At the A1 level, think of 'ηθική' (ethics) as a way to talk about what is 'good' (καλό) and 'bad' (κακό). Even though it is a big word, you can use it to say that someone is a good person or that an action is right. In Greek, it is a feminine word, so we say 'η ηθική'. You might hear it when people talk about being kind to others. For example, 'Η ηθική είναι καλή' (Ethics is good). At this level, don't worry about the philosophy; just remember it means doing the right thing.
At the A2 level, you can start using 'ηθική' to describe simple rules of behavior. You might see it in phrases like 'ηθική συμπεριφορά' (ethical behavior). It is a feminine noun, and it describes the rules we follow to be 'σωστοί' (correct) in society. You can use it to talk about why we don't lie or steal. It is the 'why' behind being a good friend. You might also hear it in school when teachers talk about how to treat classmates with respect.
At the B1 level, you should understand 'ηθική' as both a personal set of values and a social standard. You can use it to discuss topics like 'επαγγελματική ηθική' (professional ethics) or 'περιβαλλοντική ηθική' (environmental ethics). You should be able to form sentences like 'Αυτό το θέμα είναι ζήτημα ηθικής' (This issue is a matter of ethics). You are now moving beyond just 'good and bad' to understanding that there are systems of rules that guide different parts of life, like work or science.
At the B2 level, 'ηθική' becomes a tool for debate and analysis. You can discuss the 'ηθικά διλήμματα' (ethical dilemmas) that people face. You should be able to distinguish between 'ηθική' (the system) and 'ήθος' (character). You can use the word to critique politics, media, and technology. For instance, you might argue about the 'ηθική της τεχνητής νοημοσύνης' (ethics of AI). You should also be comfortable with the adjectival forms and the adverb 'ηθικά' (ethically).
At the C1 level, you use 'ηθική' in complex academic and professional contexts. You can discuss different schools of thought, such as 'ωφελιμιστική ηθική' (utilitarian ethics) or 'αρετοκρατική ηθική' (virtue ethics). You understand the nuance of 'ηθική δικαίωση' (moral vindication) and can use the word in formal essays or legal discussions. Your vocabulary includes related terms like 'δεοντολογία' and 'χρηστοήθεια,' and you can explain the subtle differences between them in a sophisticated manner.
At the C2 level, you have a masterly command of 'ηθική' in all its philosophical and linguistic depth. You can engage in high-level discourse about the 'οντολογία της ηθικής' (ontology of ethics) and the historical evolution of the term from Aristotle to the present. You can use the word to explore the most intricate human experiences and social structures. You are aware of its use in idioms, rare literary contexts, and specialized fields like bioethics or meta-ethics, using it with absolute precision and stylistic flair.

ηθική 30초 만에

  • Η ηθική σημαίνει ethics ή morality και αφορά το τι είναι σωστό και τι λάθος.
  • Είναι θηλυκό ουσιαστικό (η ηθική) και προέρχεται από την αρχαία λέξη 'ήθος'.
  • Χρησιμοποιείται σε πολλούς τομείς, όπως η πολιτική, η ιατρική και η καθημερινή ζωή.
  • Συχνά συνδέεται με τον χαρακτήρα και τις αρχές ενός ατόμου ή μιας ομάδας.

The Greek word ηθική (i-thi-KEE) is a fundamental pillar of both the Greek language and Western philosophical thought. At its core, it translates to 'ethics' or 'morality.' Derived from the ancient word ἦθος (ethos), which originally meant 'custom,' 'habit,' or 'character,' the term has evolved to encompass the systematic study of what is right and wrong, as well as the practical application of moral principles in daily life. In modern Greek, it functions primarily as a feminine noun, though it retains a strong connection to its adjectival roots.

Philosophical Scope
In academic contexts, ηθική refers to the branch of philosophy that investigates the nature of morality. It covers meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. When a Greek speaker mentions 'Ηθική του Αριστοτέλη' (Aristotle's Ethics), they are referring to a rigorous intellectual framework for living a virtuous life.

Beyond the classroom, ηθική is used to describe a person's internal compass. It is the set of values that dictates how one treats others, handles professional responsibilities, and makes difficult decisions. Unlike the word νόμος (law), which refers to external rules enforced by the state, ηθική is often perceived as an internal, self-imposed discipline. A person with 'υψηλή ηθική' (high ethics) is someone who acts with integrity even when no one is watching.

Η επαγγελματική ηθική είναι απαραίτητη για κάθε γιατρό.

Social Context
In social circles, the word is often used to judge behavior. Phrases like 'δεν είναι ηθικό' (it isn't moral/ethical) are common when discussing scandals, betrayals, or unfair advantages. It carries a heavy weight of social expectation and traditional values.

Πολλοί αναρωτιούνται για την ηθική των νέων τεχνολογιών όπως η τεχνητή νοημοσύνη.

The word also appears in the context of 'moral satisfaction' or 'moral support.' In Greek, ηθική ικανοποίηση (moral satisfaction) is the feeling of being right or justified, even if there is no financial gain. Similarly, ηθική συμπαράσταση (moral support) is the emotional and principled backing one gives to a friend in need.

Etymological Connection
The relationship between ήθος (character) and ηθική (ethics) suggests that for the Greeks, morality is not just about rules, but about the cultivation of a stable and virtuous character over time.

Το ζήτημα της ηθικής στην πολιτική είναι παλιό όσο και η ίδια η δημοκρατία.

Η χριστιανική ηθική επηρέασε βαθιά την ευρωπαϊκή κοινωνία.

Δεν υπάρχει ηθική χωρίς ελευθερία βούλησης.

Using ηθική correctly requires understanding its role as a noun and its frequent pairing with adjectives that define the type of ethics being discussed. Because it is a feminine noun ending in -η, it follows the standard first declension pattern. When you want to describe a person's behavior as 'ethical,' you would use the adjective ηθικός (masculine), ηθική (feminine), or ηθικό (neuter), but here we focus on the abstract noun itself.

As a Subject
When ηθική is the subject of a sentence, it often defines a standard or a field of study. For example: 'Η ηθική είναι η βάση της κοινωνίας' (Ethics is the foundation of society).

In many cases, the noun is modified by a genitive or an adjective to specify a domain. Common pairings include επαγγελματική ηθική (professional ethics), πολιτική ηθική (political ethics), or περιβαλλοντική ηθική (environmental ethics). These phrases function as compound concepts in Greek thought, emphasizing that every sphere of human activity has its own moral dimension.

Η ηθική της εργασίας του είναι υποδειγματική.

In Prepositional Phrases
You will often see the word after prepositions like για (for/about) or κατά (against). For instance: 'Μιλήσαμε για την ηθική της επιστήμης' (We spoke about the ethics of science).

Αυτό το πείραμα εγείρει σοβαρά ερωτήματα ηθικής.

Another interesting usage is in the phrase περί ηθικής (concerning ethics). This is a more formal, almost academic way to introduce the topic. It is frequently used in essay titles or debate prompts. Furthermore, the word appears in the phrase ηθική δικαίωση (moral vindication), used when someone is proven right in principle, even if they suffered a loss in practice.

Object of a Verb
Verbs like διδάσκω (teach), αμφισβητώ (question), or προασπίζομαι (defend) take ηθική as a direct object. 'Ο δάσκαλος διδάσκει την ηθική' (The teacher teaches ethics).

Δεν μπορούμε να θυσιάσουμε την ηθική για το κέρδος.

Η ηθική του πολέμου είναι ένα περίπλοκο θέμα.

Πρέπει να ακολουθούμε την ηθική μας συνείδηση.

In Greece, ηθική is not a word confined to dusty philosophy books; it is a vibrant part of the public discourse. You will hear it on the evening news, in university lecture halls, in courtrooms, and even in heated coffee-shop debates about politics or sports. Because Greece has a long history of philosophical inquiry, the average person is quite comfortable using abstract terms like this to evaluate current events.

News and Media
Whenever a politician is involved in a scandal, journalists will inevitably discuss 'πολιτική ηθική' (political ethics) or the lack thereof. You might hear: 'Τίθεται ένα μείζον θέμα ηθικής' (A major issue of ethics is being raised).

In the business world, especially with the rise of corporate social responsibility, 'επιχειρηματική ηθική' (business ethics) is a hot topic. Companies often advertise their ethical practices to appeal to modern consumers. You will hear CEOs talking about the 'ηθική δέσμευση' (ethical commitment) of their firm towards the environment or the community.

Η ηθική στην εποχή του διαδικτύου είναι πρόκληση.

Medical and Scientific Fields
In hospitals and research centers, 'βιοηθική' (bioethics) is a critical field. Doctors and researchers constantly consult 'επιτροπές ηθικής' (ethics committees) before proceeding with new treatments or experiments.

Η επιτροπή ηθικής ενέκρινε την έρευνα.

Interestingly, you might also encounter the word in sports. When a player makes a fair-play gesture, commentators might praise their 'αθλητική ηθική' (sports ethics/sportsmanship). Conversely, doping or cheating is seen as a 'κατάρρευση της ηθικής' (collapse of ethics) in the sporting world. This shows how the word spans from the highest intellectual levels to the most popular forms of entertainment.

Daily Conversations
In personal life, people use the word to evaluate partners or friends. 'Δεν έχει ηθική' (He/She has no morals) is a severe condemnation in Greek culture, implying a person is untrustworthy and lacks character.

Έχει μια πολύ αυστηρή προσωπική ηθική.

Η ηθική είναι το φως στην ομίχλη των πειρασμών.

Πάνω από όλα βάζω την ηθική μου.

For English speakers learning Greek, the most common mistake with ηθική is confusing the noun with the adjective. In English, 'ethics' is always a noun, but in Greek, 'ηθική' can be the feminine form of the adjective 'ηθικός' (ethical). For example, 'ηθική απόφαση' means 'ethical decision.' Learners often forget that when using it as a noun (the study of ethics), it is singular in Greek, whereas 'ethics' often looks plural in English.

Singular vs Plural
Mistake: Saying 'Οι ηθικές είναι σημαντικές' (The ethics are important). Correct: 'Η ηθική είναι σημαντική.' In Greek, the field of study is singular.

Another frequent error is confusing ηθική (morality/ethics) with ήθος (character/ethos). While they are related, ήθος refers more to the innate quality or 'vibe' of a person or a work of art, while ηθική refers to the system of values. If you want to say someone has a good character, you say 'έχει καλό ήθος,' but if you want to say they have moral principles, you say 'έχει ηθική.'

Προσοχή: Μην μπερδεύετε την ηθική με το ήθος.

Preposition Pitfalls
Learners sometimes use the wrong preposition when saying 'against ethics.' While 'κατά της ηθικής' is correct, some might mistakenly use 'αντί' or 'εναντίον' in ways that sound unnatural in this specific philosophical context.

Είναι λάθος να λέμε 'το ηθική'· το σωστό είναι 'η ηθική'.

There is also a confusion between ηθική and ηθικό (morale). While η ηθική (fem.) is ethics, το ηθικό (neut.) refers to the morale of a group, like an army or a team. If you say 'το ηθικό είναι υψηλό,' you mean the team is feeling confident and spirited. If you say 'η ηθική είναι υψηλή,' you mean their moral standards are high. Mixing these up can lead to funny or confusing situations.

Adverb Confusion
Mistaking the adverb ηθικά (ethically) for the noun. 'Ενήργησε ηθικά' (He acted ethically) vs 'Η ηθική του είναι σωστή' (His ethics are correct).

Μην συγχέετε την ηθική (ethics) με το ηθικό (morale).

Η ηθική δεν είναι απλώς θεωρία, είναι πράξη.

Η ηθική του κράτους πρέπει να είναι αδιαμφισβήτητη.

While ηθική is the most common word for ethics, Greek offers several nuanced alternatives depending on the context. Understanding these can help you sound more like a native speaker and clarify your meaning in complex discussions.

Ηθική vs. Αρετή (Virtue)
Ηθική is the system or the study, while αρετή (a-re-TEE) is the excellence of character or a specific moral quality. You practice αρετή to fulfill the requirements of ηθική.

Another close relative is δεοντολογία (deontology/ethics of duty). While ηθική is broad, δεοντολογία is specifically used for professional codes of conduct. For example, 'Κώδικας Δεοντολογίας' is the official term for a professional 'Code of Ethics.' If you are talking about the rules a lawyer or journalist must follow, δεοντολογία is often more precise than ηθική.

Η επαγγελματική ηθική συχνά ταυτίζεται με τη δεοντολογία.

Ηθική vs. Αρχές (Principles)
People often say 'έχει αρχές' (he has principles) as a synonym for 'έχει ηθική.' Αρχές are the specific building blocks of one's ηθική.

Οι ηθικές του αξίες είναι αδιαπραγμάτευτες.

For a more old-fashioned or formal tone, one might use χρηστοήθεια (decency/good morals). This word emphasizes the 'good' (χρηστός) aspect of character. In legal documents, you might see the phrase 'χρηστά ήθη' (good morals/public decency), which is the standard used to judge whether a contract or action is socially acceptable.

Summary Table
  • Ηθική: General ethics/morality.
  • Δεοντολογία: Professional code/duty.
  • Ήθος: Individual character/integrity.
  • Αρετή: Virtue/Excellence.

Δεν είναι θέμα νόμου, είναι θέμα ηθικής.

Η ηθική ακεραιότητα είναι σπάνιο χάρισμα.

Η ηθική φιλοσοφία αναζητά την αλήθεια του 'ευ ζην'.

How Formal Is It?

격식체

"Η ακαδημαϊκή ηθική επιβάλλει την αποφυγή της λογοκλοπής."

중립

"Η ηθική του είναι πολύ καλή."

비격식체

"Δεν έχει ηθική αυτός ο άνθρωπος."

Child friendly

"Η ηθική μας μαθαίνει να είμαστε καλά παιδιά."

속어

"Τι ηθική μου τσαμπουνάς τώρα;"

재미있는 사실

Aristotle was the first to use 'ηθική' as a noun to describe a whole branch of study. He believed that ethics was not just about knowing what is good, but about developing the habit of being good.

발음 가이드

UK /i.θi.ˈci/
US /i.θi.ˈki/
On the last syllable (η-θι-κή).
라임이 맞는 단어
μουσική (mousiki - music) λογική (logiki - logic) τεχνική (techniki - technique) πολιτική (politiki - politics) φυσική (fysiki - physics) διδακτική (didaktiki - teaching) κριτική (kritiki - criticism) εποχή (epochi - era)
자주 하는 실수
  • Stressing the first syllable (H-thi-ki) instead of the last.
  • Pronouncing 'θ' like a 't' or 's'.
  • Pronouncing the final 'η' like an 'e' in 'pet'.

난이도

독해 3/5

The word is easy to recognize because of the English cognate 'ethics', but reading philosophical texts can be hard.

쓰기 4/5

Requires correct gender and accent placement, and knowing which adjectives pair well with it.

말하기 3/5

Pronunciation is straightforward, but it's a 'heavy' word for casual conversation.

듣기 2/5

Easy to hear in news or formal speeches.

다음에 무엇을 배울까

선수 학습

καλό κακό σωστό λάθος άνθρωπος

다음에 배울 것

αρετή συνείδηση δικαιοσύνη αξία αρχή

고급

δεοντολογία ωφελιμισμός οντολογία μεταφυσική ευδαιμονία

알아야 할 문법

Feminine Nouns in -η

Η ηθική, της ηθικής, την ηθική.

Adjective-Noun Agreement

Υψηλή (fem) ηθική (fem).

Genitive of Specification

Ζήτημα (noun) ηθικής (genitive).

Abstract Nouns and Articles

Greeks usually keep the article: 'Η ηθική είναι...' (Ethics is...).

Adverb Formation

Ηθικός -> Ηθικά (Ethically).

수준별 예문

1

Η ηθική είναι σημαντική.

Ethics is important.

Subject (fem. noun) + Verb + Adjective (fem.)

2

Είναι καλή ηθική.

It is good ethics.

Simple copular sentence.

3

Η ηθική μου λέει 'όχι'.

My ethics tells me 'no'.

Noun + Possessive pronoun + Verb.

4

Μαθαίνουμε για την ηθική.

We are learning about ethics.

Verb + Preposition + Accusative noun.

5

Η ηθική είναι το σωστό.

Ethics is the right thing.

Noun + Verb + Neuter noun phrase.

6

Δεν έχει ηθική.

He/She has no ethics.

Negative + Verb + Accusative noun.

7

Η ηθική βοηθάει όλους.

Ethics helps everyone.

Noun + Verb + Object.

8

Αγαπώ την ηθική.

I love ethics.

Verb + Accusative noun.

1

Η ηθική συμπεριφορά είναι απαραίτητη.

Ethical behavior is necessary.

Adjective modifying a noun, followed by a predicate.

2

Έχει υψηλή ηθική.

He/She has high ethics.

Verb + Adjective + Noun.

3

Μιλάμε για την ηθική στην τάξη.

We talk about ethics in class.

Present tense verb + prepositional phrase.

4

Η ηθική είναι μέρος της ζωής.

Ethics is part of life.

Noun + Verb + Noun phrase in genitive.

5

Ποια είναι η ηθική σου;

What is your ethics?

Interrogative pronoun + Verb + Noun.

6

Η ηθική μας ενώνει.

Ethics unites us.

Noun + Object pronoun + Verb.

7

Χωρίς ηθική, υπάρχει πρόβλημα.

Without ethics, there is a problem.

Preposition + Noun + Verb + Noun.

8

Η ηθική του είναι κακή.

His ethics is bad.

Noun + Genitive article + Verb + Adjective.

1

Η επαγγελματική ηθική είναι πολύ σημαντική στον χώρο εργασίας.

Professional ethics is very important in the workplace.

Compound subject using an adjective.

2

Αυτό είναι ένα δύσκολο ζήτημα ηθικής.

This is a difficult issue of ethics.

Noun phrase with a genitive qualifier.

3

Πρέπει να έχουμε ηθική στις αποφάσεις μας.

We must have ethics in our decisions.

Modal verb + infinitive-like structure + prepositional phrase.

4

Η ηθική της επιστήμης εξελίσσεται συνεχώς.

The ethics of science is constantly evolving.

Genitive of the noun 'science' modifying 'ethics'.

5

Πολλοί άνθρωποι αμφισβητούν την ηθική των πολιτικών.

Many people question the ethics of politicians.

Transitive verb with a complex object.

6

Η ηθική ικανοποίηση είναι μεγαλύτερη από τα χρήματα.

Moral satisfaction is greater than money.

Comparative structure.

7

Διδάσκει ηθική στο πανεπιστήμιο.

He/She teaches ethics at the university.

Verb + Accusative noun + Location.

8

Η ηθική μας καθοδηγεί στις δύσκολες στιγμές.

Ethics guides us in difficult times.

Noun + Object pronoun + Verb + Time expression.

1

Το δίλημμα αυτό αφορά την ηθική της τεχνητής νοημοσύνης.

This dilemma concerns the ethics of artificial intelligence.

Verb 'αφορά' taking an accusative object.

2

Η ηθική του Αριστοτέλη βασίζεται στην αρετή.

Aristotle's ethics is based on virtue.

Passive verb 'βασίζεται' with a prepositional complement.

3

Υπάρχει μια σύγκρουση μεταξύ ηθικής και νόμου.

There is a conflict between ethics and law.

Preposition 'μεταξύ' taking a genitive.

4

Η περιβαλλοντική ηθική απαιτεί την προστασία της φύσης.

Environmental ethics demands the protection of nature.

Abstract subject with a transitive verb.

5

Η ηθική του ευδαιμονισμού αναζητά την ευτυχία.

The ethics of eudaimonism seeks happiness.

Specific philosophical term usage.

6

Δεν μπορούμε να αγνοήσουμε την ηθική διάσταση του προβλήματος.

We cannot ignore the ethical dimension of the problem.

Adjectival use of the word within a noun phrase.

7

Η ηθική ευθύνη βαραίνει όλους μας.

The moral responsibility weighs on all of us.

Metaphorical use of the verb 'βαραίνει'.

8

Η ηθική κρίση είναι απαραίτητη για την κοινωνική πρόοδο.

Moral judgment is necessary for social progress.

Complex noun phrase as subject.

1

Η δεοντολογική ηθική επικεντρώνεται στο καθήκον.

Deontological ethics focuses on duty.

Specialized philosophical terminology.

2

Η ηθική σχετικότητα υποστηρίζει ότι δεν υπάρχουν απόλυτες αλήθειες.

Moral relativism argues that there are no absolute truths.

Subordinate clause introduced by 'ότι'.

3

Η βιοηθική εξετάζει τα όρια της γενετικής παρέμβασης.

Bioethics examines the limits of genetic intervention.

Prefix 'βιο-' combined with 'ηθική'.

4

Η ηθική ακεραιότητα αποτελεί το θεμέλιο της εμπιστοσύνης.

Moral integrity constitutes the foundation of trust.

Formal verb 'αποτελεί'.

5

Η ηθική φιλοσοφία του Καντ είναι εξαιρετικά επιδραστική.

Kant's moral philosophy is extremely influential.

Genitive of proper noun + noun phrase.

6

Αντιμετωπίζουμε μια κρίση ηθικής στις σύγχρονες δυτικές κοινωνίες.

We are facing a crisis of ethics in modern Western societies.

Verb in the present continuous sense.

7

Η ηθική νομιμοποίηση μιας πράξης δεν συμπίπτει πάντα με τη νομική.

The moral legitimacy of an act does not always coincide with the legal one.

Comparison between moral and legal concepts.

8

Η ηθική αυταξία του ατόμου είναι αναπαλλοτρίωτη.

The inherent moral value of the individual is inalienable.

High-level vocabulary and abstract concepts.

1

Η μετα-ηθική διερευνά την ίδια τη φύση των ηθικών κρίσεων.

Meta-ethics investigates the very nature of moral judgments.

Use of 'μετα-' prefix for higher-level abstraction.

2

Η ηθική του Νίτσε προτείνει την υπέρβαση των παραδοσιακών αξιών.

Nietzsche's ethics proposes the transcendence of traditional values.

Complex philosophical proposition.

3

Η συνολική κατάρρευση της ηθικής τάξης οδήγησε στην αναρχία.

The total collapse of the moral order led to anarchy.

Past tense narrative with cause-effect relationship.

4

Η ηθική επιταγή του 'μη βλάπτειν' είναι θεμελιώδης στην ιατρική.

The moral imperative of 'do no harm' is fundamental in medicine.

Use of ancient Greek infinitive in a modern context.

5

Η ηθική διάσταση της ύπαρξης είναι αναπόσπαστο κομμάτι της ανθρώπινης κατάστασης.

The moral dimension of existence is an integral part of the human condition.

Sophisticated ontological statement.

6

Η ηθική αυστηρότητα των Στωικών παραμένει επίκαιρη.

The moral rigor of the Stoics remains relevant.

Historical reference with modern application.

7

Υπάρχει μια λεπτή γραμμή μεταξύ ηθικής και ηθικολογίας.

There is a fine line between ethics and moralizing.

Distinction between a positive and a pejorative term.

8

Η ηθική αυτονομία είναι το ζητούμενο της διαφωτιστικής σκέψης.

Moral autonomy is the goal of Enlightenment thought.

Abstract philosophical definition.

자주 쓰는 조합

επαγγελματική ηθική
πολιτική ηθική
ηθική ικανοποίηση
ηθική συμπαράσταση
ζήτημα ηθικής
ηθικές αξίες
κώδικας ηθικής
ηθική δικαίωση
ηθική κρίση
περιβαλλοντική ηθική

자주 쓰는 구문

περί ηθικής

— Concerning ethics; often used as a title or introduction to a topic.

Μια συζήτηση περί ηθικής.

ηθικόν δίδαγμα

— The moral of the story; the lesson learned.

Ποιο είναι το ηθικόν δίδαγμα αυτού του μύθου;

άνθρωπος χωρίς ηθική

— A person without morals; a very negative description.

Μην τον εμπιστεύεσαι, είναι άνθρωπος χωρίς ηθική.

ηθική δέσμευση

— A moral commitment or obligation.

Έχω μια ηθική δέσμευση απέναντί του.

ηθική αυστηρότητα

— Moral rigor or strictness in following principles.

Η ηθική αυστηρότητα του παππού μου ήταν γνωστή.

ηθική πρόοδος

— Moral progress of an individual or society.

Η τεχνολογία πρέπει να συνοδεύεται από ηθική πρόοδο.

ηθική συνείδηση

— Moral conscience; the internal voice of right and wrong.

Η ηθική μου συνείδηση δεν μου το επιτρέπει.

ηθική επιλογή

— A moral choice.

Βρέθηκε μπροστά σε μια δύσκολη ηθική επιλογή.

ηθική διάσταση

— The ethical dimension or aspect of a situation.

Πρέπει να δούμε την ηθική διάσταση του θέματος.

ηθική αρχή

— A moral principle.

Αυτή είναι η βασική μου ηθική αρχή.

자주 혼동되는 단어

ηθική vs το ηθικό

Means 'morale' (mood/spirit) rather than 'ethics'.

ηθική vs το ήθος

Means 'character' or 'integrity' rather than the system of ethics.

ηθική vs ηθικά

Is the adverb 'ethically', not the noun.

관용어 및 표현

"ηθικόν ακμαιότατον"

— Morale is at its peak; used to say that spirits are very high.

Μετά τη νίκη, το ηθικόν ακμαιότατον!

Formal/Humorous
"κατάρρευση της ηθικής"

— Total collapse of morality; used for social decay.

Πολλοί φοβούνται την κατάρρευση της ηθικής.

Formal
"ηθικό ανάστημα"

— Moral stature; the quality of someone's character and integrity.

Είναι ένας άνθρωπος με μεγάλο ηθικό ανάστημα.

Formal
"ηθική αυτουργία"

— Moral instigation; being the one who encouraged a crime without doing it.

Κατηγορείται για ηθική αυτουργία στην κλοπή.

Legal
"ηθικός αυτουργός"

— The moral mastermind behind an action.

Αυτός είναι ο ηθικός αυτουργός της επιτυχίας μας.

Neutral/Formal
"κάνω ηθικολογία"

— To moralize or lecture others in a preachy way.

Μην μου κάνεις ηθικολογία τώρα.

Informal
"ηθικό πλεονέκτημα"

— Moral high ground/advantage.

Η κυβέρνηση ισχυρίζεται ότι έχει το ηθικό πλεονέκτημα.

Political
"θυσιάζω την ηθική"

— To sacrifice one's ethics for something else.

Θυσίασε την ηθική του για τα χρήματα.

Neutral
"ηθική τάξη"

— Moral order; the expected ethical state of things.

Πρέπει να αποκατασταθεί η ηθική τάξη.

Formal
"ηθική πτώση"

— Moral fall or degradation.

Η ηθική πτώση της κοινωνίας είναι φανερή.

Formal

혼동하기 쉬운

ηθική vs Ήθος

Both relate to character.

Ήθος is the innate character or 'vibe' of a person. Ηθική is the system of moral rules or the study of those rules.

Έχει καλό ήθος (good character), αλλά δεν ξέρει τίποτα για την ηθική (the philosophy).

ηθική vs Ηθικό

Only the gender/article changes.

Η ηθική (fem) is ethics/morality. Το ηθικό (neut) is the morale of a group.

Το ηθικό του στρατού είναι υψηλό.

ηθική vs Δεοντολογία

Both mean 'ethics' in professional settings.

Ηθική is general. Δεοντολογία refers specifically to a formal code of conduct for a profession.

Παραβίασε τη δημοσιογραφική δεοντολογία.

ηθική vs Αρετή

Both are positive moral terms.

Αρετή is a specific moral excellence (like courage). Ηθική is the whole system.

Η δικαιοσύνη είναι μια ηθική αρετή.

ηθική vs Χρηστοήθεια

Both refer to being good.

Χρηστοήθεια is more about 'decency' and social respectability, often used in legal contexts.

Προσβάλλει τη δημόσια χρηστοήθεια.

문장 패턴

A1

Η ηθική είναι [adjective].

Η ηθική είναι καλή.

A2

Έχει [adjective] ηθική.

Έχει υψηλή ηθική.

B1

Είναι θέμα [noun in genitive].

Είναι θέμα ηθικής.

B2

Η [adjective] ηθική αφορά [noun].

Η επαγγελματική ηθική αφορά όλους.

C1

Από την άποψη της [noun in genitive]...

Από την άποψη της ηθικής, αυτό είναι λάθος.

C2

Η ηθική [noun in genitive] συνίσταται σε [noun].

Η ηθική του καθήκοντος συνίσταται στην υπακοή.

B1

Δεν υπάρχει [noun] χωρίς [noun in accusative].

Δεν υπάρχει κοινωνία χωρίς ηθική.

B2

Η [noun] εγείρει ερωτήματα [noun in genitive].

Η επιστήμη εγείρει ερωτήματα ηθικής.

어휘 가족

명사

동사

형용사

관련

사용법

frequency

High (Common in news and abstract discussion).

자주 하는 실수
  • Το ηθική είναι καλό. Η ηθική είναι καλή.

    The word is feminine, so it needs the feminine article 'η' and feminine adjective 'καλή'.

  • Οι ηθικές μου. Η ηθική μου / Οι αρχές μου.

    In Greek, we don't usually pluralize 'ethics' to mean personal morals; we use the singular or the word 'αρχές' (principles).

  • Το ηθικό είναι λάθος. Η ηθική είναι λάθος.

    Using the neuter 'το ηθικό' means you are talking about morale, not morality.

  • Διδάσκω ήθος. Διδάσκω ηθική.

    You teach the subject of 'ethics' (ηθική), you don't 'teach' character (ήθος) in the same academic sense.

  • Είναι ένα ηθικό θέμα. Είναι ένα θέμα ηθικής.

    While 'ηθικό θέμα' is possible, 'θέμα ηθικής' is much more idiomatic for 'a matter of ethics'.

Article Usage

Don't forget the article 'η'. In Greek, abstract nouns almost always take an article. Say 'Η ηθική είναι σημαντική', not just 'Ηθική είναι σημαντική'.

Professional Contexts

If you are in a business meeting, use 'δεοντολογία' to sound more professional when talking about rules and regulations.

Stress Matters

The stress is on the last 'η'. If you stress the first 'η', it sounds like a different word or is simply incorrect.

Philotimo

Understand that 'ηθική' is often linked to 'φιλότιμο' in Greece. Doing the right thing is a matter of personal and family pride.

Moral vs Morale

Always remember: Η ηθική (fem) = Ethics. Το ηθικό (neut) = Morale. This is the most common mistake for advanced learners.

Compound Words

Look for words starting with 'ηθικο-'. They usually relate to morality, like 'ηθικολογία' (moralizing).

News Keywords

In Greek news, 'ζήτημα ηθικής' is a keyword for political scandals. Listen for it to understand the topic quickly.

Ancient Roots

Knowing that it comes from 'ήθος' (character) helps you remember that Greek ethics is about *who you are*, not just *what you do*.

Softening Criticism

Instead of saying 'Είσαι κακός' (You are bad), saying 'Αυτό δεν είναι ηθικό' (This isn't ethical) sounds more reasoned and powerful.

Cognate Connection

The English word 'Ethics' is your best friend here. Just add the Greek feminine ending '-i' (η).

암기하기

기억법

Think of 'Ethics'. The word 'Ethiki' sounds like 'Ethics' but with a Greek 'i' at the end. It's the 'Key' (kee) to being a good person.

시각적 연상

Imagine a scale (justice/ethics) with the Greek letter 'Η' (Eta) on one side and a heart on the other.

Word Web

Ήθος Αρετή Καλό Κακό Συνείδηση Αξίες Αρχές Φιλοσοφία

챌린지

Try to identify one 'ηθική' decision you made today and explain it using the word in a sentence.

어원

From the Ancient Greek word ἠθικός (ēthikós), which is an adjective derived from ἦθος (êthos). Ήθος originally meant 'custom', 'disposition', or 'character'.

원래 의미: Pertaining to character or custom.

Indo-European (Hellenic branch).

문화적 맥락

Be careful when using 'ανήθικος' (immoral) as it is a very strong insult in Greek society.

In English, 'ethics' often sounds more professional/academic, while 'morality' sounds more personal/religious. In Greek, 'ηθική' comfortably covers both spheres.

Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle (Ηθικά Νικομάχεια). The Sermon on the Mount (Christian ethics). The Hippocratic Oath (Medical ethics).

실생활에서 연습하기

실제 사용 상황

Philosophy Class

  • Ηθική φιλοσοφία
  • Ηθικό δίλημμα
  • Κανονιστική ηθική
  • Ηθική θεωρία

Business/Work

  • Επαγγελματική ηθική
  • Κώδικας δεοντολογίας
  • Εταιρική ευθύνη
  • Ηθική εργασίας

Politics/News

  • Πολιτική ηθική
  • Διαφθορά
  • Ηθικό πλεονέκτημα
  • Δημόσιο ήθος

Medicine

  • Βιοηθική
  • Ιατρική ηθική
  • Επιτροπή ηθικής
  • Ηθική της έρευνας

Daily Life/Character

  • Άνθρωπος με ηθική
  • Ηθική ικανοποίηση
  • Ηθική συμπαράσταση
  • Προσωπικές αρχές

대화 시작하기

"Πιστεύεις ότι η ηθική είναι ίδια για όλους;"

"Ποια είναι η πιο σημαντική ηθική αρχή για σένα;"

"Είναι η ηθική πιο σημαντική από τον νόμο;"

"Πώς επηρεάζει η τεχνολογία την ηθική μας σήμερα;"

"Μπορεί κάποιος να διδάξει την ηθική στα παιδιά;"

일기 주제

Περιγράψτε μια στιγμή που η ηθική σας δοκιμάστηκε σε μια δύσκολη απόφαση.

Τι σημαίνει για εσάς 'επαγγελματική ηθική' στην καριέρα σας;

Πιστεύετε ότι η κοινωνία μας περνάει κρίση ηθικής; Γιατί;

Πώς ορίζετε τη σχέση ανάμεσα στην ηθική και την ευτυχία;

Γράψτε για έναν άνθρωπο που θαυμάζετε για την ηθική του ακεραιότητα.

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

Yes, when referring to the field of ethics or morality as a concept, it is singular. The plural 'ηθικές' is almost always used as an adjective (e.g., ηθικές αξίες - moral values) rather than a noun.

Ήθος (ethos) refers to a person's character, personality, or the 'spirit' of a place. Ηθική (ethics) is the system of principles or the academic study of morality. You can have a strong 'ήθος' and follow a specific 'ηθική'.

You say 'επαγγελματική ηθική'. In formal contexts, you can also use 'δεοντολογία'.

No. For morale, you must use the neuter 'το ηθικό'. For example, 'Το ηθικό της ομάδας είναι χαμηλό' (The team's morale is low).

It is common in serious discussions, news, and education, but less so in casual 'small talk' unless judging someone's behavior.

The phrase is 'ηθική συμπαράσταση'. For example: 'Σε ευχαριστώ για την ηθική συμπαράσταση'.

It means 'the moral of the story'. It is often used at the end of fables or parables.

It can be (χριστιανική ηθική), but it is primarily a philosophical and social term that exists independently of religion.

Yes, 'ηθική' is the feminine form of the adjective 'ηθικός'. For example, 'ηθική πράξη' (moral act).

It is 'bioethics', the study of ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine.

셀프 테스트 200 질문

writing

Write a sentence using 'ηθική' to describe someone's character.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Explain 'επαγγελματική ηθική' in your own words in Greek.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write a sentence about 'πολιτική ηθική'.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Use 'ηθική συμπαράσταση' in a sentence.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Translate: 'Ethics is the foundation of society.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write a sentence using 'ζήτημα ηθικής'.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Describe a 'moral lesson' from a story you know.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Use 'ηθική ικανοποίηση' in a sentence.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write a sentence about 'βιοηθική'.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Translate: 'He acted ethically.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write a sentence with 'κώδικας ηθικής'.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Explain the difference between ηθική and ηθικό.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write a sentence about 'περιβαλλοντική ηθική'.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Translate: 'Moral integrity is rare.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Use 'ηθική ευθύνη' in a sentence.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write a sentence with 'ηθικό πλεονέκτημα'.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Translate: 'A matter of personal ethics.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write a sentence using 'δεοντολογία'.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Use 'κατάρρευση της ηθικής' in a sentence.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Translate: 'Aristotle's Ethics'.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Pronounce 'η ηθική' correctly.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Say 'professional ethics' in Greek.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Ask someone about their moral principles.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Say 'moral support' in Greek.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

State that something is a matter of ethics.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Say 'moral satisfaction' in Greek.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Pronounce 'βιοηθική'.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Say 'The moral of the story' in Greek.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

State that someone has no ethics.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Say 'political ethics' in Greek.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Pronounce 'ηθική ακεραιότητα'.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Say 'ethically' in Greek.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

State that ethics is important.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Say 'environmental ethics' in Greek.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Ask 'Is it ethical?' in Greek.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Say 'code of ethics' in Greek.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Pronounce 'δεοντολογία'.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Say 'moral responsibility' in Greek.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

State 'I have principles' in Greek.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Say 'Aristotle's Ethics' in Greek.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the word: 'Η ηθική είναι η βάση.'

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the word: 'Χρειάζεται επαγγελματική ηθική.'

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the word: 'Είναι θέμα ηθικής.'

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the word: 'Ηθική ικανοποίηση.'

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the word: 'Βιοηθική επιτροπή.'

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the word: 'Ηθικόν δίδαγμα.'

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the word: 'Πολιτική ηθική.'

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the word: 'Ηθική συμπαράσταση.'

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the word: 'Ηθική ακεραιότητα.'

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the word: 'Κώδικας ηθικής.'

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the word: 'Δεοντολογία.'

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the word: 'Ηθική κρίση.'

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the word: 'Ηθική ευθύνη.'

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the word: 'Ανήθικος.'

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the word: 'Ηθικά.'

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:

/ 200 correct

Perfect score!

도움이 되었나요?
아직 댓글이 없습니다. 첫 번째로 생각을 공유하세요!