em face de 30秒で
- Formal phrase: 'em face de' means facing a challenge or considering something important.
- Used in formal writing, speeches, and serious discussions.
- Translates to 'in the face of', 'considering', 'in view of'.
- Avoid in casual conversation; use simpler alternatives.
- Core Meaning
- The Portuguese phrase 'em face de' is a formal and somewhat literary way to express being confronted with a situation, obstacle, or challenge. It signifies facing something directly, often implying a degree of difficulty or seriousness. It can also mean 'considering' or 'in view of' when making a decision or assessment.
- Usage Context
- You'll typically encounter 'em face de' in more formal writing, speeches, or discussions. It's not something you'd commonly hear in casual, everyday conversation among friends, where simpler alternatives might be preferred. It lends a sense of gravity and thoughtfulness to the statement.
- Nuance of Confrontation
- The phrase inherently suggests that what is being faced is significant. It's not just about seeing something; it's about being presented with it in a way that requires a response or consideration. Think of it as standing before something that demands your attention or reaction.
- Decision-Making Aspect
- When used in the sense of 'considering' or 'in view of,' 'em face de' implies that the factors mentioned are crucial elements taken into account before a decision is made or a judgment is passed. It highlights the importance of these factors in the subsequent action or thought process.
Sentence em face de the difficult economic situation, the company had to make tough choices.
Sentence em face de the evidence presented, the jury found the defendant not guilty.
- Formal Tone
- The use of 'em face de' elevates the tone of a sentence, making it sound more formal and considered. It's a marker of more sophisticated Portuguese.
- Implied Action or Reaction
- When you see 'em face de,' anticipate that the sentence will describe a reaction, a decision, or a consequence that arises from the situation presented.
Sentence em face de these challenges, we must remain optimistic.
The phrase 'em face de' functions as a prepositional phrase, introducing a noun or noun phrase that represents the situation, challenge, or consideration. It typically appears at the beginning of a clause or sentence, setting the context for what follows. It's a versatile phrase that can be used in various contexts, from legal and political discourse to academic writing and formal reports.
- Structure
- The most common structure is: Em face de + [noun/noun phrase] + [main clause]. The noun phrase following 'em face de' is usually the subject of consideration or the challenge being confronted.
- Examples of Usage
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- Em face de a crise financeira, o governo implementou novas medidas econômicas. (In the face of the financial crisis, the government implemented new economic measures.)
- Em face de tantas opiniões divergentes, o comitê decidiu adiar a votação. (Considering so many diverging opinions, the committee decided to postpone the vote.)
- O atleta demonstrou grande coragem em face de adversidades. (The athlete showed great courage in the face of adversity.)
- Em face de novas evidências, o caso foi reaberto. (In view of new evidence, the case was reopened.)
- A empresa teve que reavaliar sua estratégia em face de mudanças no mercado. (The company had to re-evaluate its strategy in the face of market changes.)
- Connecting to the Main Clause
- The main clause that follows 'em face de' describes the action taken, the decision made, or the state of being that results from the situation presented. It's the consequence or reaction to what is being faced.
- Variations in Meaning
- While the core meaning revolves around facing something, the specific nuance can shift. It can imply:
- Confrontation: Facing a direct challenge or obstacle.
- Consideration: Taking factors into account for a decision.
- In view of: Based on the information or circumstances.
Sentence Em face de the risks involved, the project was put on hold.
Sentence Em face de the unanimous decision of the board, the CEO resigned.
While not a staple of everyday casual chat, 'em face de' is quite prevalent in specific registers of Portuguese. Understanding these contexts will help you recognize its usage and appreciate its impact.
- Formal Writing and Academic Discourse
- This is perhaps the most common arena for 'em face de'. You'll find it frequently in:
- Essays and Research Papers: When authors discuss challenges, limitations, or the rationale behind their methodology. For example, 'Em face de a complexidade do problema, optou-se por uma abordagem multidisciplinar.' (In the face of the complexity of the problem, a multidisciplinary approach was chosen.)
- Legal Documents: In court rulings, legal arguments, or contracts, where precise language is crucial for outlining situations and their consequences. For instance, 'Em face de as provas apresentadas, o juiz proferiu a sentença.' (In view of the evidence presented, the judge delivered the sentence.)
- Political Speeches and Debates: Leaders and politicians often use this phrase to frame issues and justify their actions or policies. 'Em face de a crise econômica, o governo anunciou um pacote de medidas de estímulo.' (In the face of the economic crisis, the government announced a package of stimulus measures.)
- News Reporting and Journalism
- Serious news reporting, especially concerning significant events, economic analyses, or political developments, often employs 'em face de' to add a layer of formality and emphasize the gravity of the situation being reported. For example, 'Em face de o aumento da inflação, os consumidores estão preocupados.' (In the face of rising inflation, consumers are worried.)
- Business and Economic Contexts
- In formal business communications, reports, and analyses, 'em face de' is used to discuss challenges, market shifts, or strategic decisions. 'Em face de a concorrência acirrada, a empresa buscou inovar em seus produtos.' (In the face of fierce competition, the company sought to innovate its products.)
- Literature and Formal Literature
- In novels, poetry, and more literary works, 'em face de' can be used to create a specific tone or to emphasize a character's internal or external struggles. It adds a touch of gravitas and often a sense of destiny or unavoidable confrontation.
Sentence Em face de the impending storm, all flights were canceled.
Sentence Em face de the ethical dilemma, she chose the path of integrity.
While 'em face de' is a valuable phrase, learners can sometimes misuse it or misunderstand its nuances. Here are some common pitfalls to watch out for:
- Overuse in Casual Conversation
- Mistake: Using 'em face de' in everyday, informal chat. For instance, saying 'Em face de a chuva, vamos ficar em casa' to a friend. While understandable, it sounds overly formal and a bit unnatural.
Correct Usage: Reserve 'em face de' for more formal contexts like writing, official speeches, or academic discussions. In casual settings, use simpler phrases like 'por causa da' (because of the), 'com a' (with the), or 'diante da' (in front of the - though 'diante de' is also somewhat formal, 'em face de' is generally more so). - Incorrect Preposition Usage
- Mistake: Forgetting that 'em face de' requires a preposition (usually 'a' or 'de' depending on the following noun's gender and number) after 'de', or not accounting for contractions. For example, 'em face de o problema' instead of 'em face do problema'.
Correct Usage: Always ensure the correct contraction or preposition is used after 'de'. 'Em face de + o' becomes 'em face do', 'em face de + a' becomes 'em face da', 'em face de + os' becomes 'em face dos', and 'em face de + as' becomes 'em face das'. - Confusing with 'na cara de' or 'à face de'
- Mistake: Confusing 'em face de' with similar-sounding phrases that have different meanings. 'Na cara de' literally means 'in the face of' someone (as in, directly confronting them) or 'on the face of' something. 'À face de' can mean 'in view of' or 'with regard to', and is also quite formal.
Correct Usage: 'Em face de' specifically refers to confronting a situation, challenge, or considering circumstances. 'Na cara de' is more about direct physical presence or confrontation. 'À face de' is a less common but related formal alternative. Context is key. - Literal Translation Attempts
- Mistake: Trying to translate 'em face de' too literally into English and expecting a direct equivalent in every context. While 'in the face of' is a good translation, it doesn't capture all the nuances of 'considering' or 'in view of'.
Correct Usage: Understand that 'em face de' is an idiomatic expression in Portuguese. Its meaning is best grasped through context and by considering its English equivalents like 'in the face of', 'considering', 'given', 'faced with', or 'in view of', depending on the specific situation. - Ignoring the 'de'
- Mistake: Omitting the 'de' and just saying 'em face'. This is grammatically incorrect and changes the meaning entirely.
Correct Usage: The 'de' is an integral part of the prepositional phrase 'em face de'. It's always required.
Sentence Em face de the unexpected results, the researchers decided to conduct further studies.
Sentence Em face de the complexity, the explanation was simplified.
While 'em face de' offers a specific formal tone, Portuguese provides several alternatives depending on the desired nuance and register. Understanding these alternatives will help you choose the most appropriate phrase for your communication.
- Diante de
- Meaning: 'In front of', 'facing', 'given'.
Comparison: 'Diante de' is also formal and can be used interchangeably with 'em face de' in many contexts, particularly when referring to facing a situation or challenge. It often carries a slightly more literal sense of 'in front of'.
Example: 'Diante da crise, o governo agiu.' (Facing the crisis, the government acted.) vs. 'Em face da crise, o governo agiu.' - Considerando
- Meaning: 'Considering', 'taking into account'.
Comparison: This is a direct alternative when 'em face de' is used to mean 'considering' or 'in view of'. 'Considerando' is generally less formal than 'em face de' and is very common in decision-making contexts.
Example: 'Considerando os custos, a proposta foi rejeitada.' (Considering the costs, the proposal was rejected.) vs. 'Em face dos custos, a proposta foi rejeitada.' - Em vista de
- Meaning: 'In view of', 'because of'.
Comparison: Similar to 'considerando', 'em vista de' is used when the preceding situation is the reason for the subsequent action. It's formal but perhaps slightly more common than 'em face de' for this specific nuance.
Example: 'Em vista de o mau tempo, o evento foi cancelado.' (In view of the bad weather, the event was canceled.) vs. 'Em face do mau tempo, o evento foi cancelado.' - Diante da situação
- Meaning: 'Faced with the situation'.
Comparison: This is a more specific phrase that often replaces 'em face de' when the context is clearly about a particular 'situation'. It's also formal.
Example: 'Diante da situação atual, precisamos ser cautelosos.' (Faced with the current situation, we need to be cautious.) - Por causa de / Devido a
- Meaning: 'Because of', 'due to'.
Comparison: These are much more common and less formal alternatives, suitable for most contexts where 'em face de' might be used to imply a cause. They focus purely on the causal link.
Example: 'Por causa da chuva, o jogo foi adiado.' (Because of the rain, the game was postponed.) This is more common than 'Em face da chuva, o jogo foi adiado.' - Na presença de
- Meaning: 'In the presence of'.
Comparison: This phrase is used when someone or something is physically present, rather than facing a situation or considering circumstances. It's not a direct substitute for 'em face de' in its primary meaning.
Example: 'O documento deve ser assinado na presença de duas testemunhas.' (The document must be signed in the presence of two witnesses.)
Sentence Em face de the growing concerns, the committee decided to review the policy.
Sentence Em face de the obstacles, perseverance is key.
How Formal Is It?
豆知識
The word 'face' itself has a rich history, evolving from the Latin 'facies' to refer not only to the front of the head but also to the outward appearance or surface of something, which is key to the figurative meaning of 'em face de'. It also shares roots with words like 'facade' and 'fact'.
発音ガイド
- Pronouncing 'em' as a clear 'em' (like in 'them') instead of a nasal vowel.
- Incorrectly stressing the 'de' syllable.
- Not linking the sounds smoothly, making it sound like three separate words.
難易度
At the B2 level, learners should be able to comprehend 'em face de' when encountered in reading materials, particularly in formal texts like news articles, academic papers, or literature. Understanding its nuance and precise meaning requires careful attention to context.
Learners at B2 can begin to incorporate 'em face de' into their own writing, especially for assignments or communications that require a formal tone. However, overuse or misuse can occur, so practice and awareness of context are crucial.
While 'em face de' is less common in spontaneous, informal speech, B2 learners might use it in prepared speeches, presentations, or more formal discussions. Natural integration into casual conversation is unlikely and not recommended.
Recognizing 'em face de' in spoken Portuguese is important for understanding formal discourse, such as news broadcasts, lectures, or formal debates. Its distinct pronunciation and formal context should help learners identify it.
次に学ぶべきこと
前提知識
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知っておくべき文法
Contractions of prepositions with articles
The preposition 'de' in 'em face de' contracts with the definite articles 'o', 'a', 'os', 'as' to form 'do', 'da', 'dos', 'das' respectively. Example: 'em face de o problema' becomes 'em face do problema'.
Use of infinitives after prepositions
While 'em face de' is followed by nouns, other phrases might use infinitives. For example, 'em vez de' (instead of) can be followed by an infinitive: 'Em vez de estudar, ele foi ao cinema'.
Formal vs. Informal registers
'Em face de' is formal. In informal speech, alternatives like 'por causa de' or 'com' might be used. Example: Formal: 'Em face da chuva, o jogo foi cancelado.' Informal: 'Por causa da chuva, o jogo foi cancelado.'
Prepositional phrases as adverbs
'Em face de' functions as an adverbial phrase, modifying the main clause by providing context about the circumstances under which the action occurs.
Agreement in Portuguese
While 'em face de' itself doesn't change, the nouns and articles following it must agree in gender and number. Example: 'Em face da crise' (feminine singular), 'Em face dos desafios' (masculine plural).
レベル別の例文
A criança olhou para a bola grande.
The child looked at the big ball.
Simple sentence structure, focuses on basic nouns and verbs.
Ele comeu a maçã.
He ate the apple.
Basic past tense verb and common noun.
Nós vamos ao parque.
We are going to the park.
Present continuous for future action, common destination.
Eu gosto de cachorro.
I like dogs.
Expressing likes with common animals.
A casa é pequena.
The house is small.
Basic adjective describing a common object.
Onde está o banheiro?
Where is the bathroom?
Essential question for basic needs.
Ela fala um pouco de português.
She speaks a little Portuguese.
Indicating partial language ability.
O trem chega às cinco.
The train arrives at five.
Expressing time with common transportation.
Em face da chuva, decidimos ficar em casa.
In the face of the rain, we decided to stay home.
Introduces a simple cause-and-effect scenario using 'em face de'.
Considerando os custos, a viagem foi cancelada.
Considering the costs, the trip was canceled.
Uses 'considerando' to explain a decision based on a factor.
Diante de tantas opções, foi difícil escolher.
Faced with so many options, it was difficult to choose.
Uses 'diante de' to express facing a multitude of choices.
Em vista do feriado, o comércio estará fechado.
In view of the holiday, the shops will be closed.
Uses 'em vista de' to state a reason for closure.
A empresa reavaliou sua estratégia em face da nova concorrência.
The company re-evaluated its strategy in the face of new competition.
Applies 'em face de' to a business context involving competition.
Ele agiu com calma em face do perigo.
He acted calmly in the face of danger.
Demonstrates 'em face de' used with an abstract noun like 'danger'.
Em face da crise econômica, o governo propôs ajuda.
In the face of the economic crisis, the government proposed aid.
A common use in news or political contexts.
Tivemos que tomar uma decisão em face de informações limitadas.
We had to make a decision in the face of limited information.
Highlights 'em face de' in a decision-making process with constraints.
Em face de evidências contundentes, o acusado confessou o crime.
In the face of compelling evidence, the accused confessed to the crime.
Formal legal context, uses 'contundentes' (compelling) to describe evidence.
A organização teve que reestruturar suas operações em face de cortes orçamentários severos.
The organization had to restructure its operations in the face of severe budget cuts.
Business context, emphasizes the severity of the challenge.
Em face de um cenário político instável, os investidores demonstraram cautela.
In the face of an unstable political scenario, investors showed caution.
Economic/political context, using 'instável' (unstable) and 'cautela' (caution).
O pesquisador apresentou seus achados em face de críticas acadêmicas.
The researcher presented his findings in the face of academic criticism.
Academic context, dealing with criticism.
Em face de tanta pressão, ela manteve a compostura.
In the face of so much pressure, she maintained her composure.
Focuses on personal resilience when facing pressure.
A decisão foi tomada em face de informações contraditórias.
The decision was made in the face of contradictory information.
Decision-making process with conflicting data.
Em face de um futuro incerto, a cooperação tornou-se essencial.
In the face of an uncertain future, cooperation became essential.
Abstract concept of an uncertain future requiring collaboration.
Os bombeiros atuaram com bravura em face das chamas intensas.
The firefighters acted with bravery in the face of intense flames.
Heroic actions in a dangerous situation.
Em face da obsolescência tecnológica iminente, a empresa investiu pesadamente em pesquisa e desenvolvimento.
In the face of imminent technological obsolescence, the company invested heavily in research and development.
Sophisticated vocabulary ('obsolescência tecnológica iminente') and formal financial action.
O diplomata navegou habilmente as complexidades geopolíticas em face de um cenário internacional volátil.
The diplomat skillfully navigated the geopolitical complexities in the face of a volatile international scenario.
Uses abstract concepts ('geopolíticas', 'volátil') and advanced verbs ('navegou habilmente').
Em face de uma crise existencial, a filosofia busca oferecer respostas para as grandes questões da humanidade.
In the face of an existential crisis, philosophy seeks to offer answers to the great questions of humanity.
Philosophical context, addressing profound human concerns.
A resiliência humana manifesta-se de forma notável em face de adversidades extremas.
Human resilience manifests remarkably in the face of extreme adversity.
Abstract concept of resilience, elevated vocabulary ('manifesta-se', 'notável').
Em face de um dilema ético de tal magnitude, a ponderação cuidadosa de todos os fatores torna-se imperativa.
In the face of an ethical dilemma of such magnitude, careful consideration of all factors becomes imperative.
High-level ethical discussion, using words like 'magnitude' and 'imperativa'.
A arte contemporânea frequentemente explora a condição humana em face de um mundo em constante transformação.
Contemporary art frequently explores the human condition in the face of a world in constant transformation.
Artistic and philosophical context, dealing with societal change.
Em face de um legado histórico complexo, a nação busca reconciliação e progresso.
In the face of a complex historical legacy, the nation seeks reconciliation and progress.
Historical and political context, focusing on societal healing.
O cientista teve que recalibrar seus experimentos em face de resultados anômalos inesperados.
The scientist had to recalibrate his experiments in the face of unexpected anomalous results.
Scientific context, dealing with unexpected data ('anômalos').
Em face da entropia inerente ao universo, a busca por ordem e significado torna-se um imperativo existencial.
In the face of the inherent entropy of the universe, the search for order and meaning becomes an existential imperative.
Highly abstract and philosophical language, exploring fundamental concepts.
O jurista argumentou que a interpretação da lei, em face de precedentes conflitantes, exigia uma análise jurisprudencial minuciosa.
The jurist argued that the interpretation of the law, in the face of conflicting precedents, required a meticulous jurisprudential analysis.
Specialized legal terminology ('jurisprudencial', 'precedentes conflitantes').
Em face da pulsante e multifacetada natureza da consciência humana, a neurociência desvela camadas de complexidade que desafiam a categorização simplista.
In the face of the pulsating and multifaceted nature of human consciousness, neuroscience unveils layers of complexity that defy simplistic categorization.
Advanced scientific and philosophical concepts ('pulsante', 'multifacetada', 'desvela').
O historiador analisou a ascensão e queda de impérios em face de ciclos recorrentes de inovação e estagnação social.
The historian analyzed the rise and fall of empires in the face of recurring cycles of innovation and social stagnation.
Historical analysis with cyclical patterns ('recorrentes', 'estagnação').
Em face de um paradigma científico em transição, o ceticismo metodológico torna-se uma ferramenta indispensável para a validação do conhecimento.
In the face of a transitioning scientific paradigm, methodological skepticism becomes an indispensable tool for knowledge validation.
Epistemological and scientific methodology ('paradigma', 'ceticismo metodológico').
A crítica literária contemporânea se debruça sobre a intertextualidade das obras em face de um cânone em constante redefinição.
Contemporary literary criticism focuses on the intertextuality of works in the face of a constantly redefining canon.
Advanced literary theory ('intertextualidade', 'cânone').
Em face da inexorabilidade do tempo, a arte se propõe a capturar o efêmero e eternizar o momento.
In the face of the inevitability of time, art proposes to capture the ephemeral and eternalize the moment.
Poetic and philosophical reflection on time and art ('inexorabilidade', 'efêmero').
O filósofo existencialista explorou a angústia humana em face da liberdade radical e da responsabilidade inerente a ela.
The existentialist philosopher explored human anguish in the face of radical freedom and the inherent responsibility that comes with it.
Existentialist philosophy ('angústia', 'liberdade radical').
よく使う組み合わせ
よく使うフレーズ
— When confronting difficulties or misfortune.
A equipe mostrou grande espírito em face da adversidade, vencendo o jogo.
— When confronting the actual situation or facts.
Temos que aceitar a realidade em face de a realidade, por mais dura que seja.
— When faced with a specific issue or difficulty.
Em face do problema, os engenheiros buscaram uma solução inovadora.
— When acting in accordance with or in confrontation with legal principles.
O advogado argumentou em face da lei para defender seu cliente.
— Considering the overall situation or outlook.
Em face do cenário econômico atual, a cautela é recomendada.
— When confronted directly with the truth.
Em face de a verdade irrefutável, ele confessou seus atos.
— When faced with an immediate and pressing need.
Em face da urgência, a equipe médica agiu rapidamente.
— When encountering something unexpected.
Em face do imprevisto, a capacidade de adaptação foi crucial.
— When facing a difficult task or obstacle.
Em face do desafio, os atletas treinaram intensamente.
— When considering or responding to a decision that has been made.
Em face da decisão judicial, a empresa teve que mudar sua política.
よく混同される語
'Na cara de' means 'in someone's face' literally or figuratively, often implying direct confrontation or lack of respect. 'Em face de' refers to confronting a situation or considering circumstances, not a person directly in that way.
This phrase can mean 'in view of' or 'against'. It's a formal alternative that sometimes overlaps with 'em face de', particularly in legal contexts, but 'em face de' is more common for expressing confrontation with a situation.
'Em frente a' means 'in front of' in a spatial sense. It describes physical location, not the act of facing or considering a situation or challenge.
慣用句と表現
— To look someone directly in the eye, often implying honesty, challenge, or confrontation. It's about direct visual engagement.
Ele teve a coragem de olhar o chefe em face e pedir um aumento.
Neutral to Formal— To be surprised, shocked, or taken aback. It's an informal expression.
Quando ele viu o preço, ficou de cara!
Informal— To take responsibility for something, to put oneself on the line, to face criticism or blame head-on.
Ele deu a cara a tapa para defender seus colegas.
Informal— Face to face; directly confronting or interacting with someone.
Precisamos resolver isso cara a cara.
Neutral— Given all of this; considering everything that has happened or been said. It's a concluding phrase that summarizes the context.
Em face de tudo isso, decidi que era hora de mudar de rumo.
Formal— To fail, to be rejected, or to encounter a setback. It implies hitting a wall or failing to achieve something.
Ele tentou entrar na universidade, mas deu com a cara.
Informal— To be shameless, brazen, or impudent. To do something wrong without showing any remorse or embarrassment.
Ele mentiu sem ter cara de pau nenhuma.
Informal— To make a disgusted or displeased face; to frown.
Quando provou a comida, fez cara feia.
Neutral— In the face of danger. This is a direct application of the phrase in a challenging situation.
O soldado agiu com bravura em face de perigo iminente.
Formal— This phrase means 'in view of', 'with regard to', or 'against'. It's a formal alternative, sometimes interchangeable with 'em face de' depending on context, particularly in legal or official documents.
À face do que foi apresentado, a proposta foi aceita.
Formal間違えやすい
Both 'em face de' and 'diante de' are formal and can mean 'faced with' or 'in the face of'.
'Diante de' can sometimes have a more literal spatial meaning of 'in front of'. While 'em face de' also implies facing something, it more strongly suggests confronting a situation, challenge, or considering factors. In many formal contexts, they are interchangeable, but 'em face de' often carries a slightly stronger sense of dealing with a significant issue.
Em face da crise, o governo agiu. (Focus on confronting the crisis). Diante da crise, o governo agiu. (Slightly more emphasis on the government being 'before' or 'in the presence of' the crisis).
When 'em face de' is used to mean 'taking into account', it can be confused with 'considerando'.
'Em face de' often implies facing a challenge or a situation that requires a response, carrying a sense of confrontation or seriousness. 'Considerando' is more about the act of thinking about or taking factors into account, often for decision-making, and is generally less intense than 'em face de'.
Em face do perigo, ele recuou. (He confronted the danger and backed away). Considerando o perigo, ele recuou. (He thought about the danger and decided to back away).
Both phrases can indicate a reason or basis for an action.
'Em vista de' primarily means 'in view of' or 'because of', focusing on the reason or cause. 'Em face de' implies a more direct confrontation or engagement with the situation that serves as the reason. 'Em face de' often suggests a more active or reactive stance.
Em vista do mau tempo, o evento foi cancelado. (The bad weather was the reason). Em face do mau tempo, o evento foi cancelado. (More emphasis on the event being exposed to or confronted by the bad weather).
Both are formal and can imply being in front of or confronted by something.
'Perante' often implies being before an authority, a public audience, or in a formal setting where one must present oneself or something. It can mean 'before' or 'in the presence of'. 'Em face de' is more about confronting a situation or challenge itself, rather than presenting oneself before it.
Ele se apresentou perante o tribunal. (He presented himself before the court). Em face da decisão do tribunal, ele teve que agir. (He had to respond to the court's decision).
Similar to 'diante de' and 'em face de', 'ante' is formal and can mean 'before' or 'in the face of'.
'Ante' is a more archaic or highly formal alternative, often found in legal or very literary contexts. It can imply being before something or confronting it. 'Em face de' is generally more common and versatile in contemporary formal Portuguese.
Ante o exposto, conclui-se que... (Very formal legal/academic closing). Em face do exposto, conclui-se que... (Still formal, but slightly more common).
文型パターン
Em face de [noun phrase], [main clause].
Em face da pandemia, o mundo mudou significativamente.
[Main clause] em face de [noun phrase].
A equipe lutou com bravura em face da pressão.
Em face de [abstract noun], [consequence].
Em face da incerteza, a prioridade foi a segurança.
Em face de [event], [reaction].
Em face do desastre natural, a resposta humanitária foi rápida.
Em face de [evidence/information], [conclusion].
Em face das evidências, o juiz proferiu sua sentença.
Considerando [noun phrase], em face de [another noun phrase]...
Considerando o tempo, em face do trânsito, decidimos ir de metrô.
Em face de [challenge], [action taken].
Em face do desafio tecnológico, a empresa investiu em novas soluções.
[Statement of fact] em face de [contrasting situation].
Ele manteve a calma em face da agitação geral.
語族
名詞
動詞
形容詞
関連
使い方
Medium in formal contexts, low in informal conversation.
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Using 'em face de' in casual conversation.
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Use 'por causa de', 'com', or 'diante de' (if slightly more formal) in casual settings.
'Em face de' is a formal phrase. Using it in informal chat sounds unnatural and overly academic. For example, instead of 'Em face da chuva, ficamos em casa', say 'Por causa da chuva, ficamos em casa.'
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Incorrect article contractions.
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Always use 'do', 'da', 'dos', 'das' when 'em face de' is followed by a definite article.
Forgetting to contract 'de' with the article is a common error. It should be 'em face do problema', not 'em face de o problema'. This shows a lack of fluency.
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Confusing with 'na cara de'.
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'Na cara de' refers to direct, often confrontational, interaction with a person or being physically on a surface. 'Em face de' refers to facing a situation or considering factors.
Saying 'Ele falou em face de mim' is incorrect if you mean 'He spoke to my face'. The correct phrase for that would be 'Ele falou cara a cara comigo' or 'Ele falou na minha cara' (which can be confrontational). 'Em face de' is about confronting circumstances.
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Omitting the 'de'.
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The phrase is always 'em face de'.
Saying just 'em face' is grammatically incorrect and does not convey the intended meaning. The 'de' is an essential part of this prepositional phrase, linking 'face' to the situation being considered or confronted.
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Using it when a simpler alternative is more appropriate.
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Choose the simplest phrase that accurately conveys the meaning in the given context.
While 'em face de' is correct for formal situations, if a simpler phrase like 'por causa de' or 'considerando' fits the nuance and formality level better, it's often preferable for clarity and naturalness. Overusing formal phrases can make writing or speech sound pretentious.
ヒント
Master the Contractions
Remember that 'de' in 'em face de' must contract with the following article. Always use 'em face do' (masculine singular), 'em face da' (feminine singular), 'em face dos' (masculine plural), and 'em face das' (feminine plural) when applicable. Incorrect contractions will sound unnatural and mark a lack of fluency.
Know Your Audience and Context
The key to using 'em face de' correctly is understanding its formality. Use it in essays, formal presentations, or official documents. Avoid it in casual chats with friends, where it will sound overly stiff and out of place. Choose simpler alternatives for informal settings.
Pair with Strong Nouns
'Em face de' works best when followed by a noun or noun phrase that represents a significant challenge, situation, or factor. Think of words like 'crise', 'dificuldade', 'desafio', 'realidade', 'pressão', 'concorrência', 'evidências', 'mudança'.
Nasal Vowels are Key
Pay attention to the nasal vowel sound in 'em'. It's a crucial part of the pronunciation and distinguishes it from a regular 'em'. Practice saying 'em' with a nasal quality, similar to the 'an' in French 'maman'.
Listen for the Tone
When listening to Portuguese, the phrase 'em face de' is usually a strong indicator of a formal or serious discussion. It signals that the speaker or writer is about to introduce a significant factor that is being confronted or considered.
Vary Sentence Structure
While starting sentences with 'Em face de...' is common and effective, don't overuse it. You can also place the phrase later in the sentence for stylistic variation. For example, 'A empresa teve que se adaptar em face das novas regulamentações.'
Understand the Nuance of 'Confrontation'
'Em face de' implies more than just being aware of something; it suggests being directly confronted by it. It's about facing the reality of a situation, challenge, or set of facts.
Visualize the 'Face'
To remember 'em face de', visualize yourself looking directly at the 'face' of a problem or a challenge. This mental image of direct confrontation can help solidify the meaning and usage.
Know Your Synonyms
Familiarize yourself with synonyms like 'diante de', 'considerando', and 'em vista de'. Understanding their subtle differences in formality and nuance will allow you to choose the most appropriate phrase for any given situation.
Create Your Own Sentences
The best way to internalize 'em face de' is to use it. Try writing three sentences describing different formal situations where you are either facing a challenge or considering important factors. This active recall will boost your retention.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Imagine you are standing 'em face de' (in the face of) a giant, stern-looking clock. The clock represents a deadline or a serious situation you must confront. The 'face' of the clock is what you are looking at directly. So, 'em face de' = looking at the 'face' of a serious clock/situation.
視覚的連想
Picture yourself standing directly in front of a large, imposing statue (the 'face' of the statue). You are 'em face de' this statue, perhaps contemplating its significance or its challenging presence. The statue represents the situation or challenge.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Try to use 'em face de' in three different sentences today, each time describing a different kind of challenge or consideration. For example, one about a personal challenge, one about a professional decision, and one about a societal issue.
語源
The phrase 'em face de' originates from Latin. 'Em' comes from the Latin preposition 'in', meaning 'in' or 'on'. 'Face' derives from the Latin 'facies', meaning 'face', 'form', or 'appearance'. The preposition 'de' comes from the Latin 'de', meaning 'of' or 'from'. Together, it literally means 'in the face of' or 'on the face of'.
元の意味： Originally, it referred to something being physically in front of something else, or directly observable on its surface. Over time, it evolved to include abstract concepts of confrontation and consideration.
Indo-European > Italic > Latin > Romance Languages > Portuguese文化的な背景
The phrase 'em face de' is generally neutral and does not carry any inherent sensitivities. Its formality makes it suitable for serious discussions. However, like any language, its appropriateness depends on the context and the relationship between speakers or writers.
In English, similar phrases like 'in the face of', 'faced with', or 'considering' convey comparable meanings. However, 'em face de' often carries a slightly more formal and literary tone than its direct English counterparts might suggest in everyday usage.
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実際の使用場面
Legal proceedings
- Em face das provas apresentadas...
- Em face do veredito do júri...
- Em face da lei vigente...
Academic research
- Em face de resultados inesperados...
- Em face de limitações metodológicas...
- Em face de a complexidade do tema...
Political discourse
- Em face da crise econômica...
- Em face da pressão internacional...
- Em face de um novo desafio...
Business strategy
- Em face da concorrência...
- Em face de mudanças no mercado...
- Em face da necessidade de inovar...
Personal reflection/formal writing
- Em face de tudo que aconteceu...
- Em face de um dilema...
- Em face da importância do assunto...
会話のきっかけ
"How would you react 'em face de' a sudden job loss?"
"What are your thoughts 'em face de' the current global situation?"
"Imagine you're a leader. How would you respond 'em face de' a major national crisis?"
"What advice would you give someone 'em face de' a difficult ethical choice?"
"How does your culture approach challenges 'em face de' adversity?"
日記のテーマ
Describe a time you faced a significant challenge. How did you feel 'em face de' it, and what was your response?
Reflect on a major decision you made. What factors did you consider 'em face de' the available options?
Write about a societal issue you care about. What are the main challenges 'em face de' progress in this area?
Imagine you have to give a formal speech. How would you use 'em face de' to introduce a critical problem?
Consider a moment of doubt in your life. How did you overcome it 'em face de' your own fears?
よくある質問
10 問No, 'em face de' is considered a formal phrase. You'll encounter it most often in writing, formal speeches, academic texts, legal documents, and serious news reporting. In casual conversation, native speakers would typically use simpler alternatives like 'por causa de', 'com', or 'diante de' (which is also formal but sometimes more common).
The most common English translations are 'in the face of', 'faced with', 'considering', and 'in view of'. The best translation depends heavily on the specific context in which 'em face de' is used.
Not necessarily. While it's often used to describe challenges, crises, or difficulties, it can also be used to consider positive circumstances or opportunities that require a response. For example, 'Em face da nova oportunidade, a empresa expandiu seus negócios.' (In the face of the new opportunity, the company expanded its business.)
'Diante de' can sometimes have a more literal meaning of 'in front of' (physically). Both are formal and can mean 'faced with' or 'in the face of'. 'Em face de' often carries a stronger connotation of confronting a situation or challenge that requires a response or decision, while 'diante de' can be more about the presence of something.
The preposition 'de' in 'em face de' combines with the following definite article ('o', 'a', 'os', 'as') to form contractions: 'do' (de + o), 'da' (de + a), 'dos' (de + os), 'das' (de + as). For example, 'em face do problema', 'em face da situação'.
No, 'em face de' is a prepositional phrase and is typically followed by a noun or noun phrase. It introduces the circumstance or situation. You would not say 'em face de fazer algo'; instead, you might say 'Ao fazer algo, em face de [situation]...' or structure the sentence differently.
It functions more as a formal prepositional phrase than a colloquial idiom. While it's a fixed expression, its usage is primarily in formal registers. Phrases like 'dar a cara a tapa' or 'cara a cara' are more idiomatic and informal.
For 'considering' or 'in view of', 'considerando' or 'em vista de' are good alternatives. For 'because of', 'por causa de' or 'devido a' are simpler. For 'faced with' in a less formal context, 'diante de' can sometimes be used, or rephrasing the sentence entirely.
Often, yes, it implies facing something significant, challenging, or requiring careful consideration. It lends a tone of seriousness to the situation being described. However, it can also be used for less dire considerations, depending on the context.
You would most likely find 'em face de' in advanced Portuguese textbooks, particularly in sections on formal writing, advanced grammar, or vocabulary for specific domains like law, politics, or academic research. It's unlikely to appear in beginner or intermediate materials.
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Summary
The Portuguese phrase 'em face de' is a formal way to express 'in the face of' or 'considering' a significant situation or challenge, commonly found in academic, legal, and political contexts. It implies a need for a response or decision based on the circumstances presented.
- Formal phrase: 'em face de' means facing a challenge or considering something important.
- Used in formal writing, speeches, and serious discussions.
- Translates to 'in the face of', 'considering', 'in view of'.
- Avoid in casual conversation; use simpler alternatives.
Master the Contractions
Remember that 'de' in 'em face de' must contract with the following article. Always use 'em face do' (masculine singular), 'em face da' (feminine singular), 'em face dos' (masculine plural), and 'em face das' (feminine plural) when applicable. Incorrect contractions will sound unnatural and mark a lack of fluency.
Know Your Audience and Context
The key to using 'em face de' correctly is understanding its formality. Use it in essays, formal presentations, or official documents. Avoid it in casual chats with friends, where it will sound overly stiff and out of place. Choose simpler alternatives for informal settings.
Pair with Strong Nouns
'Em face de' works best when followed by a noun or noun phrase that represents a significant challenge, situation, or factor. Think of words like 'crise', 'dificuldade', 'desafio', 'realidade', 'pressão', 'concorrência', 'evidências', 'mudança'.
Nasal Vowels are Key
Pay attention to the nasal vowel sound in 'em'. It's a crucial part of the pronunciation and distinguishes it from a regular 'em'. Practice saying 'em' with a nasal quality, similar to the 'an' in French 'maman'.
関連コンテンツ
関連フレーズ
generalの関連語
a cerca de
B1距離や将来の時間について「約」や「およそ」を意味します。
à direita
A2右に、または右側に。方向や場所を示すために使われます。
à esquerda
A2左側に。方向を示したり、場所を説明したりするために使用されます。
a fim de
A2〜するために、〜したい気分。 '合格するために勉強する。' / 'ピザが食べたい気分だ。'
à frente
A2の前に (No mae ni). '彼は私の前にいます。'
a frente
A2前方に; 前に
À frente de
A2〜の前に、または〜を率いて。「車の前に木があります」。
a tempo
A2間に合って、時間通りに。手遅れになる前に行動することを指します。
à volta de
A2の周りに。場所（テーブルの周り）や見積もり（約10ユーロ）に使用されます。
abaixo
A1〜の下に; 以下に。
