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A2 preposition 10分で読める

dos

例文
解説 dos in your Level:
At the A1 level, learners are introduced to the fundamental concept of possession in Portuguese. Unlike English, which uses an apostrophe and an 's' (like 'the boys' books'), Portuguese uses the preposition 'de' (of) followed by the owner. When the owner is a plural masculine noun, such as 'os meninos' (the boys) or 'os professores' (the teachers), the preposition 'de' must combine with the article 'os'. This combination forms the word 'dos'. Therefore, to say 'the boys' books', you literally say 'the books of the boys', which translates to 'os livros dos meninos'. This contraction is mandatory in Portuguese; you cannot say 'de os'. Furthermore, 'dos' is used to express origin when someone or something comes from a masculine plural place, such as the United States. To say 'I am from the United States', you say 'Eu sou dos Estados Unidos'. Understanding 'dos' at this level is crucial for building simple sentences that describe who owns what and where people are from.
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At the A2 level, the use of 'dos' expands beyond simple possession and origin. Learners begin to encounter verbs that obligatorily require the preposition 'de' to connect to their objects. The most common example is the verb 'gostar' (to like). In Portuguese, you don't just like something; you like 'of' something. If you like specific masculine plural things, like 'the cars' (os carros), you must combine 'de' and 'os' to say 'Eu gosto dos carros'. Another frequent verb is 'precisar' (to need). If you need the documents, you say 'Eu preciso dos documentos'. At this stage, learners must actively practice gender and number agreement, ensuring they use 'dos' for masculine plural nouns, 'das' for feminine plural nouns, 'do' for masculine singular, and 'da' for feminine singular. Recognizing these patterns helps in forming more complex sentences and participating in everyday conversations about preferences, needs, and relationships.
At the B1 level, learners encounter 'dos' in more varied and nuanced contexts, including partitive constructions and idiomatic expressions. A partitive construction refers to a part of a whole. For example, 'um dos meus amigos' means 'one of my friends', and 'alguns dos livros' means 'some of the books'. Here, 'dos' is essential for establishing the group from which a subset is taken. Additionally, learners will see 'dos' used with adjectives functioning as nouns, such as 'o direito dos pobres' (the rights of the poor). Furthermore, 'dos' appears in time expressions and habitual actions, though 'aos' is more common for days of the week. You might hear 'no final dos anos 90' (at the end of the 90s). The automaticity of contracting 'de' + 'os' should be well established by this level, allowing learners to focus on the vocabulary and broader sentence structures rather than the mechanics of the contraction itself.
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At the B2 level, 'dos' is used fluidly in complex sentences, subordinate clauses, and formal writing. Learners will encounter 'dos' linking abstract concepts, such as 'a análise dos dados' (the analysis of the data) or 'o desenvolvimento dos projetos' (the development of the projects). It is frequently used in passive voice constructions or when describing agents of an action in a descriptive manner. At this stage, the distinction between using the definite article (dos) versus no article (de) becomes crucial for meaning. For instance, 'uma caixa de sapatos' means 'a shoebox' (a box for shoes, general), while 'a caixa dos sapatos' means 'the box of the shoes' (the specific box belonging to specific shoes). Mastering this distinction allows for precise and sophisticated communication, essential for academic and professional environments where clarity is paramount.
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At the C1 level, the use of 'dos' is entirely automatic, and learners can manipulate it within highly complex syntactic structures. It appears frequently in literature, academic papers, and formal discourse. For example, 'a mitigação dos impactos ambientais' (the mitigation of the environmental impacts). At this level, learners also understand the phonetic reductions of 'dos' in rapid, native speech, where the 'o' may become a 'u' sound and the 's' may assimilate to following consonants. They can easily parse long sentences where 'dos' connects multiple prepositional phrases, such as 'a influência dos pensadores dos séculos passados' (the influence of the thinkers of the past centuries). The focus is on stylistic choices, rhetorical devices, and ensuring that the use of articles aligns perfectly with the intended level of specificity and formality in advanced Portuguese writing and speaking.
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At the C2 level, learners possess a native-like mastery of 'dos', utilizing it flawlessly in all possible contexts, from the most colloquial slang to the highest registers of academic and literary Portuguese. They understand the historical evolution of the contraction from Latin ('de' + 'illos') and can appreciate its usage in classical Portuguese poetry and historical texts. They can effortlessly navigate sentences with multiple nested prepositional phrases without losing track of gender and number agreement. At this stage, 'dos' is not just a grammatical rule to be followed, but a natural, invisible hinge that holds the language together. The C2 speaker uses 'dos' to create rhythm and flow in their speech, intuitively knowing when to emphasize it and when to let it blend seamlessly into the surrounding words, demonstrating absolute fluency and command of the Portuguese language.
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例文
The Portuguese word 'dos' is a fundamental grammatical component that serves as a contraction between the preposition 'de' and the masculine plural definite article 'os'. In English, this translates most directly to 'of the' or 'from the' when referring to masculine plural nouns. Understanding this contraction is absolutely essential for anyone learning Portuguese, as it appears constantly in both written and spoken language. The preposition 'de' on its own indicates possession, origin, material, or relationship, much like the English words 'of' or 'from'. When the noun that follows is masculine and plural, Portuguese grammar strictly requires that the preposition 'de' and the article 'os' merge into the single word 'dos'. This is not optional; it is a mandatory contraction. For example, if you want to say 'the cars of the boys' (or 'the boys' cars'), you would say 'os carros dos meninos'. Here, 'meninos' is a masculine plural noun, so it requires the article 'os'. The possession requires 'de'. Together, they form 'dos'.

Os brinquedos dos cachorros estão na sala.

Another primary use of 'dos' is to indicate origin. When someone or something comes from a place that is masculine and plural, 'dos' is used. A classic example is the United States, which in Portuguese is 'os Estados Unidos'. If you are from the United States, you use the verb 'ser' (to be) followed by 'de' and the article 'os', resulting in 'dos'.

Eu sou dos Estados Unidos da América.

Possession
Indicates that something belongs to a masculine plural subject.
Origin
Indicates that someone or something originates from a masculine plural location.
Material or Composition
Describes what something is made of when the material is a plural masculine concept.
Beyond possession and origin, 'dos' is also used when describing characteristics or parts of a whole. For instance, 'um dos meus amigos' translates to 'one of my friends'. This partitive use is extremely common.

Ele é um dos melhores jogadores do time.

Furthermore, certain verbs in Portuguese intrinsically require the preposition 'de' to connect to their objects. Verbs like 'gostar' (to like), 'precisar' (to need), and 'lembrar-se' (to remember) are prime examples. When the object of these verbs is a specific masculine plural noun, the 'de' merges with the 'os' to form 'dos'. If you like the books, you say 'gosto dos livros'.

Nós precisamos dos documentos para a reunião.

Eles se lembraram dos velhos tempos.

In summary, mastering the word 'dos' unlocks a vast portion of basic and intermediate Portuguese grammar, allowing you to express possession, origin, and verb-object relationships with fluency and accuracy. It is a small word that carries significant grammatical weight.
Using 'dos' correctly in sentences requires a solid understanding of Portuguese noun gender and plurality. Because 'dos' contains the masculine plural article 'os', it can only ever be placed immediately before a masculine plural noun, or before adjectives that modify a masculine plural noun.
Before Nouns
The most common position is directly preceding the masculine plural noun it modifies.
Before Adjectives
If an adjective comes before the noun, 'dos' precedes the adjective.
With Pronouns
Used before possessive pronouns modifying masculine plural nouns.
Let us examine the structure of possession. In English, you often use an apostrophe 's' to show ownership, such as 'the teachers' lounge'. In Portuguese, this structure does not exist. Instead, you must reverse the order and use the preposition 'de'. You say 'the lounge of the teachers'. Since 'teachers' is 'professores' (masculine plural), you use 'dos'.

A sala dos professores fica no segundo andar.

Another critical application is with verbs that demand the preposition 'de'. The verb 'depender' (to depend) is followed by 'de'. If you depend on the results (os resultados), you merge 'de' + 'os' to form 'dos'.

Tudo depende dos resultados dos exames.

Notice in that sentence, 'dos' appears twice! 'Depende dos resultados' (depends on the results) and 'resultados dos exames' (results of the exams). This repetition is completely natural and expected in Portuguese. You will also use 'dos' heavily when talking about days of the week in a habitual sense, although this is more common with feminine days (das). However, for masculine words like 'sábados' (Saturdays) and 'domingos' (Sundays), you use 'aos' for 'on the', but 'dos' can be used to say 'from the'.

Ele participou dos eventos no final de semana.

A cor dos olhos dele é azul.

O sabor dos morangos está muito doce hoje.

Syntactically, 'dos' acts as a bridge linking a noun, verb, or adjective to a masculine plural noun phrase. It is a prepositional phrase initiator. By constantly practicing the 'de + os = dos' equation, your brain will start to automatically generate the contraction without needing to think about the individual components.
You will hear the word 'dos' absolutely everywhere Portuguese is spoken. Because it combines a fundamental preposition (of/from) with a fundamental article (the, masculine plural), it is practically impossible to have a conversation longer than a few sentences without encountering it. In everyday spoken Portuguese, 'dos' is used to talk about family, work, hobbies, and daily routines.
News and Media
Journalists use 'dos' constantly when reporting on groups of people, countries, or statistics.
Casual Conversation
Friends use it to talk about mutual acquaintances, sports teams, or shared experiences.
Academic Settings
Professors and students use it to discuss theories, authors, and historical events.

O presidente falou sobre os problemas dos cidadãos.

In sports broadcasts, commentators will talk about the performance 'dos jogadores' (of the players) or the strategy 'dos técnicos' (of the coaches). In cooking shows, chefs will discuss the flavor 'dos ingredientes' (of the ingredients).

O preço dos ingressos aumentou muito este ano.

Pronunciation variations are important to note. In Brazil, depending on the region, the 's' at the end of 'dos' might be pronounced as a standard 's' sound, a 'z' sound before vowels, or a 'sh' sound (like in Rio de Janeiro) before consonants or at the end of a phrase. In Portugal, the 's' is almost always pronounced as a 'sh' sound when followed by a consonant, and the 'o' is highly reduced.

A maioria dos brasileiros ama futebol.

Ele é fã dos filmes de ação.

O som dos pássaros é relaxante.

You will also find 'dos' in many geographical names and titles. For example, 'República dos Camarões' (Republic of Cameroon) or 'Senhor dos Anéis' (Lord of the Rings). Because it is a structural word, it does not have synonyms in the traditional sense; you cannot replace it with another word without changing the meaning or breaking grammatical rules. Immersion through listening to podcasts, watching movies, and reading books will quickly solidify your understanding of how naturally 'dos' flows in sentences.
Even though 'dos' is a straightforward contraction, English speakers often make predictable mistakes when learning Portuguese due to differences in grammatical structures. The most frequent error is failing to use the contraction altogether.
No Contraction
Saying 'de os' instead of 'dos'. This is grammatically incorrect in Portuguese.
Gender Confusion
Using 'dos' before a feminine plural noun instead of 'das'.
Number Confusion
Using 'dos' before a singular masculine noun instead of 'do'.

Eu gosto dos sapatos novos.

Another common mistake stems from the English apostrophe 's'. Because English says 'the boys' room', learners sometimes try to invent a possessive form or use 'de' without the article, saying 'o quarto de meninos'. While 'quarto de meninos' translates to 'a boys' room' (general, any boys), if you mean 'the room of the specific boys', you must say 'o quarto dos meninos'.

As chaves dos carros estão aqui.

Learners also struggle with verbs that require 'de'. In English, you say 'I like the dogs'. In Portuguese, 'gostar' requires 'de'. So, 'I like' = 'Eu gosto de'. 'The dogs' = 'os cachorros'. Combined: 'Eu gosto dos cachorros'. Forgetting the 'de' entirely and saying 'Eu gosto os cachorros' is a classic beginner mistake.

Ele precisa dos relatórios hoje.

Eles falaram mal dos vizinhos.

A culpa não é dos alunos.

Finally, be careful not to confuse 'dos' with 'dois' (the number two). In fast speech, 'dois' can sound similar to 'dos' to an untrained ear, especially in dialects that pluralize heavily. However, 'dois' is a number, and 'dos' is a prepositional contraction. Context will almost always make the distinction clear. By consciously practicing gender and number agreement, you will naturally eliminate these common mistakes and your Portuguese will sound much more authentic.
While 'dos' is a specific contraction with no direct synonyms, it belongs to a family of contractions formed by the preposition 'de'. Understanding 'dos' requires understanding its siblings: 'do', 'da', and 'das'. They all share the exact same grammatical function but adapt to the gender and number of the noun that follows them.
Do
Contraction of 'de' + 'o'. Used before masculine singular nouns. Example: O carro do menino (The boy's car).
Da
Contraction of 'de' + 'a'. Used before feminine singular nouns. Example: O carro da menina (The girl's car).
Das
Contraction of 'de' + 'as'. Used before feminine plural nouns. Example: O carro das meninas (The girls' car).

Esta é a casa dos meus pais.

In addition to definite articles, the preposition 'de' also contracts with demonstrative pronouns. For example, 'de' + 'estes' (these, masculine) becomes 'destes'. 'De' + 'aqueles' (those, masculine) becomes 'daqueles'. While 'destes' means 'of these' and 'dos' means 'of the', they function similarly in a sentence.

Eu não gosto dos quadros antigos.

O trabalho dos médicos é essencial.

As folhas dos cadernos estão rasgadas.

As opiniões dos especialistas variam muito.

When you are unsure whether to use 'dos', check two things: Is the following noun masculine? Is it plural? If both answers are yes, and the context requires 'of' or 'from', 'dos' is the correct choice. Mastering this matrix of contractions (do, da, dos, das, deste, desta, daquele, daquela) will instantly make your Portuguese sound native and grammatically sound, as these are the basic building blocks of complex sentences.
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レベル別の例文

1

Os livros dos meninos estão na mesa.

The boys' books are on the table.

Shows basic possession using dos (de + os).

2

Eu sou dos Estados Unidos.

I am from the United States.

Shows origin with a plural masculine country name.

3

A cor dos olhos dele é azul.

The color of his eyes is blue.

Describing a physical trait using dos.

4

Os brinquedos dos cachorros são novos.

The dogs' toys are new.

Possession with animals.

5

O quarto dos meus irmãos é grande.

My brothers' room is big.

Possession with family members.

6

Eu gosto dos dias ensolarados.

I like sunny days.

Using gostar de + os = dos.

7

O pai dos alunos chegou.

The students' father arrived.

Possession with people.

8

As chaves dos carros estão ali.

The cars' keys are over there.

Possession with objects.

1

Nós precisamos dos documentos agora.

We need the documents now.

Verb precisar requires de + os = dos.

2

Ele é um dos meus melhores amigos.

He is one of my best friends.

Partitive use (one of the).

3

Eles falaram dos problemas no trabalho.

They talked about the problems at work.

Falar de + os = falar dos (talk about).

4

O preço dos ingressos é alto.

The price of the tickets is high.

Linking a noun to a specific plural noun.

5

Eu me lembro dos velhos tempos.

I remember the old times.

Lembrar-se de + os = dos.

6

Ela cuida dos animais doentes.

She takes care of the sick animals.

Cuidar de + os = dos.

7

O sabor dos morangos está ótimo.

The taste of the strawberries is great.

Describing a quality of a specific plural item.

8

Alguns dos convidados já chegaram.

Some of the guests have already arrived.

Partitive use with alguns.

1

A maioria dos brasileiros gosta de futebol.

Most Brazilians like soccer.

A maioria de + os = a maioria dos.

2

O sucesso do projeto depende dos funcionários.

The project's success depends on the employees.

Depender de + os = dos.

3

Ele participou dos eventos no fim de semana.

He participated in the events over the weekend.

Participar de + os = dos.

4

Temos que tratar dos assuntos pendentes.

We have to deal with the pending issues.

Tratar de + os = dos.

5

O barulho dos carros não me deixa dormir.

The noise of the cars doesn't let me sleep.

Linking noun to specific plural noun.

6

Eles riram dos meus erros.

They laughed at my mistakes.

Rir de + os = rir dos.

7

A construção dos prédios atrasou.

The construction of the buildings was delayed.

Describing the object of an action.

8

Nenhum dos candidatos foi aprovado.

None of the candidates was approved.

Partitive use with nenhum.

1

A análise dos dados revelou tendências interessantes.

The analysis of the data revealed interesting trends.

Formal linking of abstract nouns.

2

O aumento dos impostos gerou muita polêmica.

The increase in taxes generated much controversy.

Linking abstract concepts.

3

Ele abriu mão dos seus direitos.

He gave up his rights.

Fixed expression: abrir mão de.

4

A preservação dos recursos naturais é vital.

The preservation of natural resources is vital.

Formal academic/environmental context.

5

Estou ciente dos riscos envolvidos.

I am aware of the risks involved.

Adjective ciente requires de.

6

Apesar dos esforços, falhamos.

Despite the efforts, we failed.

Apesar de + os = apesar dos.

7

O controle dos gastos públicos deve ser rigoroso.

The control of public spending must be strict.

Financial/formal vocabulary.

8

Ele foi absolvido dos crimes.

He was acquitted of the crimes.

Legal terminology with absolver de.

1

A mitigação dos impactos ambientais é uma prioridade governamental.

The mitigation of environmental impacts is a government priority.

Advanced academic phrasing.

2

O declínio dos impérios antigos oferece lições valiosas.

The decline of ancient empires offers valuable lessons.

Historical and literary context.

3

A complexidade dos algoritmos modernos é fascinante.

The complexity of modern algorithms is fascinating.

Technical and scientific context.

4

Em virtude dos acontecimentos recentes, a reunião foi cancelada.

By virtue of recent events, the meeting was canceled.

Formal prepositional phrase: em virtude de.

5

A alocação dos recursos foi feita de forma equitativa.

The allocation of resources was done equitably.

Administrative terminology.

6

Ele se esquivou das perguntas, mas não dos olhares.

He dodged the questions, but not the stares.

Esquivar-se de + os = dos.

7

A fluidez dos pensamentos dele é notável.

The fluidity of his thoughts is remarkable.

Literary description.

8

O advento dos computadores revolucionou a sociedade.

The advent of computers revolutionized society.

Historical terminology.

1

A insondável profundidade dos oceanos ainda guarda muitos mistérios.

The unfathomable depth of the oceans still holds many mysteries.

Highly literary and descriptive.

2

A despeito dos pesares, a vida segue seu curso inexorável.

Despite the sorrows, life follows its inexorable course.

Poetic and advanced idiomatic usage.

3

A exacerbação dos ânimos culminou em um conflito aberto.

The exacerbation of tempers culminated in an open conflict.

Advanced vocabulary and syntax.

4

A proliferação dos meios de comunicação de massa alterou paradigmas.

The proliferation of mass media altered paradigms.

Sociological and academic discourse.

5

Fez-se um silêncio sepulcral, pontuado apenas pelo tiquetaque dos relógios.

A sepulchral silence fell, punctuated only by the ticking of the clocks.

Literary scene setting.

6

A idiossincrasia dos costumes locais fascina os antropólogos.

The idiosyncrasy of local customs fascinates anthropologists.

Highly specialized vocabulary.

7

A concatenação dos fatos levou o júri a um veredito unânime.

The concatenation of facts led the jury to a unanimous verdict.

Legal and logical discourse.

8

O resgate dos valores tradicionais permeia a obra do autor.

The rescue of traditional values permeates the author's work.

Literary criticism context.

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