão antiga, a casa cujas paredes falam, guarda muitos mistérios.
Figurative— This phrase highlights the common phenomenon where rules, especially complex ones, often have exceptions. It suggests that the existence of exceptions is an inherent characteristic of the rules themselves.
As regras de trânsito, cujas exceções tornam a condução desafiadora, requerem atenção constante.
Descriptive— This is a poetic or figurative way of saying that time leaves visible signs or effects on things or people. It refers to the aging process or the changes brought about by the passage of time.
O rosto do ancião mostrava o tempo, cujas marcas contavam sua longa história.
Poetic/Figurative— This phrase refers to the outcomes of struggles or conflicts. It implies that even in victories, there are costs or consequences, or that the nature of the victory is defined by the effort and sacrifice involved.
As batalhas cujas vitórias foram conquistadas com grande sacrifício são as mais lembradas.
Figurative— This is a metaphorical expression suggesting that the origins or foundations of something (like an idea, a movement, or a person's character) are deep and fundamental, influencing its future growth and development.
As ideias revolucionárias, as sementes cujas raízes se aprofundaram na sociedade, mudaram o mundo.
Metaphorical— This phrase refers to the unpredictable nature of fortune or luck. It implies that luck can change, bringing good or bad outcomes, and that one should be prepared for its variability.
A vida é cheia de surpresas, com a sorte cujas voltas ninguém pode prever.
Figurative— This is a metaphorical expression referring to life choices or situations where one has to make decisions that lead to different outcomes or paths. It highlights the complexity and multiplicity of possibilities.
A juventude é um tempo de descobertas, com os caminhos cujas bifurcações levam a futuros incertos.
MetaphoricalSummary
Master 'cujas' by understanding its role as a feminine plural possessive relative pronoun that agrees with the possessed noun, crucial for sophisticated Portuguese expression.
- Cujas: Whose / Of which (feminine plural).
- Connects ideas, showing possession for feminine plural nouns.
- Agrees with the possessed noun (feminine plural).
- Used in formal contexts, literature, and academic writing.
関連コンテンツ
academicの関連語
a despeito de
A2〜にもかかわらず。非常にフォーマルな表現で、障害があるにもかかわらず何かが行われることを示します。
a fim
A2「〜するために」という意味の表現です。口語では「〜したい」や「〜に気がある」という意味になります。
a saber
A2すなわち；つまり。
a título de exemplo
A2「例として」を意味するフォーマルな表現です。学術的または専門的な文脈で使用されます。
abordagem
A2アプローチとは、物事への取り組み方、つまり使用される方法や戦略のことです。（アプローチは状況に対処する方法です。）
abordar
B1トピックや人に近づく、または取り組む。
abreviar
B1To shorten (a word, phrase, or text).
abreviatura
B1A shortened form of a word or phrase.
abstração
B1The quality of dealing with ideas rather than events.
abstracto
B1思考やアイデアとして存在するが、物理的または具体的な存在を持たないこと。
