Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Master the four most common English verbs in the past: went, had, did, and made.
- Use 'went' for past movement: 'I went to the park yesterday.'
- Use 'had' for past possession or experiences: 'We had a great dinner.'
- Use 'did' for general actions and 'made' for creating things: 'I did my homework and made a cake.'
Overview
I goed to the gym이라고 문자를 보냈다가 빨간 밑줄이 쫙 그어지는 걸 본 적 있나요? 우리 다 그런 적 있죠. 영어 동사들은 보통 꽤 친절해서, 그냥 뒤에 -ed만 붙이면 끝나거든요.go, have, do, make를 살펴볼게요. 이 단어들은 그냥 흔한 게 아니라, 영어 회화의 VIP들이에요. 과거 시제로 이 단어들을 못 쓴다면, 여러분의 이야기는 고장 난 로봇처럼 들릴 거예요.went 했는지, 무엇을 had 했는지, 무슨 일을 did 했는지, 어떤 계획을 made 했는지 말하지 않고 주말을 설명한다고 상상해 보세요. 불가능하죠! 이 동사들은 여러분의 과거 경험을 하나로 묶어주는 접착제 같은 존재랍니다.-ed를 쓸 때, 이 네 단어는 아주 오래되고 독특한 형태를 유지했죠.How This Grammar Works
Past Simple을 써요. 끝. 완료.walk는 walked가 되죠. 하지만 우리의 '빅 4'는 단어가 완전히 바뀝니다. go가 goed가 아니라 went가 되는 데는 논리적인 이유가 없어요.going 했는데, 다음 순간(과거)에는 콘서트에 went 한 게 되는 거예요. 이 동사들은 원래 모습과 전혀 달라서 아주 독특하죠.went를 새로운 단어로 생각하지 말고, go의 '과거 버전'이라고 생각하세요. 문법계의 포켓몬 진화 같은 거예요!
Formation Pattern
went to the mall. | 나는 쇼핑몰에 갔어.
had a pizza. | 우리는 피자를 먹었어.
did a great job. | 너 정말 잘했어.
made a TikTok. | 그녀는 틱톡 영상을 만들었어.
did not (또는 didn't)을 쓰고 그 뒤에 원래 동사를 씁니다.
didn't go.
didn't make a cake.
did를 쓰고 동사는 기본 형태를 유지합니다.
Did you go to the party?
Did they have fun?
did를 '과거 시제 자석'이라고 생각하세요. 이게 본동사에서 '과거의 성질'을 쏙 뽑아가는 거예요. did가 있으면 본동사는 다시 평범하고 기본적인 모습으로 자유로워지죠. did가 힘든 일을 다 처리해 주는 부모님이고, 아이들(go, have, do, make)은 그냥 편하게 노는 것과 같아요!
When To Use It
- Travel & Logistics: 우버(Uber) 앱을 썼거나 지하철을 탔다면, 어딘가로
went한 거죠.I
(윽, 진짜 일찍 갔네요! 커피는wentto the airport at 5 AM.had했길 바라요.) - Possession & Experiences: 예전 휴대폰이나 먹었던 식사에 대해 말할 때
had를 쓰세요.I
(나 고등학생 때 아이폰 6hadan iPhone 6 in high school.had했어.) 또는We
(우리 저녁으로 초밥hadsushi for dinner.had했어.) - Completing Tasks: 숙제부터 헬스장 운동까지.
I
(근육 자랑 좀 해봐요!) 또는did50 pushups this morning.I
(나 드디어 빨래didthe laundry finally.did했어.) - Creating Content: 소셜 미디어에서 정말 많이 쓰이죠.
I
(나 스포티파이에 새 플레이리스트madea new playlist on Spotify.made했어.) 또는He
(걔가 자기 고양이 나오는 바이럴 영상을madea viral video about his cat.made했어.) - The Zoom Life: 온라인으로 하루 일과를 말할 때.
I
(오늘 줌 회의가 3개나hadthree meetings on Zoom today, and Ididabsolutely nothing in all of them.had했는데, 그동안 아무것도did안 했어.)
Common Mistakes
goed, haved, doed, maked라고 하지 마세요. 영어 선생님이 우실지도 모르고, 휴대폰 자동완성 기능이 아주 바빠질 거예요.Double Past(이중 과거)예요. 이건 did와 과거형을 같이 쓸 때 발생해요.- ✗ Did you went?
- ✓
Didyougo?
do와 make를 혼동하지 않도록 주의하세요. 일반적으로 do는 행동에, make는 물리적으로 무언가를 창조할 때 씁니다. 숙제는 do 하는 거지만(활동이니까), 샌드위치는 make 하는 거예요(맛있는 걸 만들어냈으니까요). 만약 샌드위치를 do 한다고 하면, 사람들이 당신이 빵으로 무슨 이상한 의식을 치른다고 생각할지도 몰라요.Contrast With Similar Patterns
사람들이 종종 Past Simple (I went)과 Present Perfect (I have gone)를 헷갈려 해요. A2 레벨에서는 이것만 기억하세요: *언제* 일어났는지(어제, 어젯밤, 2022년에) 말한다면, 무조건 Past Simple을 써야 합니다.
I went to London last year. (구체적인 시간 = Past Simple)I have been to London.(일반적인 경험 = Present Perfect)
또한, 규칙 동사와도 비교해 보세요. 규칙 동사는 유니폼 같아요. 다들 똑같은 옷(-ed)을 입죠. 불규칙 동사는 패션 아이콘 같아요. 각자만의 독특한 스타일이 있거든요. Played, walked, watched가 관중이라면, went, had, did, made는 쇼의 주인공이에요. 주인공을 배경 배우처럼 대하지 마세요!
Quick FAQ
누가 말하든 상관없이 항상 went인가요?
네! 현재 시제(go 대 goes)와 달리, 과거 시제는 모두에게 똑같아요. I went, you went, they went. 모두가 초대받은 파티 같은 거죠!
식사할 때 had와 did의 차이는 뭔가요?
보통 아침 식사는 had (먹었다) 합니다. 만약 아침 식사를 did 했다고 하면, 당신이 요리사라거나 '아침 식사'라는 업무를 완료했다는 것처럼 들려요. 먹을 때는 had를 쓰세요.
did가 한 문장에서 본동사이자 조동사가 될 수 있나요?
그럼요! 웃기게 들리지만 맞는 말이에요.
Idid(조동사) notdo(본동사) my homework.
made는 친구를 사귈 때도 쓰나요?
네!
I made a lot of friends on my trip. 친구 관계도 여러분이 '만들어낸' 추상적인 것 중 하나니까요.
영어에는 왜 이렇게 불규칙 동사가 많나요?
왜냐하면 영어는 사실 트렌치코트 하나를 같이 입은 세 개의 언어거든요. 이 네 단어는 언어의 가장 오래된 부분에서 왔고 변하기를 거부하는 녀석들이에요. 노트북 위에서 절대 안 비키는 고양이처럼 아주 고집불통이죠.
2. Negative Contractions
| Full Form | Contraction |
|---|---|
|
Did not go
|
Didn't go
|
|
Did not have
|
Didn't have
|
|
Did not do
|
Didn't do
|
|
Did not make
|
Didn't make
|
The Big Four: Past Simple Forms
| Infinitive | Past Affirmative | Past Negative | Past Question |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Go
|
Went
|
Didn't go
|
Did ... go?
|
|
Have
|
Had
|
Didn't have
|
Did ... have?
|
|
Do
|
Did
|
Didn't do
|
Did ... do?
|
|
Make
|
Made
|
Didn't make
|
Did ... make?
|
Meanings
These four verbs are the most used in English. In the past tense, they do not follow the standard '-ed' rule; they have unique irregular forms that must be memorized to describe yesterday's activities.
Movement (Go -> Went)
To move from one place to another in the past.
“I went to London last year.”
“They went home early.”
Possession/Experience (Have -> Had)
To own something or experience an event in the past.
“I had a red car.”
“We had a party on Saturday.”
General Action (Do -> Did)
To perform a task, activity, or duty in the past.
“I did the laundry.”
“She did her best.”
Creation/Production (Make -> Made)
To create, build, or produce something that didn't exist before.
“He made a sandwich.”
“They made a mistake.”
Reference Table
| 동사 | 현재형 | 과거형 | 예시 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Go
|
go
|
went
|
나는 어제 헬스장에 **갔어**.
|
|
Have
|
have
|
had
|
그녀는 파티에서 즐거운 시간을 **보냈어**.
|
|
Do
|
do
|
did
|
우리는 어젯밤에 숙제를 **했어**.
|
|
Make
|
make
|
made
|
그는 맛있는 저녁을 **만들었어**.
|
|
Go (negative)
|
do not go
|
did not go
|
그들은 콘서트에 **가지 않았어**.
|
|
Have (question)
|
do you have
|
did you have
|
**점심 먹었어**?
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
I proceeded to the office. (Workplace)
I went to the office. (Workplace)
I headed to the office. (Workplace)
I bounced to the office. (Workplace)
과거형 'Big Four' 동사
불규칙 동사
- Go went
- Have had
- Do did
- Make made
주요 사용법
- 완료된 행동 Finished events
- 과거의 습관 Regular actions in past
- 이야기 Sequence of events
흔한 실수
- -ed 붙이기 e.g., *goed*, *haved*
- 'did' 다음 e.g., *Did you went?*
규칙 동사와 불규칙 과거 동사 비교
과거 단순 시제 형태 선택하기
동사가 'go', 'have', 'do', 'make' 중 하나인가요?
규칙 동사인가요?
행동 속의 동사: 과거 단순 시제
Went (이동)
- • went to the park
- • went on vacation
- • went home early
Had (소유/경험)
- • had a great time
- • had breakfast
- • had a meeting
Did (행동/과제)
- • did my homework
- • did the laundry
- • did a good job
Made (생성/생산)
- • made a cake
- • made a decision
- • made a mistake
수준별 예문
I went to the park.
Fui al parque.
I had a sandwich.
Me comí un sándwich.
I did my homework.
Hice mi tarea.
I made a card.
Hice una tarjeta.
We went to Italy last summer.
Fuimos a Italia el verano pasado.
She didn't have any money.
Ella no tenía nada de dinero.
Did you do the laundry?
¿Hiciste la colada?
They made a lot of noise.
Hicieron mucho ruido.
I went to the doctor because I felt ill.
Fui al médico porque me sentía mal.
We had a long discussion about the project.
Tuvimos una larga discusión sobre el proyecto.
He did a great job on the presentation.
Hizo un gran trabajo en la presentación.
She made a mistake in the calculations.
Cometió un error en los cálculos.
The company went bankrupt after the crisis.
La empresa quebró tras la crisis.
I had no choice but to accept the offer.
No tuve más remedio que aceptar la oferta.
The government did everything possible.
El gobierno hizo todo lo posible.
The news made a huge impact on society.
La noticia causó un gran impacto en la sociedad.
The plan went awry from the very beginning.
El plan salió mal desde el principio.
He had the audacity to ask for more.
Tuvo la audacia de pedir más.
The researchers did an exhaustive study.
Los investigadores realizaron un estudio exhaustivo.
The architect made provision for future expansion.
El arquitecto previó una futura ampliación.
His reputation went before him.
Su reputación le precedía.
She had a premonition that something was wrong.
Tuvo la premonición de que algo iba mal.
The witness did more harm than good.
El testigo hizo más daño que bien.
The artist made a name for himself in Paris.
El artista se hizo un nombre en París.
혼동하기 쉬운
Learners confuse the past simple 'went' with the past participle 'gone'.
Many languages use one word for both actions.
Learners use 'was' for hunger or age because of L1 interference.
자주 하는 실수
I goed to the park.
I went to the park.
I haved a coffee.
I had a coffee.
I doed my work.
I did my work.
I maked a cake.
I made a cake.
I didn't went.
I didn't go.
Did you had lunch?
Did you have lunch?
I did a cake.
I made a cake.
I have went there yesterday.
I went there yesterday.
I made my homework.
I did my homework.
She had a shower two hours before.
She had a shower two hours ago.
I did a mistake.
I made a mistake.
문장 패턴
I went to ___ with ___.
We had ___ for ___.
She did the ___ and then made ___.
Did you ___ when you went to ___?
Real World Usage
I went to that new bar, had a blast!
I did a lot of research and made a plan for the first month.
I went to Japan for two weeks and had a business visa.
The restaurant made a mistake with my order.
We went hiking and had the best views!
I had a fever yesterday and did a COVID test.
매일 복습하기
-ed는 절대 안 돼요!
Goed, haved, doed, maked는 틀린 말이에요. 항상
went, had, did, made를 사용해야 해요. 초보자들이 가장 많이 하는 실수랍니다.
소리에 귀 기울이기
I went there.스몰 토크 필수템
What did you do last weekend?
Smart Tips
Stop! Think of the word 'went'. It's like 'sent'.
The 'didn't' is a past-tense vacuum. It sucks the past out of the next verb.
Always use 'did'. Did the laundry, did the dishes, did the cleaning.
Use 'had' instead of 'ate'. It sounds much more natural in English.
발음
Went
Rhymes with 'sent' and 'tent'. Short 'e' sound.
Had
Short 'a' sound like 'cat' or 'bad'.
Did
Short 'i' sound like 'sit' or 'pin'.
Made
Long 'a' sound like 'cake' or 'lake'. The 'e' is silent.
Question Intonation
Did you go? ↗
Rising intonation at the end of 'did' questions.
암기하기
기억법
Go-Went, Have-Had, Do-Did, Make-Made. Remember: 'I went to the store and had what I made, then I did the dishes.'
시각적 연상
Imagine a chef who WENT to the kitchen, HAD some flour, MADE a pizza, and then DID the cleaning.
Rhyme
I went to the shop, I had a quick stop, I did what I could, and made something good.
Story
Yesterday was busy. I went to the office at 9 AM. I had a meeting with my boss. We did a lot of planning. Finally, I made a report for the team.
Word Web
챌린지
Write four sentences about your day yesterday using each of the Big Four verbs in the past tense.
문화 노트
British speakers often use 'had' for many daily activities like 'had a bath' or 'had a tea' more frequently than American speakers.
Americans often use 'did' in contexts like 'did the dishes' or 'did the laundry' as standard household chores.
Using 'went' for 'visited' is very common in casual conversation across all English-speaking cultures.
These verbs are among the oldest in English, originating from Proto-Germanic roots.
대화 시작하기
Where did you go last weekend?
What did you have for breakfast today?
What was the last thing you made by hand?
Tell me about a time you did something brave.
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
Last night, I ___ a delicious pizza for dinner.
Find and fix the mistake:
Did you went to the store yesterday?
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
Score: /3
연습 문제
8 exercisesYesterday, I ___ to the cinema.
Which one is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
She maked a delicious cake for my birthday.
He had a car. -> ___ he ___ a car?
Go, Have, Do, Make
A: What did you do? B: I ___ the dishes.
We use 'made' for creating things like food or art.
Sorting: Homework, Laundry, Dishes
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesWe ___ a fantastic time on our vacation last summer.
Choose the correct sentence:
Match the verbs:
My brother doed his homework very quickly.
Translate into English: '¿Hiciste la cena anoche?'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Before the internet, people ___ to the library for research.
Choose the correct sentence:
I didn't made any plans for the weekend.
Translate into English: 'Ella hizo su mejor esfuerzo en la competencia.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the question verb with the answer verb:
Score: /12
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
No, that is incorrect. You should say 'I have gone' (Present Perfect) or 'I went' (Past Simple).
Because 'go' is an irregular verb. Historically, 'went' came from a different verb, 'wend', and replaced the old past form of 'go'.
Use `did` for tasks, work, and chores. Use `made` for creating something new, like food or a craft.
No. In English, we use the verb 'to be' for age. 'I was 20', not 'I had 20'.
Never. Always use 'didn't have'. The word 'didn't' already shows the past tense.
Yes! It is very common. 'I had a burger' means you ate it.
It is still 'did'. For example: 'Did you see him?'
Yes, but in very formal writing, you might replace 'went' with 'attended' or 'proceeded'.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
fui, tuve, hice
Spanish speakers must learn to split 'hacer' into 'do' and 'make'.
suis allé, eu, fait
French uses 'être' or 'avoir' as helpers, while English past simple is one word (went).
ging, hatte, tat, machte
German often uses the perfect tense ('ich bin gegangen') in speech where English uses the simple past ('I went').
itta, atta, shita, tsukutta
Japanese has no 'do-support' (did/didn't) for questions and negatives.
dhahaba, kana ladayhi, fa'ala, sana'a
Arabic doesn't have a direct equivalent for 'have' as a verb; it uses 'at' or 'with' + a pronoun.
qu le, you le, zuo le
Chinese learners must learn to change the verb itself in English, which is a totally new concept.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
관련 동영상
Related Grammar Rules
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