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B1 noun #1,500 よく出る 9分で読める

后果

houguo 上位1,500

練習する例文メモとヒント后果 30秒で

解説后果 in your Level:

At the A1 level, you don't need to use '后果' (hòuguǒ) often, but you might hear it in very simple warnings. Think of it as 'bad result.' When a teacher or parent says '后果,' they are telling you that something bad will happen if you don't follow the rules. For example, 'If you don't eat, you will be hungry'—that hunger is a '后果.' At this stage, just remember that '果' (guǒ) means fruit or result, and '后' (hòu) means after. So, it's the 'after-result.' It is almost always used for things you don't want to happen. You can think of it like the word 'trouble.' If someone says '后果严重' (hòuguǒ yánzhòng), they mean 'big trouble.' You don't need to worry about complex grammar yet; just recognize that it's a serious word used when things go wrong.

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At the A2 level, you can start using '后果' to describe simple cause-and-effect situations that have a negative side. You might use it when talking about health, like 'If you drink too much coffee, the 后果 is you can't sleep.' It's a step up from the neutral word '结果' (jiéguǒ). While '结果' can be anything (like the score of a game), '后果' is specifically for the 'price' you pay for an action. You will often see it in the structure '...的后果' (the consequence of...). For example, '不运动的后果' (the consequence of not exercising). You should also learn the phrase '后果严重' (serious consequences), as it is a very common way to describe a dangerous or bad situation. It helps you sound more specific than just saying '很不好' (very bad).

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At the B1 level, you should be able to use '后果' (hòuguǒ) comfortably in discussions about responsibility and planning. This is the level where you distinguish it clearly from '结果' (result) and '成果' (achievement). You should know common verbs that go with it, especially '承担' (chéngdān - to bear) and '造成' (zàochéng - to cause). A B1 learner should be able to say things like '我愿意承担一切后果' (I am willing to bear all consequences). You will encounter this word in news stories about accidents or in office environment discussions about project risks. You should also understand that '后果' carries a moral or cautionary weight. It's used to talk about the 'fallout' of a decision. When you use '后果,' you are showing that you understand the gravity of a situation.

At the B2 level, '后果' becomes a tool for nuanced argument and formal writing. You should be able to use it to discuss complex topics like environmental issues, social policies, or historical events. For example, '全球变暖的后果' (the consequences of global warming). You should also master idiomatic or semi-formal expressions like '后果不堪设想' (the consequences are unthinkable) and '后果自负' (bear the consequences oneself). At this level, you understand that '后果' isn't just a 'bad result,' but often implies a logical, albeit negative, outcome of a specific choice or policy. You can use it to hypothesize: '如果我们不采取行动，后果将是...' (If we don't take action, the consequence will be...). Your usage should reflect an understanding of the word's formal tone and its role in outlining risks.

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At the C1 level, you use '后果' (hòuguǒ) with precision in academic, legal, or professional contexts. You understand its placement in the 'causality' vocabulary of Mandarin, distinguishing it from '效应' (effect), '影响' (influence), and '余波' (aftermath/ripple effect). You can use it to analyze systemic failures or long-term strategic risks. You might use it in a sentence like '该政策的社会后果尚未完全显现' (The social consequences of this policy have not yet fully emerged). You are also familiar with its use in literature to create foreshadowing or to discuss the philosophical nature of karma and retribution. Your ability to pair it with sophisticated adjectives like '连锁后果' (chain consequences) or '潜在后果' (potential consequences) marks your advanced proficiency.

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At the C2 level, your mastery of '后果' (hòuguǒ) is native-like, allowing you to use it in high-level discourse, legal drafting, or philosophical debate. You understand the subtle rhetorical power of the word—how it can be used to intimidate, warn, or analyze with clinical detachment. You can navigate its use in classical-style four-character idioms (chengyu) or modern bureaucratic language. You might discuss the '前因后果' (the whole story/the causes and consequences) of a complex geopolitical conflict. You recognize when '后果' is being used euphemistically or when it is being used to frame a narrative of blame. At this level, the word is not just a vocabulary item but a conceptual building block for discussing the complexities of human action and its inevitable, often tragic, outcomes in the world.

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練習する例文メモとヒント

后果 30秒で

后果 (hòuguǒ) means 'consequence' and is almost always used for negative or serious outcomes.
It differs from 结果 (jiéguǒ), which is neutral, and 成果 (chéngguǒ), which is positive.
Commonly paired with verbs like 承担 (bear) and 造成 (cause).
Frequently used in formal warnings, legal contexts, and discussions of risk.

The term 后果 (hòuguǒ) is a noun in Chinese that translates primarily to 'consequence' or 'aftermath.' While it literally combines 'after' (后) and 'fruit/result' (果), its semantic weight is almost exclusively negative or cautionary. Unlike the neutral term 结果 (jiéguǒ), which can describe any outcome, 后果 implies a price to be paid or a negative impact stemming from a specific action, often one that was reckless, mistaken, or poorly planned.

Semantic Nuance: In Chinese linguistic culture, 后果 suggests a causal chain where the end point is undesirable. If a student studies hard, the 结果 is good grades, but we would never call it a 后果. However, if a student cheats and gets caught, the resulting expulsion is a 后果.
Grammatical Role: It functions as a standard noun. It can be the subject of a sentence (后果很严重), the object of a verb (承担后果), or modified by adjectives (不可预料的后果).

你必须为自己的行为承担后果。(Nǐ bìxū wèi zìjǐ de xíngwéi chéngdān hòuguǒ.)
— Translation: You must bear the consequences of your own actions.

To understand 后果, one must look at the character '果'. In ancient Chinese, it represented fruit on a tree. In a philosophical sense, it represents the 'fruit' of a 'seed' (cause/因). Therefore, 后果 is the 'later fruit.' When used in modern Mandarin, it serves as a stern warning. It is frequently paired with verbs like 造成 (to cause), 承担 (to bear), or 预料 (to predict). It is a word of accountability.

如果不及时处理，后果不堪设想。(Rúguǒ bù jíshí chǔlǐ, hòuguǒ bùkānshèxiǎng.)
— Translation: If not handled in time, the consequences will be unthinkable.

Collocation Strength: The word is often preceded by '严重的' (serious) or '灾难性的' (disastrous). This reinforces its negative prosody.

这种做法会产生负面的后果。(Zhè zhǒng zuòfǎ huì chǎnshēng fùmiàn de hòuguǒ.)
— Translation: This way of doing things will produce negative consequences.

他没有考虑到事情的后果。(Tā méiyǒu kǎolǜ dào shìqíng de hòuguǒ.)
— Translation: He didn't consider the consequences of the matter.

战争带来的后果是毁灭性的。(Zhànzhēng dàilái de hòuguǒ shì huǐmièxìng de.)
— Translation: The consequences brought by war are devastating.

Using 后果 correctly requires an understanding of its typical 'verb partners' and the gravity it conveys. It is not just any result; it is the result that follows a mistake, a crime, or a risk. Here is how to master its usage in various contexts.

Verb Pairing: 承担 (Chéngdān): The most common verb used with 后果. It means 'to bear' or 'to take responsibility for.' You 'bear the consequences' of your actions. Example: 承担一切后果 (bear all consequences).
Verb Pairing: 造成 (Zàochéng): Used to describe the act of creating a negative outcome. You 'cause' a consequence. Example: 造成了严重的后果 (caused serious consequences).

谁来为这次失败的后果负责？(Shéi lái wèi zhè cì shībài de hòuguǒ fùzé?)
— Translation: Who will be responsible for the consequences of this failure?

In formal writing, 后果 often appears in legal or official warnings. For instance, '后果自负' (hòuguǒ zìfù) is a common four-character phrase meaning 'one must bear the consequences themselves' or 'at your own risk.' You will see this on signs or in contracts.

你考虑过这样做可能的后果吗？(Nǐ kǎolǜguò zhèyàng zuò kěnéng de hòuguǒ ma?)
— Translation: Have you considered the possible consequences of doing this?

Adjective Modification: Common adjectives include: 严重的 (serious), 恶劣的 (vile/bad), 难以预料的 (unpredictable), 悲剧性的 (tragic).

如果不采取行动，后果将非常严重。(Rúguǒ bù cǎiqǔ xíngdòng, hòuguǒ jiāng fēicháng yánzhòng.)
— Translation: If no action is taken, the consequences will be very serious.

盲目投资可能会导致可怕的后果。(Mángmù tóuzī kěnéng huì dǎozhì kěpà de hòuguǒ.)
— Translation: Blind investment may lead to terrible consequences.

我们必须评估这项政策的长期后果。(Wǒmen bìxū pínggū zhè xiàng zhèngcè de chángqī hòuguǒ.)
— Translation: We must assess the long-term consequences of this policy.

The word 后果 is pervasive in Mandarin, appearing in news broadcasts, legal documents, parental warnings, and cinematic dramas. Its presence usually signals a shift from casual conversation to a serious discussion about risk or accountability.

In the News: Journalists use it to describe the impact of natural disasters, political decisions, or economic crashes. You'll hear phrases like '地震造成的严重后果' (the serious consequences caused by the earthquake).
In Legal/Official Settings: Contracts and law enforcement warnings use it to outline penalties. '法律后果' (legal consequences) is a standard term for what happens if you break a law.

酒后驾车的后果是非常严重的。(Jiǔhòu jiàchē de hòuguǒ shì fēicháng yánzhòng de.)
— Context: A public service announcement about drunk driving.

In daily life, parents often use it to discipline children. It’s a way to teach 'cause and effect' with a moral sting. If a child refuses to wear a coat, a parent might say, '感冒了就是你不听话的后果' (Getting a cold is the consequence of your disobedience).

如果你坚持这样做，请自行承担一切后果。(Rúguǒ nǐ jiānchí zhèyàng zuò, qǐng zìxíng chéngdān yīqiè hòuguǒ.)
— Context: A formal warning in a business dispute.

Environmental Discourse: Discussions on climate change frequently use 后果 to describe global warming, such as '气候变化的后果' (the consequences of climate change).

这种药的副作用可能会产生不良后果。(Zhè zhǒng yào de fùzuòyòng kěnéng huì chǎnshēng bùliáng hòuguǒ.)
— Context: A doctor explaining medical risks.

我们无法承受失去这个客户的后果。(Wǒmen wúfǎ chéngshòu shīqù zhège kèhù de hòuguǒ.)
— Context: A corporate meeting discussing client retention.

谎言总有一天会带来严重的后果。(Huǎngyán zǒng yǒu yītiān huì dàilái yánzhòng de hòuguǒ.)
— Context: A moral lesson in a story.

Even intermediate learners often trip up on 后果 because they treat it as a direct synonym for 'result.' However, in Chinese, the choice of word for 'result' depends entirely on the flavor of that result. Here are the most common pitfalls.

Mistake 1: Using it for Positive Outcomes: You cannot say '努力学习的后果是好成绩' (The consequence of studying hard is good grades). This sounds like the good grades are a punishment. Instead, use 成果 (chéngguǒ - achievement) or 结果 (jiéguǒ - neutral result).
Mistake 2: Confusing it with 结果 (jiéguǒ): 结果 is neutral. You can have a 'good 结果' or a 'bad 结果.' 后果 is almost always bad. If you say '比赛的后果' (the consequence of the match), it implies something went wrong (like an injury or a riot), not just who won or lost.

❌ 我们的合作取得了很好的后果。
✅ 我们的合作取得了很好的成果。
— Note: '成果' is for positive achievements.

Another mistake is using the wrong verb. While you can 'have' (有) a consequence, it is much more natural to 'cause' (造成) or 'bear' (承担) one. Using '做' (to do) or '给' (to give) with 后果 usually sounds non-native.

❌ 这件事后果了我。
✅ 这件事给我带来了严重的后果。

Mistake 3: Overusing '严重的': While '严重的后果' is common, using it every single time makes your Chinese sound repetitive. Try '不堪设想' (unthinkable) or '难以预料' (unpredictable) to sound more advanced.

你必须考虑到所有可能的后果，而不仅仅是严重的那些。(You must consider all possible consequences, not just the serious ones.)

这种错误的决策导致了灾难性的后果。(This wrong decision led to disastrous consequences.)

谁也无法预料这件事的最终后果。(No one can predict the ultimate consequences of this matter.)

To truly master 后果, you must distinguish it from its 'result-oriented' cousins. Chinese has a rich vocabulary for outcomes, and choosing the wrong one can change your meaning from 'success' to 'disaster.'

结果 (jiéguǒ) vs. 后果 (hòuguǒ): 结果 is the broad, neutral term for 'result' or 'outcome.' It can be good, bad, or indifferent. 后果 is specifically the 'bad' result. If you say '结果很好' (the result is good), it's perfect. If you say '后果很好,' it sounds like a linguistic contradiction.
成果 (chéngguǒ) vs. 后果 (hòuguǒ): 成果 means 'achievement' or 'positive fruit.' It is used for the successful outcome of labor, research, or effort. It is the polar opposite of 后果. You 'celebrate' 成果, but you 'fear' 后果.
效应 (xiàoyìng) vs. 后果 (hòuguǒ): 效应 means 'effect' (like 'butterfly effect' - 蝴蝶效应). It is often used in scientific, psychological, or economic contexts to describe a phenomenon rather than a moral consequence.

Comparison:
1. 科学研究的成果 (Achievements of research - Positive)
2. 考试的结果 (Result of the exam - Neutral)
3. 犯罪的后果 (Consequences of crime - Negative)

Another word often confused is 结局 (jiéjú), which means 'ending' or 'final outcome,' usually of a story, a relationship, or a life. While a 结局 can be sad (like a 后果), it focuses on the completion of a narrative rather than the causality of a mistake.

我们要区分“好的结果”和“坏的后果”。(We need to distinguish between 'good results' and 'bad consequences'.)

这个计划的后果是没人能预料到的。(The consequences of this plan were something no one could have predicted.)

他只想要成功的结果，却不想承担失败的后果。(He only wants the result of success, but doesn't want to bear the consequences of failure.)

How Formal Is It?

難易度

知っておくべき文法

Conditional sentences (如果...就...)

Noun modification with '的'

Resultative complements

Passive voice with '被' or '由'

Modal verbs (必须, 应该)

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レベル別の例文

他不听话，后果很不好。

He didn't listen, the consequence was very bad.

Simple subject + adjective structure.

没带伞的后果是淋湿了。

The consequence of not bringing an umbrella was getting wet.

Using '...的后果是...' pattern.

迟到的后果是没学到新词。

The consequence of being late was not learning new words.

Noun phrase as subject.

后果很严重吗？

Is the consequence very serious?

Simple question form.

这是你乱跑的后果。

This is the consequence of you running around wildly.

Demonstrative '这是...'.

后果是什么？

What is the consequence?

Basic 'what' question.

我不怕后果。

I am not afraid of the consequences.

Subject + negative + verb + object.

后果很清楚。

The consequence is very clear.

Simple adjective predicate.

如果你不吃饭，后果是会生病。

If you don't eat, the consequence is you will get sick.

Conditional '如果...'

这种行为会有严重的后果。

This kind of behavior will have serious consequences.

Using '会有' (will have).

他没考虑到后果就辞职了。

He resigned without considering the consequences.

Using '考虑到' (consider).

这就是浪费时间的后果。

This is the consequence of wasting time.

Attributive clause with '的'.

你必须承担这件事的后果。

You must bear the consequences of this matter.

Modal verb '必须' (must).

如果不小心，后果不堪设想。

If not careful, the consequences will be unthinkable.

Common idiom '不堪设想'.

他知道后果，但他还是做了。

He knew the consequences, but he still did it.

Conjunction '但是' (but).

请告诉我最坏的后果是什么。

Please tell me what the worst consequence is.

Superlative '最坏的'.

我们必须评估这项决策的长期后果。

We must assess the long-term consequences of this decision.

Verb '评估' (assess).

他的谎言造成了无法挽回的后果。

His lies caused irreparable consequences.

Verb '造成' (cause).

你愿意为你的选择承担后果吗？

Are you willing to bear the consequences for your choice?

Phrase '承担后果' (bear consequences).

环境污染带来的后果正在显现。

The consequences brought by environmental pollution are emerging.

Structure '...带来的后果'.

他并没有意识到问题的严重后果。

He didn't realize the serious consequences of the problem.

Verb '意识到' (realize).

任何行动都会产生相应的后果。

Any action will produce corresponding consequences.

Adjective '相应的' (corresponding).

如果计划失败，后果将由你负责。

If the plan fails, the consequences will be your responsibility.

Passive-like structure '由...负责'.

他正在努力弥补错误造成的后果。

He is working hard to make up for the consequences caused by the mistake.

Verb '弥补' (make up for).

这项政策可能会导致意想不到的负面后果。

This policy might lead to unexpected negative consequences.

Verb '导致' (lead to).

在法律面前，每个人都必须为自己的行为后果负责。

In the face of the law, everyone must be responsible for the consequences of their actions.

Prepositional phrase '在...面前'.

盲目扩张给公司带来了灾难性的后果。

Blind expansion brought disastrous consequences to the company.

Adjective '灾难性的' (disastrous).

我们不能只看眼前的利益，而不顾长远的后果。

We cannot only look at immediate interests and ignore long-term consequences.

Contrast '眼前' vs '长远'.

这种药物的副作用可能会引发严重的后果。

The side effects of this drug may trigger serious consequences.

Verb '引发' (trigger).

他因涉嫌欺诈而面临严重的法律后果。

He is facing serious legal consequences due to suspected fraud.

Phrase '法律后果' (legal consequences).

如果不及时遏制通货膨胀，后果将难以预料。

If inflation is not curbed in time, the consequences will be unpredictable.

Verb '遏制' (curb/restrain).

这次事故的后果比我们想象的要严重得多。

The consequences of this accident are much more serious than we imagined.

Comparison '比...要...得多'.

该地区的政治动荡引发了连锁的社会后果。

The political turmoil in the region triggered a chain of social consequences.

Compound noun '连锁的社会后果'.

历史学家们仍在争论那场战争的深远后果。

Historians are still debating the far-reaching consequences of that war.

Adjective '深远的' (far-reaching).

我们必须审慎权衡每种选择可能带来的后果。

We must carefully weigh the possible consequences of each choice.

Verb '权衡' (weigh/balance).

忽视心理健康可能会导致一系列严重的后果。

Ignoring mental health can lead to a series of serious consequences.

Measure word '一系列' (a series of).

他的一言一行都可能产生不可估量的后果。

His every word and action could produce immeasurable consequences.

Idiom '不可估量' (immeasurable).

这项技术的滥用将产生毁灭性的伦理后果。

The misuse of this technology will produce devastating ethical consequences.

Adjective '伦理的' (ethical).

该项目的失败不仅是经济上的，更有政治上的后果。

The failure of the project has not only economic but also political consequences.

Structure '不仅是...更有...'.

我们需要一套完整的方案来应对可能出现的负面后果。

We need a complete set of plans to deal with possible negative consequences.

Verb '应对' (cope with/respond to).

这种哲学观点的逻辑后果是彻底的虚无主义。

The logical consequence of this philosophical viewpoint is complete nihilism.

Abstract noun '逻辑后果'.

外交上的失误往往会带来难以弥补的国际后果。

Diplomatic blunders often bring international consequences that are hard to remedy.

Adjective '难以弥补的' (hard to remedy).

他试图通过法律手段规避其行为的法律后果。

He tried to evade the legal consequences of his actions through legal means.

Verb '规避' (evade/circumvent).

生态系统的崩溃将给人类文明带来终极后果。

The collapse of the ecosystem will bring ultimate consequences to human civilization.

Adjective '终极的' (ultimate).

在复杂的系统中，微小的变化也可能导致巨大的后果。

In complex systems, even tiny changes can lead to huge consequences.

Butterfly effect context.

他深谙权力的运作及其可能带来的毁灭性后果。

He is well-versed in the workings of power and the devastating consequences it can bring.

Verb '深谙' (be well-versed in).

这种社会契约的瓦解将产生不可逆转的后果。

The disintegration of this social contract will produce irreversible consequences.

Adjective '不可逆转的' (irreversible).

我们必须以前瞻性的眼光审视当前决策的潜在后果。

We must examine the potential consequences of current decisions with a forward-looking perspective.

Adjective '前瞻性的' (forward-looking).

類義語

结果下场结局成效

反対語

前因导火索

よく使う組み合わせ

严重的后果 (serious consequences)

承担后果 (bear consequences)

造成后果 (cause consequences)

预料后果 (predict consequences)

法律后果 (legal consequences)

负面后果 (negative consequences)

不堪设想的后果 (unthinkable consequences)

长期后果 (long-term consequences)

一切后果 (all consequences)

直接后果 (direct consequences)

よく使うフレーズ

后果自负 (bear consequences oneself)

前因后果 (cause and effect/the whole story)

不计后果 (regardless of consequences)

考虑后果 (consider consequences)

意识到后果 (realize consequences)

严重的后果 (serious consequence)

可怕的后果 (terrible consequence)

必然的后果 (inevitable consequence)

灾难性的后果 (disastrous consequence)

产生后果 (produce consequences)

よく混同される語

后果 vs 结果

Neutral result vs. negative consequence.

后果 vs 成果

Positive achievement vs. negative consequence.

后果 vs 效应

Scientific/neutral effect vs. moral/serious consequence.

慣用句と表現

"后果不堪设想 (consequences are unthinkable)"

"前因后果 (the entire process from beginning to end)"

"不计后果 (act recklessly without regard for results)"

"自食其果 (reap what one sows - related)"

"种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆 (as you sow, so shall you reap - related)"

"因果报应 (karma/retribution - related)"

"亡羊补牢 (mend the fold after the sheep are lost - related to dealing with 后果)"

"饮鸩止渴 (drink poison to quench thirst - leading to bad 后果)"

"玩火自焚 (play with fire and get burned - leading to bad 后果)"

"覆水难收 (spilt water cannot be gathered - describing an irreversible 后果)"

間違えやすい

后果 vs

文型パターン

語族

使い方

nuance

It is a 'loaded' word. Using it implies judgment that the action was wrong or risky.

collocation

Always check if the verb used with it implies responsibility or causation.

よくある間違い

Using '后果' for winning a game (use 结果).
Using '后果' for scientific discoveries (use 成果 or 发现).
Saying '我后果你' (I consequence you - grammatically wrong).
Using '后果' for the ending of a movie (use 结局).
Forgetting that '后果' is a noun and trying to use it as an adjective.

ヒント

Check the Tone

Before using '后果', check if the situation is negative. If it's a success, use '成果'.

Learn the Pair

Always learn '承担' (bear) together with '后果'. They are like best friends in Chinese.

Idiom Power

Use '后果不堪设想' in your writing to instantly sound like a more advanced student.

Karma Connection

Think of '后果' as the 'fruit' of a 'bad seed' to remember its negative nuance.

Serious Situations

Use '后果' when you want to warn a friend about a risky decision they are making.

Noun Only

Remember that '后果' is a noun. Don't try to use it as a verb like 'to consequence'.

News Keyword

When you hear '后果' on the news, pay attention to the words following it to understand the damage.

The 'After' Rule

Focus on the '后' (after) to remember it's what happens *after* an action.

Neutral vs. Negative

Compare '结果' (neutral) and '后果' (negative) to master the difference.

Warning Signs

Look for '后果自负' on signs in China; it means 'at your own risk'.

暗記しよう

語源

文化的な背景

Closely linked to Buddhist concepts of cause and effect.

Commonly used in public signs and official notices.

Emphasizes individual accountability in a collective society.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

会話のきっかけ

"你觉得这种做法会有什么后果？"

"如果计划失败了，最坏的后果是什么？"

"你曾经为了某个决定承担过严重的后果吗？"

"我们该如何避免这些负面后果？"

"你认为环境污染最严重的后果是什么？"

日記のテーマ

写一次你不得不承担后果的经历。

讨论一个你认为后果不堪设想的社会问题。

如果你可以预知未来，你会如何改变你的行为来避免坏的后果？

分析一个历史事件的前因后果。

为什么有些人做事不计后果？

よくある質問

10 問

In standard modern Mandarin, almost never. It is specifically reserved for negative or serious outcomes. If you want to say 'positive consequence,' use '成果' or '好的结果'.

It can be both. It is formal in legal or news contexts, but also common in daily life when parents warn children or friends discuss risks.

'下场' (xiàchǎng) is even more negative and often implies a 'pathetic' or 'deservedly bad' end for a person. '后果' is more about the event or situation itself.

Only if the person studied so much they got sick or failed at something else. If they learned a lot, say '学习的成果'.

It can be. It is a very strong warning that means 'you are on your own if things go wrong.' It's often seen on warning signs.

You can say '意想不到的后果' (yìxiǎngbùdào de hòuguǒ) or '无意的后果' (wúyì de hòuguǒ).

The most common are 承担 (bear), 造成 (cause), 产生 (produce), 预料 (predict), and 评估 (assess).

Yes, it is very common and essential for reaching intermediate (B1) proficiency.

Yes, '地震的后果' (the consequences of the earthquake) is a standard phrase.

Often, yes. It usually follows a choice or an action that could have been different.

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