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دادوستد

B2 noun 10분 분량

دادوستد

dad-o-setad

연습하기 예시 노트와 팁 دادوستد 30초 만에

설명 دادوستد in your Level:

At the A1 level, you don't need to use the word 'دادوستد' (dād-o-setad) yet, but it is helpful to understand its basic pieces. Think of it as 'Give and Take.' You know the word 'dādan' (to give) and maybe 'gereftan' (to take). This word is just a fancy way to say 'buying and selling' in a market. In A1, we usually say 'kharid' (buying) and 'forush' (selling). If you see 'دادوستد' on a sign in a shop, just know it means 'Business' or 'Trade' happens here. It is like the 'Open for Business' sign. You might hear it in very simple stories about people trading apples for oranges. The most important thing for an A1 learner is to recognize that the 'o' in the middle means 'and.' So, it is 'giving AND taking.' This is the heart of all shopping!

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As an A2 learner, you are starting to move beyond simple verbs. You know how to say 'I buy bread' (Man nān mikharam). The word 'دادوستد' (dād-o-setad) introduces you to the concept of 'Commerce.' It is a noun, not a verb. You might use it to describe a place. For example, 'The Bazaar is a place for dād-o-setad.' This is a great way to make your sentences sound a little more advanced. Instead of just saying 'people buy and sell things,' you can say 'there is a lot of dād-o-setad in the bazaar.' You should also notice that it is a compound word. This is a common feature in Persian. Learning this word helps you see how Persian speakers love to combine two actions to create a new noun. It is a very efficient way to build your vocabulary.

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At the B1 level, you should begin to use 'دادوستد' (dād-o-setad) in your speaking and writing about work or the economy. This word is perfect for talking about 'trade' in a general sense. If you are discussing your country's economy or a famous market you visited, 'دادوستد' adds a professional touch. You can use it with the verb 'kardan' (to do/make) to say 'to trade' (dād-o-setad kardan). For example, 'They trade with different countries.' This sounds much better than using simple words like 'buy' and 'sell' repeatedly. At this level, you should also be aware of the 'Ezāfe' construction. You say 'dād-o-setad-e kālā' (trade of goods). This allows you to specify what exactly is being traded. It is a key word for anyone wanting to talk about business or history in Persian.

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At the B2 level, which is the target level for this word, you should have a nuanced understanding of 'دادوستد' (dād-o-setad). You should be able to distinguish it from 'tejārat' (formal commerce) and 'kharid-o-forush' (everyday buying/selling). You should use it to describe economic systems, market trends, or historical trade routes like the Silk Road. At this level, you should also be comfortable using it in the plural ('dād-o-setad-hā') to refer to specific transactions. You should recognize it in news headlines and understand its implications regarding market health (e.g., 'ronaq-e dād-o-setad' meaning a market boom). This word is essential for discussing social and economic interactions with the precision expected of an upper-intermediate speaker. You should also be able to use it metaphorically to describe a 'give and take' relationship in a non-commercial context.

For C1 learners, 'دادوستد' (dād-o-setad) is a tool for sophisticated discourse. You should use it in academic essays or high-level business negotiations. At this level, you can explore the word's etymological roots (the past stems of dādan and setādan) to explain the Persian philosophy of reciprocity. You might use it in discussions about the 'social contract' or the 'exchange of ideas' (dād-o-setad-e andisheh-hā). You should be able to analyze how the word functions in classical Persian literature versus modern economic reports. Your usage should be flawless, including the correct use of prepositions and auxiliary verbs. You should also be able to identify synonyms like 'mabādeleh' or 'mo'āmelāt' and explain exactly why 'دادوستد' is the better choice for a specific context, perhaps because of its emphasis on the process rather than the finality of a deal.

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At the C2 level, 'دادوستد' (dād-o-setad) is a word you manipulate with stylistic flair. You might use it to create rhythmic prose or to evoke a sense of traditional Iranian commerce in a modern setting. You understand the deep cultural history of the word, linking it to the 'Bāzāri' culture of Iran. You can discuss the legal intricacies of 'dād-o-setad' in Islamic jurisprudence or modern Iranian civil law. At this mastery level, the word is not just a vocabulary item; it is a concept you can use to frame complex arguments about globalization, economic ethics, or human psychology. You might even use it in poetry or creative writing to symbolize the dual nature of human relationships—the constant giving and taking that defines our existence. Your understanding is both broad and deep, encompassing every possible register from the street to the ivory tower.

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연습하기 예시 노트와 팁

دادوستد 30초 만에

Dad-o-setad means trade or commerce, literally 'giving and taking.'
It is a formal B2-level word used in business and economic contexts.
It differs from 'kharid-o-forush' by being more descriptive of the whole process.
Commonly used to describe market volume, international trade, and transactions.

The Persian word دادوستد (dād-o-setad) is a beautiful example of how the Persian language constructs meaning through the juxtaposition of opposites. At its core, it refers to the act of commerce, trade, or transaction. It is a compound noun formed from two past stems of verbs: dād (from dādan, meaning 'to give') and setad (from setādan, meaning 'to take' or 'to receive'). When combined with the conjunction 'o' (and), it literally translates to 'giving and taking.' This linguistic structure perfectly captures the essence of a market transaction—a reciprocal exchange where one party provides a good or service while the other receives it, usually in exchange for money or another commodity.

Economic Context: In modern economic discussions, this word is used to describe the flow of goods and services within a market. It can refer to local bazaar activities or international trade agreements.
Social Reciprocity: While primarily commercial, the term can metaphorically apply to social interactions where there is a mutual exchange of ideas, favors, or emotional support, though this usage is more literary.

بازار تهران مرکز اصلی دادوستد در کشور است.
— The Tehran Bazaar is the main center of trade in the country.

Historically, the concept of dād-o-setad was the lifeblood of the Silk Road. Persian merchants were famous for their ability to navigate complex negotiations across vast distances. The term implies a level of formality and scale that simple words like kharid (buying) or forush (selling) do not fully encapsulate. It suggests a system or a continuous process rather than a single isolated purchase. When you use this word, you are often talking about the 'business' of a place or a specific sector of the economy.

در دوران قدیم، دادوستد بیشتر به صورت کالا به کالا انجام می‌شد.
— In ancient times, trade was mostly conducted in the form of bartering (goods for goods).

In contemporary Persian, you will hear this word on news broadcasts, in business meetings, and read it in financial newspapers. It carries a professional and slightly formal tone. If you are describing the volume of trade between two nations, dād-o-setad is the perfect choice. It evokes the image of a busy marketplace where goods are constantly changing hands. The word also appears in legal contexts, referring to the legality of transactions and the rights of both the 'giver' and the 'taker.'

امروزه بخش بزرگی از دادوستدها به صورت اینترنتی صورت می‌گیرد.
— Nowadays, a large portion of transactions are carried out online.

Grammar Note: As a compound noun, it is treated as a single unit. You can pluralize it as dād-o-setad-hā to refer to multiple individual transactions or trades.

Using دادوستد correctly requires understanding its role as a noun that represents an action or a system. It often pairs with verbs like kardan (to do), dāshtan (to have), or anjām dādan (to perform). Because it is a B2-level word, it allows you to move beyond simple verbs like 'buy' and 'sell' to describe the overarching activity of commerce.

او سال‌ها در بازار به دادوستد فرش مشغول بود.
— He was engaged in the carpet trade in the bazaar for years.

Notice in the example above how dād-o-setad is followed by the preposition e (ezāfe) and then the commodity (carpets). This is a standard pattern: [Activity] + [Subject of Trade]. You can also use it to describe the climate of a market. If a market is 'booming,' you would say the dād-o-setad is por-ronaq (prosperous/thriving).

Formal Usage: در گزارش‌های اقتصادی، واژه «دادوستد» برای اشاره به حجم معاملات در بورس استفاده می‌شود. (In economic reports, the word is used to refer to the volume of transactions on the stock exchange.)

When discussing international relations, dād-o-setad highlights the mutual benefit or the flow between two entities. It is less clinical than mabādeleh (exchange) and more descriptive of the actual buying/selling process than eghtesād (economy).

تحریم‌ها باعث کاهش دادوستد میان دو کشور شده است.
— Sanctions have caused a decrease in trade between the two countries.

You can also use it in the plural form, dād-o-setad-hā, when you want to emphasize specific, individual transactions rather than the general concept of trade. For example, 'The accountant recorded all the transactions' would be Hesābdār tamām-e dād-o-setad-hā rā sabt kard.

قوانین جدید، دادوستد ارز را محدود کرده است.
— New laws have restricted the trading of foreign currency.

Finally, consider the verb form dād-o-setad kardan. This is a compound verb. While mo'āmeleh kardan is common for 'making a deal,' dād-o-setad kardan suggests a more continuous or professional engagement in trading. It is the difference between 'making a purchase' and 'being in the business of buying and selling.'

If you visit Iran, the most common place to hear دادوستد is in the traditional Bāzār. However, its presence extends far beyond the physical market stalls. It is a staple of the Persian media landscape. When the evening news reports on the stock market (Bourse), the anchor will inevitably mention the volume of dād-o-setad for that day. It is the standard term for 'trading volume' in a financial context.

The News: «امروز میزان دادوستد در بازار طلا به اوج خود رسید.» (Today, the volume of trade in the gold market reached its peak.)

In academic and historical documentaries about Iran's history, especially regarding the Safavid or Qajar eras, dād-o-setad is used to describe how Iran interacted with the East India Company or the Russian Empire. It provides a sense of historical weight, suggesting a complex system of exchange that shaped the nation's destiny.

جاده ابریشم مسیری برای دادوستد کالا و فرهنگ بود.
— The Silk Road was a route for the trade of goods and culture.

Interestingly, you will also find this word in legal documents and contracts. In Persian law, the rules governing dād-o-setad are extensive, covering everything from the validity of a contract to the resolution of disputes. When a lawyer speaks about 'commercial transactions,' they are often discussing dād-o-setad-hā-ye tejāri.

In the digital age, the term has evolved. You will see it on Iranian e-commerce platforms and cryptocurrency exchange websites. Terms like dād-o-setad-e ramz-arz (cryptocurrency trading) are now common. This shows the word's flexibility; it has moved from the dusty alleys of the Grand Bazaar to the high-speed world of digital finance without losing its core meaning of reciprocal exchange.

بسیاری از جوانان به دادوستد در بازارهای جهانی علاقه‌مند شده‌اند.
— Many young people have become interested in trading in global markets.

Finally, in literature and poetry, dād-o-setad can take on a more philosophical tone. Poets might speak of the 'trade of the soul' or the 'exchange of love,' using the commercial metaphor to describe the costs and rewards of human experience. This versatility is why mastering this B2 word is so essential for a deep understanding of Persian.

While دادوستد is a powerful word, learners often make a few key mistakes when integrating it into their vocabulary. The most common error is confusing it with more specific terms like kharid-o-forush (buying and selling). While they are synonyms, kharid-o-forush is more literal and everyday, whereas dād-o-setad is more formal and conceptual.

Mistake 1: Overuse in Casual Contexts: Using dād-o-setad when you just mean you went to the grocery store. For a simple trip to the shop, use kharid. Save dād-o-setad for business, markets, or the economy.

Another mistake involves the grammar of the compound. Some learners try to separate the words or change the order, saying setad-o-dād. While 'taking and giving' makes sense logically, it is not the established idiom. Persian is very specific about the order of its compound nouns. It is always 'giving' then 'taking.'

Learners also struggle with the prepositional use. Remember that dād-o-setad is a noun. If you want to say 'to trade,' you must add the auxiliary verb kardan. However, a common mistake is using dād-o-setad kardan for a single item. Usually, we 'trade' in a category of goods (like oil, gold, or carpets), not a single specific pen you just bought.

درست: او در بازار به دادوستد غلات می‌پردازد.
Correct: He is engaged in the trade of grains in the market.

Finally, be careful with the spelling of setad. In modern Persian, it is written with the letter 'sīn' (س). In very old texts, you might see variations, but for all modern purposes, dād-o-setad is the only correct form. Also, ensure the 'o' (vāv) is pronounced as a short 'o' linking the two words, not as a full 'va' (and), to sound more like a native speaker.

Mistake 2: Confusing with 'Mo'āmeleh': Mo'āmeleh usually refers to a specific deal or transaction. Dād-o-setad refers to the general activity of trading. You sign a mo'āmeleh, but you participate in dād-o-setad.

To truly master Persian, you need to know when to use دادوستد and when to opt for one of its many cousins. The Persian language is rich with terms for commerce, each with a slightly different flavor. Below is a comparison of the most common alternatives.

تجارت (Tejārat): This is the Arabic-origin word for 'commerce' or 'trade.' It is very formal and often used for international trade or large-scale business. While dād-o-setad feels more 'Persian' and descriptive of the act, tejārat is the standard professional term.
معامله (Mo'āmeleh): Meaning 'transaction' or 'deal.' Use this when you are talking about a specific agreement between two people. 'We made a deal' is mā mo'āmeleh kardim. Dād-o-setad is the broader category that includes many mo'āmelehs.
خرید و فروش (Kharid-o-Forush): Literally 'buying and selling.' This is the most common, everyday term. If you are talking about the housing market or buying a car, this is the phrase you will likely use. It is less abstract than dād-o-setad.

For more specialized contexts, you might encounter mabādeleh (exchange/barter) or bāzargāni (merchandising/business). Bāzargāni is often used in the names of government ministries or chambers of commerce (e.g., Otāq-e Bāzargāni).

او در شرکت بازرگانی کار می‌کند، اما تخصصش دادوستد مواد اولیه است.
— He works in a trading company, but his specialty is the trade of raw materials.

When choosing between these, consider the 'scale' and 'formality.' Kharid-o-forush is at the bottom (everyday), dād-o-setad is in the middle (professional/descriptive), and tejārat is at the top (formal/international). Understanding these tiers will make your Persian sound much more natural and precise.

How Formal Is It?

재미있는 사실

This word is a 'dvandva' compound, a Sanskrit term for a compound where both elements are equal. Persian uses many such pairs (e.g., 'āmad-o-raft' for coming and going).

발음 가이드

UK /dɒːdoʊsetæd/

US /dɑːdoʊsetæd/

The primary stress is on the last syllable: 'setád'.

라임이 맞는 단어

E'temād (Trust) Eqtesād (Economy) E'teqād (Belief) E'tedād (Preparation) Ens dād (Justice) Be dād (To the rescue) Far-yād (Scream) Shād (Happy)

자주 하는 실수

Pronouncing the 'o' as a full word 'va'. It should be a short 'o' sound like in 'go'.
Mispronouncing 'ā' as a short 'a' like in 'cat'. It must be a deep, long 'ah' sound.
Putting the stress on the first syllable 'dād'.

난이도

독해 4/5

Requires understanding of compound nouns and formal vocabulary.

쓰기 5/5

Challenging to use correctly with the right auxiliary verbs and prepositions.

말하기 4/5

Pronunciation is key; the linking 'o' must be subtle.

듣기 3/5

Common in news and business, so learners will hear it often.

다음에 무엇을 배울까

선수 학습

خرید (Buying) فروش (Selling) بازار (Market) پول (Money) کالا (Good)

다음에 배울 것

تجارت (Commerce) اقتصاد (Economy) بورس (Stock Exchange) صادرات (Exports) واردات (Imports)

고급

تراز تجاری (Trade balance) نقدینگی (Liquidity) تورم (Inflation) سرمایه‌گذاری (Investment)

알아야 할 문법

Compound Nouns (Dvandva)

دادوستد (dād-o-setad), آمدورفت (āmad-o-raft)

Ezāfe Construction

دادوستدِ کالا (dād-o-setad-e kālā)

Compound Verbs with 'Kardan'

دادوستد کردن (dād-o-setad kardan)

Pluralization of Compound Nouns

دادوستدها (dād-o-setad-hā)

Subjunctive Mood with 'Bāyad'

دولت باید دادوستد را حمایت کند.

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수준별 예문

در بازار، دادوستد زیاد است.

In the bazaar, there is a lot of trade.

Simple subject-verb structure with 'ast' (is).

دادوستد یعنی خرید و فروش.

Dad-o-setad means buying and selling.

Using 'ya'ni' to define a word.

من دادوستد را دوست دارم.

I like trade/commerce.

Direct object with 'rā'.

آن‌ها سیب و پرتقال دادوستد می‌کنند.

They trade apples and oranges.

Compound verb 'dad-o-setad kardan' in present tense.

این یک دادوستد خوب است.

This is a good trade.

Using 'yek' as an indefinite article.

کجا دادوستد انجام می‌شود؟

Where is trade performed?

Question word 'kojā' (where).

دادوستد در شهر ما مهم است.

Trade is important in our city.

Adjective 'mohem' (important) following the noun.

پدرم به دادوستد علاقه دارد.

My father is interested in trade.

Preposition 'be' used with 'alāqe dāshtan'.

بازار تهران مرکز دادوستد است.

The Tehran Bazaar is the center of trade.

Ezāfe construction: 'markaz-e dād-o-setad'.

ما با کشورهای همسایه دادوستد داریم.

We have trade with neighboring countries.

Preposition 'bā' (with).

قیمت‌ها بر دادوستد تاثیر می‌گذارند.

Prices affect trade.

Verb 'ta'sir gozāshtan' (to affect/influence).

او می‌خواهد در بازار دادوستد کند.

He wants to trade in the market.

Modal verb 'mikhāhad' (wants) + infinitive.

دادوستد کالا به کالا قدیمی است.

Bartering (goods for goods trade) is old.

Compound noun 'kālā be kālā' (item for item).

امروز دادوستد در بازار کم بود.

Today, trade in the market was low.

Past tense of 'to be' (bud).

کدام کالا برای دادوستد بهتر است؟

Which good is better for trade?

Comparative adjective 'behtar' (better).

دادوستد باعث پیشرفت شهر شد.

Trade caused the city's progress.

Verb 'shodan' (to become/happen) used as a result.

رونق دادوستد به نفع همه مردم است.

The prosperity of trade is to the benefit of all people.

Compound noun 'ronaq-e dād-o-setad'.

دولت باید دادوستد را تسهیل کند.

The government should facilitate trade.

Subjunctive mood: 'tas-hil konad'.

او در دادوستد فرش بسیار ماهر است.

He is very skilled in the carpet trade.

Adjective 'māher' (skilled) describing the person.

این قوانین جدید بر دادوستد بین‌المللی تاثیر دارد.

These new laws have an impact on international trade.

Adjective 'beynolmelali' (international).

دادوستد آنلاین در سال‌های اخیر رشد کرده است.

Online trade has grown in recent years.

Present perfect tense: 'roshd karde ast'.

بدون دادوستد، زندگی دشوار خواهد بود.

Without trade, life will be difficult.

Future tense: 'khāhad bud'.

ما باید به دنبال راه‌های جدیدی برای دادوستد باشیم.

We must look for new ways to trade.

Compound verb 'be donbāl-e ... budan' (to look for).

دادوستد عادلانه یکی از اهداف ماست.

Fair trade is one of our goals.

Adjective 'ādelāne' (fair/just).

حجم دادوستد در بورس امروز به شدت افزایش یافت.

The volume of transactions on the stock exchange increased sharply today.

Noun 'hajm' (volume) used in a financial context.

دادوستد میان این دو شرکت بر اساس اعتماد متقابل است.

The trade between these two companies is based on mutual trust.

Phrase 'bar asās-e' (based on).

تحریم‌های اقتصادی مانع بزرگی برای دادوستد آزاد هستند.

Economic sanctions are a major obstacle to free trade.

Noun 'māne'' (obstacle/barrier).

او تمام وقت خود را صرف دادوستد ارزهای دیجیتال می‌کند.

He spends all his time trading digital currencies.

Verb 'sarf kardan' (to spend/consume).

تاریخچه دادوستد در ایران به هزاران سال پیش برمی‌گردد.

The history of trade in Iran dates back thousands of years.

Verb 'bar-gashtan' used to indicate historical origin.

هرگونه دادوستد غیرقانونی با مجازات همراه خواهد بود.

Any illegal transaction will be accompanied by punishment.

Word 'harguneh' (any kind of).

رشد اقتصادی کشور به گسترش دادوستد بستگی دارد.

The country's economic growth depends on the expansion of trade.

Verb 'bastegi dāshtan' (to depend on).

او در کتاب خود به تحلیل فلسفی دادوستد پرداخته است.

In his book, he has engaged in a philosophical analysis of trade.

Verb 'pardākhtan' (to engage/address).

پویایی دادوستد در جوامع مدرن، موتور محرک توسعه است.

The dynamism of trade in modern societies is the driving engine of development.

Metaphorical use of 'motor-e moharrek' (driving engine).

توازن در دادوستد خارجی برای ثبات پول ملی ضروری است.

Balance in foreign trade is essential for the stability of the national currency.

Noun 'tavāzon' (balance/equilibrium).

دادوستد صرفاً تبادل کالا نیست، بلکه تبادل فرهنگ و اندیشه است.

Trade is not merely the exchange of goods, but the exchange of culture and thought.

Use of 'serfan ... nist, balke ...' (is not merely ..., but rather ...).

ابهامات قانونی در دادوستد می‌تواند منجر به بحران‌های مالی شود.

Legal ambiguities in trade can lead to financial crises.

Noun 'ebhāmāt' (ambiguities).

او با ظرافت خاصی به مدیریت دادوستدهای کلان می‌پردازد.

He manages large-scale transactions with a particular finesse.

Adjective 'kalān' (large-scale/macro).

شفافیت در دادوستد، اعتماد مصرف‌کننده را جلب می‌کند.

Transparency in trade attracts consumer trust.

Noun 'shafāfiyat' (transparency).

نوسانات بازار بر روند دادوستد تاثیرات مخربی گذاشته است.

Market fluctuations have had destructive effects on the trend of trade.

Adjective 'mokharreb' (destructive).

ساختار دادوستد سنتی در حال تغییر به سمت مدل‌های دیجیتال است.

The structure of traditional trade is changing towards digital models.

Phrase 'dar hāl-e ...' indicating continuous action.

در ژرفای هر دادوستد، حقیقتی از نیازهای بشری نهفته است.

In the depths of every trade, a truth of human needs is hidden.

Literary word 'zharfā' (depth) and 'nahofteh' (hidden/latent).

تاریخ تمدن، در واقع، تاریخ دادوستد و تعاملات میان‌فرهنگی است.

The history of civilization is, in fact, the history of trade and intercultural interactions.

Noun 'ta'āmolāt' (interactions).

هنر دادوستد در توانایی ایجاد ارزش افزوده برای هر دو طرف نهفته است.

The art of trade lies in the ability to create value-added for both parties.

Economic term 'arzesh-e afzoudeh' (value-added).

او با نگاهی نقادانه به اخلاق در دادوستد، کتابی جنجالی نوشت.

With a critical look at ethics in trade, he wrote a controversial book.

Adjective 'naqqādāneh' (critical).

فرسایش اعتماد، بنیان‌های دادوستد را در جامعه سست می‌کند.

The erosion of trust weakens the foundations of trade in society.

Noun 'farsāyesh' (erosion).

دادوستد کلامی میان دو فیلسوف، ساعت‌ها به طول انجامید.

The verbal exchange between the two philosophers lasted for hours.

Metaphorical use of 'dād-o-setad' for verbal exchange.

پیچیدگی‌های دادوستد مدرن، نیازمند بازنگری در قوانین حقوقی است.

The complexities of modern trade necessitate a revision of legal statutes.

Noun 'bāzneghari' (revision/review).

تجلی عدالت در دادوستد، غایت آرزوی هر مصلح اجتماعی است.

The manifestation of justice in trade is the ultimate wish of every social reformer.

High-level vocabulary: 'tajalli' (manifestation) and 'ghāyat' (ultimate/end).

자주 쓰는 조합

رونق دادوستد

حجم دادوستد

دادوستد آزاد

دادوستد کالا

دادوستد ارز

دادوستد دوجانبه

مرکز دادوستد

دادوستد سنتی

قوانین دادوستد

دادوستد اینترنتی

자주 쓰는 구문

دادوستد کردن

— The action of trading or engaging in commerce.

آن‌ها سال‌هاست که با هم دادوستد می‌کنند.

رونق بخشیدن به دادوستد

— To boost or stimulate trade activity.

نمایشگاه جدید به دادوستد محلی رونق بخشید.

محل دادوستد

— A place where transactions occur, like a market or exchange.

این پاساژ محل دادوستد پوشاک است.

دادوستد پایاپای

— Barter system; trading goods directly for other goods.

در گذشته دادوستد پایاپای رواج داشت.

دادوستد کلان

— Macro-trade or large-scale transactions.

این بانک در دادوستد کلان تخصص دارد.

دادوستد خرد

— Retail trade or small-scale transactions.

دادوستد خرد در محله‌های کوچک انجام می‌شود.

چرخه دادوستد

— The cycle of trade or business cycle.

چرخه دادوستد تحت تاثیر سیاست‌های پولی است.

محدودیت دادوستد

— Trade restrictions or limitations.

محدودیت دادوستد باعث کمبود کالا شد.

شفاف‌سازی دادوستد

— Making transactions transparent and clear.

دولت به دنبال شفاف‌سازی دادوستدها است.

دادوستد پنهانی

— Secret or illicit trade/transactions.

آن‌ها به دادوستد پنهانی متهم شدند.

자주 혼동되는 단어

دادوستد vs خرید و فروش

Dad-o-setad is more formal and describes the system/process, while kharid-o-forush is more literal and everyday.

دادوستد vs تجارت

Tejarat is usually for large-scale or international trade, while dad-o-setad is more versatile.

دادوستد vs معامله

Mo'ameleh is a specific deal; dad-o-setad is the general activity of trading.

관용어 및 표현

"دادوستد با جان"

— To risk one's life in an exchange or endeavor.

سربازان با جان خود دادوستد کردند تا وطن را حفظ کنند.

Literary

"رگ خواب دادوستد"

— To know the secret or the trick to successful trading.

او رگ خواب دادوستد در این بازار را می‌شناسد.

Informal

"دادوستد عشق"

— The reciprocal exchange of affection between two people.

رابطه آن‌ها یک دادوستد عشق واقعی بود.

Poetic

"دادوستد پایاپای (Idiomatic)"

— Often used to describe a situation where 'tit for tat' occurs.

این یک دادوستد پایاپای بود؛ تو به من کمک کردی و من به تو.

Neutral

"نبض دادوستد"

— The 'pulse' of trade; the current state of the market.

او همیشه نبض دادوستد را در دست دارد.

Journalistic

"دادوستد با شیطان"

— To make a deal with the devil; to do something immoral for gain.

او برای رسیدن به قدرت، با شیطان دادوستد کرد.

Literary

"دادوستد نگاه"

— The exchange of glances between two people.

یک دادوستد کوتاه نگاه میان آن‌ها کافی بود.

Poetic

"سرمایه دادوستد"

— Metaphorically, the 'capital' (like trust or reputation) one uses in social interactions.

اعتماد، بزرگترین سرمایه دادوستد میان دوستان است.

Philosophical

"دادوستد نابرابر"

— An unfair exchange where one party loses significantly.

این قرارداد یک دادوستد نابرابر برای ماست.

Political

"دادوستد در تاریکی"

— To trade without full information or in a suspicious manner.

ما نباید در تاریکی دادوستد کنیم؛ همه چیز باید روشن باشد.

Informal

혼동하기 쉬운

دادوستد vs مبادله

Both mean exchange.

Mabadeleh is a general term for any exchange (like ideas or words), while dad-o-setad is specifically commercial.

مبادله فرهنگی (Cultural exchange) vs دادوستد تجاری (Commercial trade).

دادوستد vs بخشایش

Sounds slightly similar in a literary context (dād/bakhsh).

Bakhshayesh means forgiveness or granting, while dad-o-setad is a reciprocal trade.

او اهل بخشایش است (He is forgiving).

دادوستد vs ستاد

The second part of the word is 'setad'.

Setād (as a standalone modern word) means 'headquarters' or 'staff', while in dad-o-setad it means 'taking'.

ستاد فرماندهی (Command headquarters).

دادوستد vs داد

The first part of the word.

Dād can mean 'justice' or 'a cry' as a standalone noun, but here it means 'giving'.

دادگاه (Court of justice).

دادوستد vs فروش

Part of the concept of trade.

Forush is only the 'selling' side; dad-o-setad covers both sides.

فروشگاه (Store).

문장 패턴

در [Place] دادوستد هست.

در بازار دادوستد هست.

[Person] مشغول دادوستد است.

او مشغول دادوستد است.

[Entity] با [Entity] دادوستد می‌کند.

ایران با چین دادوستد می‌کند.

حجم دادوستد در [Market] [Verb].

حجم دادوستد در بازار طلا افزایش یافت.

دادوستدِ [Commodity] نیازمند [Requirement] است.

دادوستدِ نفت نیازمند تخصص است.

در پسِ هر دادوستد، [Philosophical Concept] نهفته است.

در پس هر دادوستد، نیازی نهفته است.

قوانین مربوط به دادوستد [Adjective] هستند.

قوانین مربوط به دادوستد پیچیده هستند.

رونق دادوستد باعث [Result] می‌شود.

رونق دادوستد باعث ثروت می‌شود.

어휘 가족

명사

داد (Giving)

ستد (Taking)

دهنده (Giver)

ستاننده (Taker)

동사

دادن (To give)

ستادن (To take/receive - archaic/formal)

دادوستد کردن (To trade)

형용사

دادوستدی (Related to trade)

사용법

frequency

Common in business, news, and formal writing.

자주 하는 실수

Using 'dād-va-setad' → dād-o-setad
The 'vāv' should be pronounced as a short 'o', not as 'va'.
dād-o-setad-e nān kharidan → kharid-e nān
Don't use such a formal word for trivial, everyday purchases like bread.
setad-o-dād → dād-o-setad
The order of the words in the compound is fixed: Giving first, then Taking.
Using it as a verb without 'kardan' → dād-o-setad kardan
It is a noun; to use it as an action, you need the auxiliary verb.
Confusing with 'setād' (headquarters) → dād-o-setad
In this context, 'setad' is the past stem of 'setādan', not the modern word for headquarters.

팁

Compound Structure

Remember that 'dād-o-setad' is a single concept. Don't try to pluralize only the first part.

Related Verbs

Learn 'dādan' and 'gereftan' first to understand the logic behind this word.

Professionalism

Use this word in business emails to sound more sophisticated and proficient.

The Linking 'O'

Keep the 'o' short and sweet. It shouldn't sound like a separate word.

Historical Context

When reading about the Silk Road, look for this word to understand the flow of goods.

Give and Take

Translate it in your head as 'Give-and-Take' to remember the meaning instantly.

Ezāfe Power

Use the ezāfe to connect it to commodities: 'dād-o-setad-e naft' (oil trade).

Bazaar Logic

Understand that in a bazaar, 'dād-o-setad' is a social contract as much as an economic one.

Swap it Out

Try replacing 'kharid-o-forush' with 'dād-o-setad' in formal contexts to see if it fits.

News Keywords

In economic news, this is a 'keyword.' When you hear it, pay attention to the numbers following it.

암기하기

기억법

Think of 'Dad' and 'Set'. Dad GIVES you a gift, and you SET it on the table (taking it). Dad-o-Setad: Give and Take.

시각적 연상

Imagine a scale. On one side is 'Dad' (a hand giving) and on the other is 'Setad' (a hand taking). The scale represents the market.

Word Web

Bazaar Money Goods Merchant Exchange Profit Contract Economy

챌린지

Try to use 'dād-o-setad' in a sentence describing your last trip to a market or an online purchase. Focus on the 'exchange' aspect.

어원

The word is a Middle Persian (Pahlavi) construction. It combines the past stems of two Proto-Indo-European derived verbs: *dā- (to give) and *stā- (to take/stand).

원래 의미: Giving and taking.

Indo-European -> Indo-Iranian -> Iranian -> Persian

문화적 맥락

No specific sensitivities; it is a standard professional term. However, avoid using it to describe illegal activities (like smuggling) unless you specify 'illegal trade' (dād-o-setad-e gheyr-e ghānuni).

The closest English equivalent is 'Trade' or 'Commerce,' but 'dād-o-setad' feels more active and reciprocal, similar to the phrase 'give and take' but used in a professional market sense.

Golestan by Saadi (mentions of trade and merchant ethics). Shahnameh by Ferdowsi (trading between kingdoms). Modern Iranian economic journals like 'Donya-e-Eqtesad'.

실생활에서 연습하기

실제 사용 상황

Traditional Bazaar

نرخ دادوستد (Trade rate)
رونق بازار (Market prosperity)
چانه زدن (Bargaining)
کالای مرغوب (High-quality good)

Stock Market (Bourse)

نماد معاملاتی (Trading symbol)
صف خرید (Buy queue)
شاخص کل (General index)
کارگزار (Broker)

International Trade

تعرفه‌های گمرکی (Customs tariffs)
موافقت‌نامه تجاری (Trade agreement)
تحریم‌های بانکی (Banking sanctions)
ارز دولتی (Government-subsidized currency)

Online Shopping

درگاه پرداخت (Payment gateway)
سبد خرید (Shopping cart)
ارسال کالا (Shipping)
برگشت کالا (Return policy)

Historical Discussion

کاروان‌سرا (Caravanserai)
راه ابریشم (Silk Road)
تجّار (Merchants)
ضرابخانه (Mint)

대화 시작하기

"وضعیت دادوستد در بازار امروز چطور بود؟ (How was the state of trade in the market today?)"

"آیا شما به دادوستد در بورس علاقه دارید؟ (Are you interested in trading on the stock exchange?)"

"به نظر شما دادوستد آنلاین بهتر است یا سنتی؟ (In your opinion, is online trade better or traditional?)"

"دادوستد میان ایران و کشور شما چگونه است؟ (How is the trade between Iran and your country?)"

"اولین دادوستدی که در زندگی‌تان انجام دادید چه بود؟ (What was the first trade you ever made in your life?)"

일기 주제

درباره یک تجربه دادوستد جالب که در یک بازار داشته‌اید بنویسید. (Write about an interesting trade experience you had in a market.)

چگونه تکنولوژی نحوه دادوستد ما را تغییر داده است؟ (How has technology changed the way we trade?)

اهمیت صداقت در دادوستد را تحلیل کنید. (Analyze the importance of honesty in trade.)

اگر می‌توانستید یک کالای خاص را در سطح جهانی دادوستد کنید، آن چه بود؟ (If you could trade a specific good globally, what would it be?)

تاثیر تحریم‌ها بر دادوستد روزمره مردم چیست؟ (What is the impact of sanctions on people's daily trade?)

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

It is less common in casual chats with friends (where 'kharid-o-forush' is used) but very common in news, business discussions, and formal writing.

Yes, by adding the auxiliary verb 'kardan' to make 'دادوستد کردن' (to trade).

'تجارت' is often reserved for international or large-scale commerce, while 'دادوستد' is more descriptive of the actual act of giving and taking goods.

Yes, you can say 'دادوستدها' when referring to multiple specific transactions or types of trade.

No, it is a neutral term, but like 'deal' in English, it can be modified (e.g., 'دادوستد مشکوک' for a suspicious trade).

It comes from 'dād' (gave) and 'setad' (took), which are the past stems of 'dādan' and 'setādan'.

Yes, in a literary or C1/C2 context, you can say 'دادوستد اندیشه‌ها' (trade of ideas).

It is a short 'o' sound (ezāfe-like) that links the two words together smoothly.

The verb 'setādan' is very archaic or formal; 'gereftan' is used in modern Persian, but 'setad' remains in this compound.

Yes, it is the standard term for 'trading' or 'transactions' in the Iranian stock market.

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