B2 Advanced Syntax 1 min read 어려움

Stylistic Use of Passive Voice

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use the passive voice to focus on the result or the action itself rather than who performed it.

  • Reflexive Passive: Use 'се' with the 3rd person for processes, e.g., 'Къщата се строи' (The house is being built).
  • Participial Passive: Use 'съм' + past passive participle for results, e.g., 'Прозорецът е счупен' (The window is broken).
  • Agent Marker: Use the preposition 'от' to mention who did the action, e.g., 'написано от него'.
Object + (се / съм + Participle) + (от + Agent)

Participial Passive Formation (съм + Participle)

Subject Gender/Number Auxiliary (Present) Participle (Example: 'Write') Translation
Masculine (Той)
е
написан
He/It is written
Feminine (Тя)
е
написана
She/It is written
Neuter (То)
е
написано
It is written
Plural (Те)
са
написани
They are written
Past (Masc)
беше
написан
It was written
Future (Masc)
ще бъде
написан
It will be written

Reflexive Passive (Verb + се)

Person Verb Form Particle Example
3rd Sing.
строи
се
Къщата се строи (The house is being built)
3rd Plur.
строят
се
Къщите се строят (The houses are being built)
3rd Sing. (Past)
строеше
се
Къщата се строеше (The house was being built)

Meanings

The passive voice in Bulgarian shifts the grammatical subject from the performer of the action (the agent) to the recipient of the action (the patient). It is primarily used to emphasize the result, maintain objectivity, or when the agent is unknown or irrelevant.

1

Resultative Passive

Focuses on the state or result of an action using the auxiliary verb 'съм' (to be) and the past passive participle.

“Обядът е приготвен.”

“Всички билети са продадени.”

2

Reflexive/Process Passive

Uses the reflexive particle 'се' with a transitive verb to describe an ongoing process or a general rule where the agent is not specified.

“Тук се строи нова болница.”

“Тази книга се чете лесно.”

3

Formal/Administrative Passive

Used in official documents, news, and academic writing to sound objective and professional.

“Законът беше приет от парламента.”

“Решението ще бъде обявено утре.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Stylistic Use of Passive Voice
Form Structure Example Best Used For
Participial (Pres)
съм + participle
Обядът е сготвен.
Completed results
Participial (Past)
бях/беше + participle
Писмото беше пратено.
Past results/Formal news
Reflexive (Pres)
verb + се
Тук се строи.
Ongoing processes
Reflexive (Past)
verb (past) + се
Там се строеше.
Past ongoing processes
Negative
не + passive form
Не е готово.
Denying result/action
Question
passive form + ли
Продадено ли е?
Checking status
Future
ще бъде + participle
Ще бъде направено.
Promises/Plans

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
Търговският обект е преустановил дейност.

Търговският обект е преустановил дейност. (Business status)

중립
Магазинът е затворен.

Магазинът е затворен. (Business status)

비격식체
Магазинът не бачка.

Магазинът не бачка. (Business status)

속어
Затворили са кепенците.

Затворили са кепенците. (Business status)

The Two Faces of Bulgarian Passive

Passive Voice

Participial (Result)

  • съм + participle to be + done
  • счупен broken
  • написан written

Reflexive (Process)

  • глагол + се verb + self
  • строи се is being built
  • казва се is said

Active vs. Passive Focus

Active (Focus on Agent)
Иван поправи колата. Ivan fixed the car.
Passive (Focus on Object)
Колата беше поправена. The car was fixed.

Which Passive Should I Use?

1

Is it a finished result?

YES
Use Participial (съм + participle)
NO
Go to next step
2

Is it an ongoing process?

YES
Use Reflexive (verb + се)
NO
Use Active voice

Common Passive Participles

🍲

Food

  • печен (roasted)
  • пържен (fried)
  • варен (boiled)
📍

Status

  • затворен (closed)
  • отворен (open)
  • зает (occupied)

수준별 예문

1

Вратата е отворена.

The door is open.

2

Магазинът е затворен.

The shop is closed.

3

Обядът е готов.

The lunch is ready.

4

Книгата е тук.

The book is here.

1

Как се пише това?

How is this written?

2

Писмото е изпратено.

The letter is sent.

3

Тук се продава хляб.

Bread is sold here.

4

Прозорецът беше счупен.

The window was broken.

1

Къщата се строи от баща ми.

The house is being built by my father.

2

Всички задачи са изпълнени.

All tasks are fulfilled.

3

Тази песен се пее от всички.

This song is sung by everyone.

4

Филмът беше гледан от милиони.

The movie was watched by millions.

1

Законът беше приет единодушно.

The law was passed unanimously.

2

Проблемът се обсъжда в момента.

The problem is being discussed at the moment.

3

Грешката беше допусната неволно.

The mistake was made unintentionally.

4

Тези правила трябва да се спазват.

These rules must be followed.

1

Въпросът беше повдигнат още в началото.

The question was raised as early as the beginning.

2

Не се позволява влизането на външни лица.

The entry of outsiders is not permitted.

3

Решението бе взето след дълги дебати.

The decision was taken after long debates.

4

Сградата е проектирана в бароков стил.

The building is designed in a baroque style.

1

Изложбата бива посещавана от хиляди ежегодно.

The exhibition is visited by thousands annually.

2

На затворниците бе отказано помилване.

The prisoners were denied a pardon.

3

В текста се прокрадва нотка на песимизъм.

A note of pessimism creeps into the text (is suggested).

4

Беше ми казано да не се намесвам.

I was told not to interfere.

혼동하기 쉬운

Stylistic Use of Passive Voice Reflexive Passive vs. Reflexive Verbs

Both use the particle 'се'. Learners struggle to know if the subject is doing the action to itself or if the action is being done to it.

Stylistic Use of Passive Voice Passive Participle vs. Past Active Participle

Learners mix up -л (active) and -н/-т (passive) endings.

Stylistic Use of Passive Voice Passive with 'съм' vs. 'бивам'

'Бивам' is a more literary or habitual version of 'to be'.

자주 하는 실수

Вратата е затворен.

Вратата е затворена.

Gender agreement: 'Врата' is feminine, so the participle must end in -а.

Магазинът са затворени.

Магазинът е затворен.

Number agreement: 'Магазин' is singular.

Аз е изморен.

Аз съм изморен.

The verb 'съм' must conjugate for the person (I am).

Книгата е написан.

Книгата е написана.

Feminine noun requires feminine participle.

Как се казваш това?

Как се казва това?

The passive 'се' uses the 3rd person, not the 2nd person.

Писмото беше пиша.

Писмото беше написано.

You must use the participle, not the base verb after 'беше'.

Обядът се е готов.

Обядът е готов.

Don't mix 'се' and 'съм' for simple states.

Къщата се строи за работниците.

Къщата се строи от работниците.

Use 'от' for the agent (by), not 'за' (for).

Той беше убит от нож.

Той беше убит с нож.

Use 'с' (with) for instruments, 'от' (by) for agents.

Проблемът беше обсъждан.

Проблемът се обсъждаше.

For an ongoing past process, the reflexive passive is more natural than the participial.

Беше ми казано от него.

Той ми каза.

In Bulgarian, if the agent is a specific person, the active voice is much more natural stylistically.

Законът се прие от парламента.

Законът беше приет от парламента.

For official completed acts, the participial passive is preferred over the reflexive.

문장 패턴

___ се казва на български.

Проблемът беше ___ от ___.

В България се ___ много ___.

Решението ще бъде ___ до ___.

Real World Usage

Job Interviews common

Бях избран за тази позиция заради моя опит.

Texting occasional

Готово е!

News Headlines constant

Новият бюджет беше приет.

Cooking Apps very common

Лукът се пържи до златисто.

Travel / Signs very common

Входът е забранен.

Social Media occasional

Снимката е качена!

Legal Documents constant

Договорът беше подписан от двете страни.

Customer Service common

Вашата поръчка се обработва.

🎯

The 'By' Rule

If you find yourself using 'от' (by) too much, your Bulgarian sounds like a translation. Try switching back to the active voice for a more natural flow.
⚠️

Gender Trap

Always double-check the gender of the subject. 'Писмото' is neuter, so it's 'написано', not 'написан'.
💡

General Truths

Use the 'се' passive for general facts about a country or culture. It makes you sound like a local expert.
💬

Polite Passives

Use the passive to point out mistakes without sounding accusatory. 'Сметката не е платена' is much softer than 'Ти не си платил сметката'.

Smart Tips

Replace 'Аз мисля, че...' (I think that...) with 'Смята се, че...' (It is considered that...).

Аз мисля, че това е важно. Смята се, че това е важно.

Use the 'се' passive to focus on the steps rather than the cook.

Ти режеш лука. Лукът се реже.

Check if there is a form of 'съм' nearby. If so, you're likely looking at a passive result.

Виждам написана книга. Книгата е написана.

Use the passive to remove the 'you' and focus on the 'problem'.

Ти забрави ключовете. Ключовете бяха забравени.

발음

на-ПИ-сан, на-ПИ-са-на

Participle Stress

The stress in past passive participles usually stays on the same syllable as the past aorist tense.

СТРО-и се

Reflexive 'се' Clitic

The particle 'се' is a clitic; it is never stressed and usually follows the verb unless there is a 'ще' or 'не'.

Passive Statement

Къщата е проДАдена. ↘

Falling intonation at the end of a factual passive statement.

암기하기

기억법

Think of the 'N' in 'Participle' as standing for 'Now it's done' (most end in -н).

시각적 연상

Imagine a construction site with a sign 'Се строи' (Reflexive/Process) and a finished house with a sign 'Построена' (Participial/Result).

Rhyme

Ако резултатът е важен за теб, сложи 'съм' и '-н' отпред!

Story

A detective arrives at a crime scene. He doesn't know who did it, so he only uses the passive: 'The safe was opened (отворен), the money was taken (взети), and the window was smashed (счупен)'.

Word Web

съмсеотнаписаннаправенсчупенизбранприет

챌린지

Look around your room and name 5 things using the passive voice (e.g., 'Прозорецът е затворен', 'Лампата е светната').

문화 노트

In Bulgarian bureaucracy, the passive voice is used to avoid individual responsibility. You will often hear 'Беше решено' (It was decided) instead of 'I decided'.

Bulgarian menus use passive participles as adjectives to describe traditional cooking methods like 'печен' (roasted) or 'задушен' (stewed).

Bulgarian news (BNT, bTV) heavily uses the participial passive to maintain a neutral, objective distance from events.

Bulgarian passive structures evolved from Old Church Slavonic reflexive and participial forms.

대화 시작하기

Как се казва това на български?

Какво беше решено на последната среща?

Смятате ли, че законите в България се спазват?

Какви промени бяха направени във вашия град наскоро?

일기 주제

Опишете как се приготвя любимото ви ястие, без да използвате 'аз'.
Напишете кратък доклад за събитие, което сте посетили.
Дискутирайте как се промени светът след появата на интернет.
Напишете официално писмо за оплакване относно повредена стока.

자주 하는 실수

Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답

Test Yourself

Choose the correct passive form for: 'The book (fem.) is written.' 객관식

Книгата е ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: написана
'Книга' is feminine singular, so the participle must end in -а.
Fill in the reflexive particle for the process passive.

Тук ___ строи нова сграда.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се
The reflexive passive uses the particle 'се'.
Correct the mistake in this sentence: 'Обядът беше сготвена от майка ми.' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Обядът беше сготвена от майка ми.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: сготвен
'Обяд' is masculine, so the participle should be 'сготвен'.
Change from active to passive: 'Той счупи прозореца.' Sentence Transformation

Той счупи прозореца. -> Прозорецът ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: беше счупен
The object 'прозорец' (masc) becomes the subject of the passive construction.
Is this sentence Resultative or Process passive? Grammar Sorting

Вратата е заключена.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Resultative
It uses 'съм' + participle to describe a finished state.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

- Къде е колата ми? - В момента ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се поправя
Use the reflexive passive for an ongoing process in the present.
True or False: The agent in a Bulgarian passive sentence is introduced by 'от'. True False Rule

The agent is introduced by 'от'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: True
'От' is the equivalent of 'by' in passive constructions.
Put the words in order: (законът / приет / беше / вчера) Sentence Building

законът / приет / беше / вчера

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Законът беше приет вчера.
Standard word order is Subject + Auxiliary + Participle + Adverb.

Score: /8

연습 문제

8 exercises
Choose the correct passive form for: 'The book (fem.) is written.' 객관식

Книгата е ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: написана
'Книга' is feminine singular, so the participle must end in -а.
Fill in the reflexive particle for the process passive.

Тук ___ строи нова сграда.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се
The reflexive passive uses the particle 'се'.
Correct the mistake in this sentence: 'Обядът беше сготвена от майка ми.' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Обядът беше сготвена от майка ми.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: сготвен
'Обяд' is masculine, so the participle should be 'сготвен'.
Change from active to passive: 'Той счупи прозореца.' Sentence Transformation

Той счупи прозореца. -> Прозорецът ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: беше счупен
The object 'прозорец' (masc) becomes the subject of the passive construction.
Is this sentence Resultative or Process passive? Grammar Sorting

Вратата е заключена.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Resultative
It uses 'съм' + participle to describe a finished state.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

- Къде е колата ми? - В момента ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се поправя
Use the reflexive passive for an ongoing process in the present.
True or False: The agent in a Bulgarian passive sentence is introduced by 'от'. True False Rule

The agent is introduced by 'от'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: True
'От' is the equivalent of 'by' in passive constructions.
Put the words in order: (законът / приет / беше / вчера) Sentence Building

законът / приет / беше / вчера

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Законът беше приет вчера.
Standard word order is Subject + Auxiliary + Participle + Adverb.

Score: /8

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

No, only transitive verbs (verbs that take a direct object) can be made passive. You can't make 'sleep' or 'go' passive in the standard way.

No! 'Се' is also used for reflexive actions (I wash myself) and reciprocal actions (We see each other). Context is key.

In spoken Bulgarian, the 'се' passive is very common for processes. In writing and news, the 'съм' + participle is more frequent for results.

Use the preposition `от`. For example: `написано от Иван` (written by Ivan).

It sounds a bit formal. Bulgarians usually prefer the active voice (`Иван счупи вазата`) over the passive (`Вазата беше счупена`) unless they want to be vague.

`Счупен` is a state (it is broken), while `счупи се` can be a passive process or an accidental active event (it broke).

Yes! Use `ще бъде` + participle. Example: `Ще бъде направено` (It will be done).

Yes, but it's rare. You can say `Аз бях поканен` (I was invited). The participle must agree with your gender.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

English moderate

Passive Voice (be + past participle)

Bulgarian has two distinct passive types (reflexive and participial), whereas English primarily has one.

Spanish high

Pasiva refleja (se + verb)

Bulgarian participial passive is used more in formal writing than the Spanish 'pasiva perifrástica'.

German moderate

Vorgangspassiv (werden + Partizip II)

German uses a specific auxiliary for processes, while Bulgarian uses a reflexive particle.

French moderate

Voix passive / Forme pronominale

Bulgarian reflexive passive is more grammatically flexible and common.

Japanese low

受動態 (judōtai - rare/suffix)

Bulgarian passive is purely structural/stylistic, while Japanese passive often implies the subject is adversely affected.

Arabic low

المبني للمجهول (al-mabni lil-majhul)

Bulgarian uses external particles and auxiliaries rather than internal stem changes.

Chinese low

被 (bèi) construction

Bulgarian passive is neutral and can be used for positive or neutral results.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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