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C1 verb 11분 분량

رواج دادن

ravaj dadan
예시 رواج دادن 30초 만에
설명 رواج دادن in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't need to use 'ravāj dādan' yourself, but you can understand it as 'to make popular'. Imagine you have a favorite game and you want all your friends to play it. You are trying to 'make it popular'. In Persian, we say you are 'ravāj' (popularity) 'dādan' (giving). It is like giving popularity to something. You can think of it as 'making many people like something'. For example, 'I want to make this food popular' would be 'Man mikhāham in ghazā rā ravāj daham'. Even though it is a big word, the idea is simple: spreading a good thing to many people so everyone starts doing it or using it.
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At the A2 level, you can start recognizing 'رواج دادن' in simple news or stories about trends. It is a compound verb. This means it has two parts: 'ravāj' and 'dādan'. When you use it, you change the 'dādan' part. For example, 'He popularized a song' is 'Ou yek āhang rā ravāj dād'. You use it when you talk about things that become common. If a teacher starts a new rule and everyone follows it, the teacher 'ravāj dād' that rule. It is more formal than just saying 'everyone likes it'. It implies that someone did something to make it happen. Remember, it's for things like hobbies, clothes, or ways of behaving.
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At the B1 level, you should understand that 'رواج دادن' is used for social and cultural topics. It's common in discussions about how things change in a country. For example, 'The government wants to popularize recycling'. Here, 'recycling' is the thing being spread. You will notice it in sentences like 'آن‌ها سعی کردند این سنت را رواج دهند' (They tried to popularize this tradition). It's important to differentiate it from 'pakhsh kardan' (to spread/distribute). While you 'pakhsh' flyers, you 'ravāj dādan' an idea or a lifestyle. It’s about making something a 'trend' or a 'norm'. You can use it in your writing when talking about your country's culture or new technologies.
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At the B2 level, 'رواج دادن' becomes a key vocabulary item for discussing social issues, marketing, and history. You should be able to use it in different tenses, including the passive voice ('ravāj dāde shodan'). For instance, 'This style of architecture was popularized during the Safavid era' (این سبک معماری در دوره صفویه رواج داده شد). You should also notice its collocations with words like 'فرهنگ' (culture), 'سنت' (tradition), and 'تکنولوژی' (technology). At this level, you start to see the nuance: it's an intentional act of dissemination. You use it when an agent (a person, group, or media) actively works to make something widespread in society.
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At the C1 level, you must master the precision of 'رواج دادن'. It is a formal verb used in academic papers, high-level journalism, and intellectual discourse. You should distinguish it from synonyms like 'ترویج کردن' (to promote) and 'متداول کردن' (to normalize/standardize). 'Ravāj dādan' implies creating 'currency' or 'vogue' for an idea or practice. It is often used in the context of 'soft power' or 'cultural influence'. For example, 'The spread of consumerism was popularized through global media' (رواج دادن مصرف‌گرایی از طریق رسانه‌های جهانی انجام شد). You should also be comfortable using it in complex grammatical structures, such as within relative clauses or as a gerund ('ravāj dādan-e in afkār...').
At the C2 level, 'رواج دادن' is used to analyze deep sociological and historical processes. You use it to discuss the 'institutionalization' or 'hegemony' of ideas. It appears in critiques of ideology, where one might discuss how certain power structures 'ravāj dādan' specific narratives to maintain control. You can also use it in literary analysis to describe how an author 'popularized' a new genre or linguistic register. The word carries an air of authority and analytical depth. At this level, you are not just using the word; you are using it to explain the mechanics of cultural evolution and the intentionality behind the 'mainstreaming' of previously marginal concepts.
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예시

رواج دادن 30초 만에

  • A formal Persian compound verb meaning 'to popularize' or 'to give currency to' ideas, products, or social behaviors.
  • Commonly used in news, academic writing, and marketing to describe the intentional spread of a trend or norm.
  • Grammatically functions as a transitive verb, requiring a direct object and often appearing in the subjunctive or passive voice.
  • Distinguished from 'pakhsh kardan' (general spreading) and 'shāye' kardan' (spreading rumors/diseases) by its focus on cultural acceptance.

The Persian compound verb رواج دادن (ravāj dādan) is a sophisticated term primarily used in formal, academic, and journalistic contexts to describe the act of popularizing, disseminating, or giving currency to an idea, a product, a custom, or a specific behavior. At its core, the word رواج translates to 'currency' or 'vogue,' and combined with دادن (to give), it literally means 'to give currency to.' This implies a deliberate effort to make something that was previously niche, unknown, or restricted become widespread and accepted by the general public or a specific community.

Sociological Context
In sociology, this verb is frequently used to discuss how certain cultural norms or fashion trends are introduced and integrated into society. For example, a government might try to popularize a healthier lifestyle through public service announcements.
Economic Context
In the business world, companies use various marketing strategies to popularize their new technologies or products, ensuring they become a standard in the market.
Linguistic Context
Linguists use this term when discussing how new loanwords or slang terms are introduced into a language and eventually become part of the standard lexicon.

دولت تلاش می‌کند فرهنگ کتاب‌خوانی را در جامعه رواج دهد.
(The government is trying to popularize the culture of reading in society.)

When you use this verb, you are often highlighting an active agent—be it an individual, an organization, or a movement—that is pushing for change. It is not just about something 'becoming' popular (which would be رواج یافتن), but about the active process of 'making' it popular. This distinction is crucial for C1 level learners who need to differentiate between causative and non-causative compound verbs in Persian.

شبکه‌های اجتماعی مد جدیدی را میان جوانان رواج داده‌اند.
(Social networks have popularized a new fashion among the youth.)

Furthermore, the term carries a certain weight. It is rarely used for trivial, accidental occurrences. Instead, it suggests a trend or a movement. If a teacher introduces a new method of learning, they are ravāj dādan-ing that method. If a philosopher introduces a new way of thinking, they are ravāj dādan-ing that school of thought. It is about the transition from the margins to the mainstream.

این فیلسوف با نوشته‌هایش، دیدگاه‌های جدیدی را در علم اخلاق رواج داد.
(This philosopher popularized new perspectives in ethics with his writings.)

Synonym Note
While 'tarvij kardan' is a very close synonym, 'ravāj dādan' often feels more focused on the end result of widespread acceptance, whereas 'tarvij' focuses more on the promotional activity itself.

تبلیغات گسترده باعث شد این محصول در بازار رواج داده شود.
(Extensive advertising caused this product to be popularized in the market.)

In summary, use رواج دادن when you want to sound formal and precise about the intentional spread of concepts, behaviors, or items. It is a hallmark of C1 proficiency to use this instead of simpler verbs like 'spread' (pakhsh kardan) when the context is cultural or social influence.

Using رواج دادن effectively requires understanding its grammatical structure as a compound verb. It consists of the noun/adjective 'ravāj' and the auxiliary verb 'dādan'. Like most compound verbs in Persian, the stress falls on the first part ('ravāj'), and the tense markers are attached to 'dādan'. This section will explore various sentence structures and nuances to help you master its application.

ما باید مصرف غذاهای سالم را در مدارس رواج دهیم.
(We must popularize the consumption of healthy foods in schools.)

In the sentence above, 'masraf-e ghazāhā-ye sālem' (consumption of healthy foods) is the direct object, marked by the implied 'rā' or context. The verb is in the subjunctive mood ('ravāj dahim') because it follows the modal verb 'bāyad' (must). This is a common pattern for expressing goals or necessities.

Past Tense Usage
When describing historical shifts, use the past simple or past continuous. 'آن‌ها این سنت را رواج دادند' (They popularized this tradition).
Passive Voice
To say something 'was popularized', you change 'dādan' to 'dāde shodan'. For example: 'این ایده در قرن نوزدهم رواج داده شد' (This idea was popularized in the 19th century).

تکنولوژی‌های نو به زودی در تمام کشور رواج داده خواهند شد.
(New technologies will soon be popularized throughout the country.)

Notice how the future passive 'dāde khāhand shod' provides a formal tone suitable for economic reports or futuristic predictions. This level of complexity is what distinguishes a C1 speaker. You aren't just saying things will 'spread' (pakhsh shodan), you are implying a systematic introduction.

نویسنده تلاش کرد تا سبک جدیدی از نگارش را رواج دهد.
(The author tried to popularize a new style of writing.)

Another important aspect is the negative form. 'رواج ندادن' means to not popularize or to fail in making something widespread. In political discourse, one might say 'دولت نباید این افکار غلط را رواج دهد' (The government should not popularize these wrong thoughts).

Conditional Sentences
'اگر بودجه کافی داشتیم، این طرح را رواج می‌دادیم' (If we had enough budget, we would have popularized this plan).

او با سخنرانی‌هایش، صلح و دوستی را در منطقه رواج داد.
(With his speeches, he popularized peace and friendship in the region.)

Finally, consider the nuances of 'ravāj dādan' versus 'pakhsh kardan'. While 'pakhsh kardan' can be used for physical items (like distributing flyers) or rumors, 'ravāj dādan' is almost always about the abstract status of an item or idea within a culture. You 'ravāj dādan' a lifestyle, you don't 'ravāj dādan' a virus (that would be 'shāye' kardan'). Understanding these collocations is key to natural-sounding Persian.

In contemporary Iran and Persian-speaking communities, رواج دادن is a staple of formal discourse. You will encounter it most frequently in places where the shaping of public opinion or the introduction of new standards is discussed. This includes news broadcasts, academic journals, government policies, and intellectual debates.

News and Media
News anchors often use this term when reporting on social trends or legislative changes. For instance, 'گزارش‌ها نشان می‌دهد که دولت در حال رواج دادن استفاده از انرژی‌های پاک است' (Reports show that the government is popularizing the use of clean energy).
Educational Settings
In universities, professors use it to discuss the spread of theories. 'چگونه داروینیسم در قرن نوزدهم رواج داده شد؟' (How was Darwinism popularized in the 19th century?).

صدا و سیما باید برنامه‌هایی برای رواج دادن اخلاق اسلامی تولید کند.
(The national broadcaster should produce programs to popularize Islamic ethics.)

Beyond the formal spheres, you might hear it in business meetings or marketing strategy sessions. When a brand manager says they want to 'ravāj dādan' a new product, they aren't just talking about sales; they are talking about making that product a household name. It implies a deeper level of market penetration and cultural acceptance.

این مجله نقش مهمی در رواج دادن مدهای غربی در ایران داشت.
(This magazine played an important role in popularizing Western fashions in Iran.)

In political activism, the term is used both positively and negatively. Activists might try to 'ravāj dādan' human rights awareness, while their critics might accuse them of 'ravāj dādan' foreign ideologies. The word itself is neutral, but its use is often highly charged depending on who is doing the 'giving currency' and what is being 'given currency' to.

Social Media
On platforms like Instagram or Twitter (X), influencers are often credited with 'ravāj dādan' certain slang or lifestyle choices. 'این اینفلوئنسر رژیم غذایی کتو را رواج داد' (This influencer popularized the keto diet).

فیلم‌های سینمایی می‌توانند ارزش‌های انسانی را در جامعه رواج دهند.
(Cinematic films can popularize human values in society.)

Lastly, in legal and administrative contexts, you might hear about 'رواج دادن' certain procedures or bureaucratic standards. For example, a new law might be designed to 'ravāj dādan' electronic signatures in commercial transactions. This highlights the verb's utility in describing the formalization and standardization of processes.

Learning a C1-level verb like رواج دادن involves navigating several potential pitfalls. Because it is a compound verb and deals with the concept of 'spreading,' students often confuse it with other similar verbs or use it in contexts where it doesn't quite fit. Here are the most common mistakes and how to avoid them.

Confusing 'رواج دادن' with 'رواج یافتن'
This is the most frequent error. 'Ravāj dādan' is active (transitive); it means *someone* is making something popular. 'Ravāj yāftan' is passive/intransitive; it means something *is becoming* popular on its own. Mistake: 'این کتاب رواج داد' (Wrong). Correct: 'این کتاب رواج یافت' or 'نویسنده کتاب را رواج داد'.
Using it for Diseases or Rumors
While 'ravāj dādan' means to spread, it is specifically for positive or neutral social/cultural items. For negative things like viruses, rumors, or panic, use 'shāye' kardan' (شایع کردن). Mistake: 'او بیماری را رواج داد' (Awkward). Correct: 'او بیماری را شایع کرد'.

اشتباه: ما باید این شایعه را رواج دهیم.
درست: ما باید این شایعه را پخش کنیم.
(Mistake: We should popularize this rumor. Correct: We should spread this rumor.)

Another subtle mistake involves the object of the verb. 'Ravāj dādan' is usually used for abstract concepts, practices, or general classes of products, not specific individual items. You 'ravāj dādan' the use of smartphones, but you don't 'ravāj dādan' your own specific phone to a friend. For the latter, use 'mo'arrefi kardan' (to introduce) or 'pishnahād dādan' (to suggest).

اشتباه: او تراکت‌ها را در خیابان رواج داد.
درست: او تراکت‌ها را در خیابان پخش کرد.
(Mistake: He popularized the flyers in the street. Correct: He distributed the flyers in the street.)

Grammatically, learners sometimes forget to conjugate the auxiliary 'dādan' correctly in complex tenses. For instance, in the present perfect, it should be 'ravāj dāde-am', not 'ravāj dād-am'. Also, ensure the 'rā' particle is used when the object is definite, which it often is in these contexts.

Register Mismatch
Using 'ravāj dādan' in a very casual conversation with friends about a small joke might sound overly formal or 'kitābi' (bookish). In those cases, 'andākhtan' (to drop/start) like 'mod kardan' (making it a fashion) might be more natural.

اشتباه (در جمع دوستانه): بیا این تکیه‌کلام را رواج دهیم.
درست: بیا این تکیه‌کلام را مد کنیم.
(Mistake in casual setting: Let's popularize this catchphrase. Correct: Let's make this catchphrase trendy.)

Finally, be careful with the preposition 'dar' (in) vs 'beyn-e' (among). While both are used, 'dar' is more common for societies or geographical areas, while 'beyn-e' is better for specific groups of people. Using them interchangeably isn't always wrong, but precision adds to your C1 fluency.

To truly master رواج دادن, you must understand its place within a family of related verbs. Persian has several ways to express the idea of spreading or popularizing, each with its own nuance and register. Choosing the right one is what separates an advanced speaker from an intermediate one.

ترویج کردن (Tarvij Kardan)
This is the closest synonym. It means 'to promote' or 'to propagate'. While 'ravāj dādan' focuses on the *state* of being popular, 'tarvij kardan' focuses on the *effort* of promotion. You 'tarvij' a culture to 'ravāj' its practices.
متداول کردن (Motadāvel Kardan)
Meaning 'to make common' or 'to normalize'. This is often used for technical standards, linguistic terms, or administrative procedures. It's slightly more formal and technical than 'ravāj dādan'.
شایع کردن (Shāye' Kardan)
As mentioned before, this is specifically for spreading things that are often negative or uncontrollable, like rumors, diseases, or fears.

مقایسه:
۱. او ورزش را رواج داد (او باعث شد ورزش همگانی شود).
۲. او ورزش را ترویج کرد (او برای ورزش تبلیغ کرد).
(Comparison: 1. He popularized sports. 2. He promoted sports.)

In more informal settings, you might use مد کردن (mod kardan) which literally means 'to make something a fashion'. This is perfect for clothing, slang, or temporary trends among friends. Another informal option is جا انداختن (jā andākhtan), which means 'to establish' or 'to make something stick'. For example, 'او این اصطلاح را جا انداخت' (He made this term stick/popular).

دانشمندان سعی دارند استفاده از سوخت‌های زیستی را متداول کنند.
(Scientists are trying to normalize/standardize the use of biofuels.)

If you want to focus on the physical act of spreading information or objects, پخش کردن (pakhsh kardan) or منتشر کردن (montasher kardan - to publish/release) are your best bets. 'Montasher kardan' is specifically for books, news, or digital content.

اشاعه دادن (Eshā'e Dādan)
This is an extremely formal, almost religious or highly academic term for spreading values or beliefs. It is often used in the context of 'اشاعه فرهنگ' (spreading culture).

وظیفه ما اشاعه ارزش‌های اخلاقی است.
(Our duty is the dissemination of moral values.)

By understanding these alternatives, you can tailor your language to the specific context. Are you talking about a viral video? Use 'pakhsh shodan'. Are you talking about a new law making digital IDs the norm? Use 'motadāvel kardan'. Are you talking about a social movement making vegetarianism popular? 'Ravāj dādan' is your perfect choice.

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수준별 예문

1

او می‌خواهد این بازی را رواج دهد.

He wants to popularize this game.

Present subjunctive 'ravāj dahad' after 'mikhāhad'.

2

ما باید این غذا را رواج دهیم.

We must popularize this food.

Compound verb 'ravāj dādan' in first person plural.

3

آن‌ها یک لباس جدید را رواج دادند.

They popularized a new dress.

Simple past tense 'ravāj dādand'.

4

آیا می‌توانی این فکر را رواج دهی؟

Can you popularize this idea?

Interrogative sentence with modal 'mitavāni'.

5

معلم ورزش را رواج می‌دهد.

The teacher popularizes sports.

Present simple 'ravāj midahad'.

6

این کتاب را در مدرسه رواج بده.

Popularize this book in school.

Imperative mood 'ravāj bede'.

7

من سعی می‌کنم شادی را رواج دهم.

I try to popularize happiness.

Verb 'sa'y kardan' followed by subjunctive 'ravāj daham'.

8

او موسیقی را رواج داد.

He popularized music.

Simple past third person singular.

1

این شرکت محصولات خود را در بازار رواج داد.

This company popularized its products in the market.

Use of 'rā' for definite direct object 'mahsulāt-e khod'.

2

ما می‌خواهیم فرهنگ مطالعه را رواج دهیم.

We want to popularize the culture of reading.

Ezafe construction 'farhang-e motāle'e'.

3

آن‌ها سعی دارند ورزش همگانی را رواج دهند.

They are trying to popularize public sports.

Present continuous 'sa'y dārand... ravāj dahand'.

4

او با این فیلم، نام خود را رواج داد.

With this film, he made his name popular.

Prepositional phrase 'bā in film'.

5

این مجله مدهای جدید را رواج می‌دهد.

This magazine popularizes new fashions.

Subject-verb agreement 'majalle... midahad'.

6

دولت باید استفاده از اتوبوس را رواج دهد.

The government must popularize the use of the bus.

Modal 'bāyad' with subjunctive.

7

پدرم این ضرب‌المثل را در خانواده رواج داد.

My father popularized this proverb in the family.

Past tense with specific location 'dar khānevāde'.

8

ما نباید عادت‌های بد را رواج دهیم.

We should not popularize bad habits.

Negative modal 'nabāyad'.

1

اینترنت باعث شد که زبان‌های مختلف رواج داده شوند.

The internet caused different languages to be popularized.

Passive subjunctive 'ravāj dāde shavand'.

2

هدف ما رواج دادنِ آموزشِ آنلاین در مناطق محروم است.

Our goal is popularizing online education in deprived areas.

Gerund form 'ravāj dādan-e...'.

3

نویسنده با کتابش، افکار صلح‌طلبانه را رواج داد.

The author popularized peaceful thoughts with his book.

Adjective 'solh-talabāne' modifying 'afkār'.

4

تبلیغات تلویزیونی مصرف این کالا را رواج داده است.

TV advertisements have popularized the consumption of this good.

Present perfect 'ravāj dāde ast'.

5

او تلاش کرد تا سبک جدیدی از نقاشی را رواج دهد.

He tried to popularize a new style of painting.

Conjunction 'tā' followed by subjunctive.

6

آیا این تکنولوژی در کشور شما رواج داده شده است؟

Has this technology been popularized in your country?

Passive present perfect 'ravāj dāde shode ast'.

7

آن‌ها می‌خواهند استفاده از انرژی خورشیدی را رواج دهند.

They want to popularize the use of solar energy.

Compound direct object 'estefāde az enerji-ye khorshidi'.

8

این سازمان حقوق بشر را در جهان رواج می‌دهد.

This organization popularizes human rights in the world.

Present tense for habitual action.

1

دولت سیاست‌های جدیدی را برای رواج دادنِ اشتغال رواج داد.

The government popularized/implemented new policies to popularize employment.

Repetition of 'ravāj' for emphasis on policy spread.

2

این فیلسوف توانست دیدگاه‌های خود را در جامعه رواج دهد.

This philosopher managed to popularize his views in society.

Verb 'tavānestan' (managed to).

3

رسانه‌ها نقش مهمی در رواج دادنِ الگوهای مصرف دارند.

Media play an important role in popularizing consumption patterns.

Noun phrase 'olguhā-ye masraf'.

4

او متهم شد که افکار افراطی را در دانشگاه رواج داده است.

He was accused of popularizing extremist thoughts in the university.

Passive construction 'motaham shod ke...'.

5

فناوری‌های نوین به سرعت در میان جوانان رواج داده می‌شوند.

Modern technologies are being rapidly popularized among the youth.

Present passive continuous 'ravāj dāde mishavand'.

6

این نهاد تلاش می‌کند تا ارزش‌های سنتی را رواج دهد.

This institution is trying to popularize traditional values.

Verb 'talāsh kardan' with subjunctive.

7

چگونه می‌توانیم فرهنگ مالیاتی را در کشور رواج دهیم؟

How can we popularize the tax culture in the country?

Rhetorical question using 'chegoune mitavānim'.

8

آن‌ها با برگزاری جشنواره، هنر بومی را رواج دادند.

By holding a festival, they popularized local art.

Gerundial phrase 'bā bargozāri-ye...'.

1

روشنفکران در آن دوره سعی داشتند مفاهیم مدرنیته را رواج دهند.

Intellectuals in 그 period were trying to popularize the concepts of modernity.

Subject 'roshan-fekrān' (intellectuals) with past continuous intent.

2

سیاست‌های استعماری باعث رواج دادنِ زبان‌های اروپایی در آفریقا شد.

Colonial policies led to the popularization of European languages in Africa.

Noun phrase 'ravāj dādan-e...' as the subject of the clause.

3

او با استفاده از تریبون‌های عمومی، عدالت اجتماعی را رواج داد.

Using public platforms, he popularized social justice.

Formal term 'tribun-hā-ye omumi' (public platforms).

4

این نظریه علمی به دلیل سادگی‌اش به سرعت رواج داده شد.

This scientific theory was rapidly popularized due to its simplicity.

Passive past 'ravāj dāde shod'.

5

نهادهای مدنی در رواج دادنِ فرهنگِ گفتگو نقش کلیدی ایفا می‌کنند.

Civil institutions play a key role in popularizing the culture of dialogue.

Idiom 'naqsh-e kelidi ifā kardan' (to play a key role).

6

برخی منتقدان معتقدند که سینما خشونت را در جامعه رواج می‌دهد.

Some critics believe that cinema popularizes violence in society.

Complex sentence with reporting verb 'mo'taqedand'.

7

او در پی آن بود که سبک زندگی مینیمالیستی را رواج دهد.

He was seeking to popularize a minimalist lifestyle.

Structure 'dar pey-ye ān bud ke...' (was seeking to...).

8

رواج دادنِ خرافات می‌تواند به آگاهی عمومی آسیب برساند.

Popularizing superstitions can damage public awareness.

Gerund as subject of the sentence.

1

هژمونی فرهنگی از طریق رواج دادنِ گفتمان‌های خاص تثبیت می‌شود.

Cultural hegemony is consolidated through the popularization of specific discourses.

Highly academic terms 'hezhmoni' and 'goftemān'.

2

او در رساله‌اش به چگونگی رواج دادنِ پارادایم‌های جدید علمی می‌پردازد.

In his treatise, he addresses how new scientific paradigms are popularized.

Verb 'pardākhtan be' (to address/deal with).

3

رواج دادنِ این اندیشه مستلزم بازنگری در ساختارهای آموزشی است.

Popularizing this thought requires a revision of educational structures.

Verb 'mostalzem budan' (to require/entail).

4

منتقدان، رسانه‌های جمعی را به رواج دادنِ سطحی‌نگری متهم می‌کنند.

Critics accuse mass media of popularizing superficiality.

Abstract noun 'sathi-negari' (superficiality).

5

این جنبش ادبی توانست فرم‌های روایی جدیدی را در شعر رواج دهد.

This literary movement managed to popularize new narrative forms in poetry.

Literary term 'form-hā-ye ravāyi'.

6

رواج دادنِ تساهل و مدارا در جوامع چندفرهنگی یک ضرورت است.

Popularizing tolerance and forbearance in multicultural societies is a necessity.

Pairing of synonyms 'tasāhol va modārā'.

7

سیاست‌گذاران در صدد رواج دادنِ الگوهای پایدار توسعه هستند.

Policymakers are intending to popularize sustainable development patterns.

Structure 'dar sadad-e... hastand' (intending to...).

8

او با نقد تند خود، شک‌گرایی را در محافل روشنفکری رواج داد.

With his sharp critique, he popularized skepticism in intellectual circles.

Noun 'shak-gerāyi' (skepticism).

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