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B2 noun 11분 분량

تفویض

tafviz
예시 تفویض 30초 만에
설명 تفویض in your Level:
At the A1 level, 'تفویض' (tafviz) is a very advanced word that you usually won't need. It means giving a job or a power to someone else. Imagine you are a boss and you tell your helper to sign papers for you. That is 'tafviz.' In simple A1 Persian, we usually just say 'dâdan' (to give) or 'sepordan' (to give a task). For example, instead of saying 'I delegate the power,' an A1 learner would say 'I give this work to you' (Man in kâr râ be to midaham). You might hear it on the news, but you don't need to use it yet. Just remember it means 'giving authority.'
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For A2 learners, you might start seeing 'تفویض' in formal news or basic business readings. It is a formal way to say 'delegating.' At this level, you should recognize that it's a compound verb: 'tafviz kardan.' It’s like when a teacher lets a student lead the class for a day—the teacher has 'delegated' the authority. You should focus on recognizing the word when you hear it in a formal setting. It is much more formal than 'sepordan' (to entrust). If you see it in a text, think: 'Someone is giving their power to someone else.'
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At the B1 level, you should understand that 'تفویض' is the standard word for 'delegation' in professional Persian. You will encounter it in office settings or when reading about how a company works. You should know the common phrase 'تفویض اختیار' (tafviz-e ekhtiyâr), which means 'delegation of authority.' You can start using it in formal emails or presentations. For example, 'The manager delegated the duties.' It shows you have a good vocabulary. Remember, it's about the transfer of rights and responsibilities, not just objects.
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At the B2 level (your current level), you are expected to use 'تفویض' accurately in formal contexts. You should understand its nuances—specifically that it involves a legal or administrative transfer of power. You should be able to distinguish it from 'vâgozâri' (transfer of property) and 'mohavval kardan' (assignment of tasks). You should also be comfortable with passive forms like 'تفویض شده است' (has been delegated). At this level, using 'tafviz' instead of simpler words is a key indicator of your professional language skills. You should also be aware of its use in legal contracts.
For C1 learners, 'تفویض' should be a natural part of your academic and professional vocabulary. You should understand its deeper implications in legal theory and political science. For instance, the difference between 'delegated legislation' and 'primary legislation' in a Persian context. You should also be aware of its philosophical and religious connotations, such as the concept of 'Tafviz' versus 'Jabr' (free will vs. determinism). You can use it to discuss complex organizational structures and the nuances of power dynamics. Your usage should be precise, including the correct prepositions and collocations.
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At the C2 level, you have a masterly command of 'تفویض.' You can use it in highly technical legal drafting, philosophical treatises, or high-level political analysis. You understand the historical evolution of the term from Arabic jurisprudence into modern Persian administrative law. You can use it metaphorically or in complex rhetorical structures. You are also aware of rare idioms or historical phrases containing the word. For a C2 speaker, 'tafviz' is not just a word for delegation; it's a concept that touches on the very nature of authority, trust, and the distribution of agency in society.
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예시

تفویض 30초 만에

  • Formal noun meaning 'delegation' or 'entrusting' of power.
  • Commonly used in business, law, and government contexts in Iran.
  • Usually pairs with 'kardan' (to delegate) or 'shodan' (to be delegated).
  • Essential for B2+ learners to describe professional and legal transfers of authority.

The Persian word تفویض (pronounced 'tafviz') is a sophisticated noun primarily used in formal, legal, and administrative contexts. At its core, it describes the act of handing over, entrusting, or delegating a specific power, authority, or task to another person. While in English we might simply say 'delegation,' the Persian tafviz carries a weight of formal transfer, often implying that the person receiving the authority now acts on behalf of the original granter. It is not just giving someone a job; it is giving them the right to make decisions that were originally yours.

Administrative Context
In a corporate or governmental setting, تفویض اختیار (delegation of authority) is the most common phrase. It refers to a manager giving a subordinate the legal or organizational right to sign documents or manage budgets.

مدیر عامل تصمیم گرفت برخی از مسئولیت‌های خود را به معاون جدید تفویض کند تا بتواند بر استراتژی‌های کلان تمرکز نماید.

Translation: The CEO decided to delegate some of his responsibilities to the new deputy so he could focus on macro strategies.

Historically and etymologically, the word finds its roots in Arabic, where it relates to leaving a matter to someone else's discretion. In Persian literature and philosophy, you might encounter it in the context of Tafviz al-Amr (entrusting one's affairs to God), suggesting a deep level of trust and surrender. However, in modern daily life, you are more likely to hear it in a news broadcast about a parliament delegating powers to a committee or a lawyer discussing the transfer of rights.

Legal Context
In legal documents, تفویض وکالت refers to the transfer of power of attorney. This is a critical term in Iranian law when one lawyer passes a case to another with the client's permission.

حق تفویض در این قرارداد به صراحت ذکر شده است.

Translation: The right of delegation is explicitly mentioned in this contract.

Understanding تفویض is essential for anyone aiming for B2 level proficiency or higher, as it appears frequently in business Persian, official correspondence, and political discourse. It reflects a hierarchical structure where authority flows from a higher source to a lower one, maintaining the chain of command while increasing efficiency. Whether it's the 'delegation of duties' (تفویض وظایف) or 'delegation of powers' (تفویض قدرت), the word signifies a formal bridge of trust and legal standing between two parties.

Philosophical Nuance
In classical Persian thought, Tafviz is contrasted with Jabr (determinism). It suggests that while God is the ultimate authority, He has 'delegated' certain choices to humans, highlighting the concept of free will within a structured universe.

عارفان بر این باورند که تفویض امور به خالق، بالاترین مرحله توکل است.

Translation: Mystics believe that entrusting affairs to the Creator is the highest stage of reliance.

In summary, when you see تفویض, think of a formal 'pass-off.' It is the mechanism by which organizations scale and by which legal systems operate. It is the difference between doing everything yourself and empowering others to act in your name. As you progress in Persian, you will find that using this word instead of simpler verbs like 'dâdan' (to give) or 'sepordan' (to entrust) will immediately elevate your speech to a professional and educated register.

Using تفویض correctly requires an understanding of its grammatical role as a noun and its common verbal pairings. Most frequently, it functions as part of a compound verb, specifically تفویض کردن (to delegate) or تفویض شدن (to be delegated). Because it is a formal word, the sentences surrounding it often employ other formal vocabulary and complex structures.

Active Voice (The Act of Delegating)
When a person in power gives authority to someone else. Structure: [Subject] + [Object] + [را] + [به] + [Recipient] + [تفویض کرد].

مجلس شورای اسلامی اختیارات ویژه‌ای را به کمیسیون اقتصادی تفویض کرد.

Translation: The Islamic Consultative Assembly delegated special powers to the Economic Commission.

Note how the object (special powers) is followed by 'râ' and the recipient (Economic Commission) is preceded by 'be'. This is the standard formal syntax for transferring authority. In business writing, you might see this in an internal memo: 'To improve workflow, the management has decided to delegate task approval to team leads.'

Passive Voice (Authority Being Granted)
When focusing on the authority itself. Structure: [Authority] + [به] + [Recipient] + [تفویض شد].

قدرت امضای قراردادها به مدیران میانی تفویض شده است.

Translation: The power to sign contracts has been delegated to middle managers.

In a legal context, tafviz is often used as a noun followed by an 'Ezafe' (the -e or -ye sound linking nouns). For example, نامه تفویض اختیار (Letter of Delegation of Authority). This is a formal document. If you are working in an Iranian office, you might be asked to draft one. The sentence might look like: 'Please prepare the letter for the delegation of authority for the project manager.'

Conditional and Complex Usage
Often used in 'if' clauses or with modal verbs like 'must' (bâyad) or 'can' (tavânestan) in professional discourse.

اگر مدیر بخواهد کارایی را افزایش دهد، باید وظایف را به درستی تفویض کند.

Translation: If the manager wants to increase efficiency, he must delegate duties correctly.

Finally, consider the negative form. To refuse to delegate or to revoke delegation is also common. 'عدم تفویض' (Non-delegation) or 'لغو تفویض' (Cancellation of delegation). For example: 'The lack of delegation of authority has caused a bottleneck in the organization.' (عدم تفویض اختیار باعث ایجاد گلوگاه در سازمان شده است). Mastering these variations allows you to navigate the complexities of Persian professional environments with precision.

While تفویض might not be a word you hear in a casual conversation at a fruit market, it is omnipresent in specific spheres of Iranian life. If you turn on the evening news (Khabar), read a business journal (like Donya-e-Eqtesad), or attend a formal meeting, you will encounter it frequently. It is a 'gatekeeper' word—knowing it signals that you are capable of discussing governance, law, and high-level management.

In the Media and Politics
Iranian political discourse is heavy with 'tafviz.' You will hear about the Supreme Leader delegating powers to the President, or the Parliament (Majlis) delegating the review of a bill to a specific committee. News anchors use it to describe the transfer of constitutional responsibilities.

گزارش‌ها حاکی از تفویض اختیارات جدید به استانداران برای مدیریت بحران آب است.

Translation: Reports indicate the delegation of new authorities to provincial governors for managing the water crisis.

In the corporate world of Tehran or Mashhad, HR departments and management consultants use tafviz as a buzzword. It is central to 'Management by Objectives' (MBO) and other Western-influenced business practices that have been localized. You'll hear it in workshops where leaders are taught not to micromanage. They are told: 'Tafviz is not just giving orders; it's empowering your team.'

In Legal and Notary Offices
The phrase حق تفویض به غیر (the right to delegate to others) is a standard clause in many Persian contracts. It allows a representative to pass their duties to a third party. If this phrase is missing, the authority is personal and non-transferable.

وکیل پایه یک دادگستری حق تفویض وکالت را به همکاران خود دارد.

Translation: The first-class attorney has the right to delegate the power of attorney to his colleagues.

Academic settings also utilize this term. In public administration or law classes at the University of Tehran, students debate the limits of tafviz. Can a sovereign power truly delegate its essence? These are high-level discussions where the word is used repeatedly. Even in religious sermons, you might hear about 'Tafviz' as a spiritual practice—surrendering one's will to the divine plan, a concept deeply embedded in the Persian psyche through Sufism and Islamic theology.

In summary, تفویض is the language of power, law, and spirit. It is heard where decisions are made and where authority is distributed. For an English speaker, hearing this word is a signal to pay attention to the flow of responsibility—who is giving what to whom, and under what legal or moral framework?

Because تفویض is a formal and specific term, learners often make mistakes by using it in inappropriate registers or confusing it with similar-sounding or similar-meaning words. Avoiding these pitfalls is key to sounding natural and precise in Persian.

Register Mismatch
The biggest mistake is using 'tafviz' in casual conversation. If you say 'من خرید نان را به برادرم تفویض کردم' (I delegated buying bread to my brother), it sounds hilariously over-formal, like a king speaking to his subjects about a loaf of bread. Instead, use 'sepordan' (to entrust).

Incorrect: مامان، شستن ظرف‌ها را به من تفویض کن.

Correct: مامان، شستن ظرف‌ها را به من بسپار.

Note: Use 'bespâr' (entrust) for chores, not 'tafviz'.

Another common error is confusing تفویض with تعویض (ta'viz). They sound very similar, but ta'viz means 'replacement' or 'exchange' (like changing a tire or exchanging a currency). Mixing these up in a business meeting could lead to significant confusion—are you delegating the task or replacing the task?

Incorrect Prepositions
Learners sometimes use 'bâ' (with) instead of 'be' (to). Authority is delegated *to* someone, not *with* someone. Always use be for the recipient.

Incorrect: تفویض اختیار با کارمندان.

Correct: تفویض اختیار به کارمندان.

Finally, there is the confusion between 'tafviz' and 'vâgozâri.' While they overlap, vâgozâri is often used for the transfer of ownership of physical property or shares (like selling a shop), whereas tafviz is for the transfer of abstract authority or legal rights. If you are 'handing over' a project, vâgozâri is fine, but if you are giving someone the 'power to decide' on the project, tafviz is the correct term.

To avoid these mistakes, always ask yourself: 'Is this a formal situation?' and 'Am I transferring a right/power or a physical object?' If it's formal and abstract, تفویض is your best friend. Just make sure you don't use it to ask your roommate to take out the trash!

To truly master تفویض, you must understand its place within a family of words related to giving, entrusting, and transferring. Persian has a rich vocabulary for these actions, each with its own nuance of register and meaning.

واگذاری (Vâgozâri)
This is the most common alternative. It means 'ceding' or 'transferring.' While tafviz focuses on authority, vâgozâri is used for property, land, or business ownership. You 'vâgozâr' a shop to a new owner, but you 'tafviz' the power to manage it.

دولت بخش‌های دولتی را به بخش خصوصی واگذار کرد.

Translation: The government transferred state sectors to the private sector.

Another close synonym is محول کردن (Mohavval kardan). This is very close to 'assigning' a task. It is slightly less formal than tafviz and is used when a specific job or duty is given to someone. For example, 'The teacher assigned the homework to the students' would use mohavval kardan.

سپردن (Sepordan)
This is a beautiful, purely Persian word meaning 'to entrust.' It is versatile and can be used in both formal and informal contexts. It carries a sense of trust and care. You 'sepordan' your child to a kindergarten or 'sepordan' a secret to a friend.

من این راز را به تو می‌سپارم.

Translation: I entrust this secret to you.

For legal contexts, you might also see اعطای اختیار (A'tâ-ye ekhtiyâr), which means 'granting authority.' This is almost identical to tafviz-e ekhtiyâr but sounds slightly more like a 'gift' or a formal bestowal. Tafviz is more about the process of delegation, while a'tâ is about the act of granting.

By knowing these alternatives, you can choose the exact word that fits your situation. If you are in a boardroom, reach for tafviz. If you are with friends, use sepordan. If you are selling your car, use vâgozâri. This precision is the hallmark of a B2/C1 learner and will make your Persian sound much more sophisticated.

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수준별 예문

1

مدیر به من کار داد.

The manager gave me work.

A1 uses 'dâdan' (to give) instead of the formal 'tafviz'.

2

او کار را به دوستش سپرد.

He entrusted the work to his friend.

Using 'sepordan' is a common A1/A2 alternative.

3

من اجازه دارم بروم.

I have permission to go.

Simple 'ejâze' (permission) is easier than 'tafviz-e ekhtiyâr'.

4

پدر کلید را به من داد.

Father gave the key to me.

Physical objects use 'dâdan'.

5

معلم به ما تکلیف داد.

The teacher gave us homework.

Simple assignment.

6

او به من کمک کرد.

He helped me.

Basic interaction.

7

رئیس گفت تو این کار را بکن.

The boss said you do this work.

Direct command.

8

من مسئول این اتاق هستم.

I am responsible for this room.

Expressing responsibility simply.

1

مدیر اختیارات خود را به معاون سپرد.

The manager entrusted his powers to the deputy.

Moving towards formal 'sepordan'.

2

او وظیفه خرید را به من داد.

He gave the duty of shopping to me.

Using 'vazife' (duty).

3

در اداره، کارها تقسیم می‌شوند.

In the office, tasks are divided.

Using 'taqsim' (division).

4

او به من اجازه امضا داد.

He gave me permission to sign.

Simple 'ejâze' for authority.

5

ما باید مسئولیت‌ها را قبول کنیم.

We must accept responsibilities.

Using 'mas'ooliyat' (responsibility).

6

او پرونده را به همکارش داد.

He gave the file to his colleague.

Simple transfer.

7

رئیس به او قدرت تصمیم‌گیری داد.

The boss gave him decision-making power.

Describing delegation without the word 'tafviz'.

8

این کار به شما واگذار شد.

This task was assigned to you.

Using 'vâgozâr shodan'.

1

مدیر تصمیم گرفت وظایف را تفویض کند.

The manager decided to delegate the duties.

First use of 'tafviz kardan' in a business context.

2

تفویض اختیار باعث رشد کارمندان می‌شود.

Delegation of authority causes employee growth.

Using 'tafviz' as a noun/subject.

3

او حق امضا را به من تفویض کرد.

He delegated the right to sign to me.

Specific authority being transferred.

4

در این شرکت، تفویض وظایف خیلی مهم است.

In this company, delegation of duties is very important.

General business statement.

5

آیا شما قدرت تفویض این کار را دارید؟

Do you have the power to delegate this task?

Asking about the ability to delegate.

6

نامه تفویض اختیار را امضا کنید.

Sign the letter of delegation of authority.

Formal document reference.

7

او مسئولیت پروژه را به تیم تفویض کرد.

He delegated the project responsibility to the team.

Delegating to a group.

8

بدون تفویض، مدیر همیشه خسته است.

Without delegation, the manager is always tired.

Using 'bedun-e' (without).

1

تفویض اختیارات قانونی به شوراهای شهر انجام شد.

The delegation of legal authorities to city councils was carried out.

Formal administrative language.

2

او با تفویض وکالت به وکیل دیگری موافقت کرد.

He agreed to delegate the power of attorney to another lawyer.

Legal context with 'tafviz-e vekâlat'.

3

مدیریت مؤثر مستلزم تفویض صحیح وظایف است.

Effective management requires correct delegation of duties.

Using 'mustalzem' (requires).

4

حق تفویض به غیر در این قرارداد سلب شده است.

The right to delegate to others has been revoked in this contract.

Complex legal 'salb shodan' (revoked).

5

او از تفویض مسئولیت‌های سنگین خودداری می‌کند.

He refrains from delegating heavy responsibilities.

Using 'khoddâri kardan' (to refrain).

6

فرآیند تفویض باید شفاف و مکتوب باشد.

The delegation process must be transparent and written.

Describing the process qualities.

7

تفویض قدرت می‌تواند به فساد منجر شود اگر نظارت نباشد.

Delegation of power can lead to corruption if there is no supervision.

Political/Social analysis.

8

او به دلیل عدم تفویض اختیار، دچار فرسودگی شغلی شد.

He suffered from burnout due to a lack of delegation of authority.

Using 'adam-e' (lack of).

1

تفویض اختیارات حاکمیتی به نهادهای محلی از اصول دموکراسی است.

Delegating sovereign powers to local institutions is a principle of democracy.

High-level political science terminology.

2

در حقوق مدنی، تفویض وکالت نیازمند تصریح در متن قرارداد است.

In civil law, delegating power of attorney requires explicit mention in the contract text.

Technical legal jargon ('tasrih').

3

عارفان حقیقی امور خود را به مشیت الهی تفویض می‌کنند.

True mystics entrust their affairs to the Divine Will.

Sufi/Philosophical register.

4

سلسله مراتب اداری بر پایه تفویض منطقی قدرت بنا شده است.

The administrative hierarchy is built on the logical delegation of power.

Sociological/Organizational description.

5

لغو تفویض اختیار باید به صورت رسمی ابلاغ گردد.

The cancellation of delegation of authority must be officially notified.

Formal passive 'eblâgh gardad'.

6

او با هوشمندی، تفویض وظایف را به ابزاری برای انگیزش بدل کرد.

With intelligence, he turned delegation of duties into a tool for motivation.

Sophisticated narrative style.

7

چالش اصلی در تفویض، حفظ تعادل میان آزادی عمل و مسئولیت‌پذیری است.

The main challenge in delegation is maintaining balance between autonomy and accountability.

Abstract conceptual discussion.

8

تفویض بدون نظارت، به معنای رها کردن مسئولیت است.

Delegation without supervision means abandoning responsibility.

Philosophical critique of management.

1

تفویض اختیارات تقنینی به قوه مجریه در شرایط اضطراری، بحث‌برانگیز است.

The delegation of legislative powers to the executive branch in emergency conditions is controversial.

Constitutional law terminology.

2

مفهوم تفویض در کلام اسلامی، پاسخی به چالش جبر و اختیار تلقی می‌شود.

The concept of 'Tafviz' in Islamic theology is considered a response to the challenge of determinism and free will.

Theological/Academic discourse.

3

حاکمیت ملی غیرقابل تفویض و تجزیه‌ناپذیر است.

National sovereignty is non-delegable and indivisible.

Fundamental legal principles.

4

او با ظرافتی خاص، تفویض امور را به مثابه راهبردی برای بقا به کار بست.

With a specific subtlety, he employed the delegation of affairs as a strategy for survival.

Highly literary/Analytical prose.

5

نقد مدرنیته بر تفویض اراده فردی به نهادهای بوروکراتیک متمرکز است.

The critique of modernity focuses on the delegation of individual will to bureaucratic institutions.

Sociological/Critical theory.

6

در این رساله، به تبیین دقیق وجوه تمایز تفویض و توکیل پرداخته شده است.

In this treatise, the precise distinctions between 'tafviz' and 'taukil' (appointment of an agent) are explained.

Technical distinction in jurisprudence.

7

گستره تفویض اختیارات باید با حدود قانون اساسی منطبق باشد.

The scope of delegation of powers must conform to the limits of the constitution.

Legal/Constitutional precision.

8

تفویض تام و تمام اختیارات به یک فرد، راه را برای استبداد هموار می‌کند.

The full and complete delegation of powers to one individual paves the way for tyranny.

Political philosophy.

자주 쓰는 조합

تفویض اختیار
تفویض وکالت
تفویض وظایف
نامه تفویض
تفویض قدرت
حق تفویض
تفویض امور
عدم تفویض
تفویض مسئولیت
حدود تفویض

자주 쓰는 구문

تفویض اختیار کردن

— The standard verbal phrase for delegating authority.

مدیر به معاون خود تفویض اختیار کرد.

حق تفویض به غیر

— A legal clause allowing the recipient to delegate further.

در این وکالت‌نامه حق تفویض به غیر وجود دارد.

تفویض تام

— Full or complete delegation of all powers.

او تفویض تام برای انجام این پروژه دارد.

تفویض مشروط

— Conditional delegation, where power is granted only under certain terms.

تفویض مشروط اختیارات به کمیته انضباطی.

تفویض قانونی

— Delegation that is recognized or required by law.

تفویض قانونی وظایف به نهادهای شهری.

لغو تفویض

— The formal cancellation of a previously granted delegation.

لغو تفویض اختیار به دلیل سوءمدیریت.

تفویض اداری

— Delegation within an administrative or bureaucratic framework.

فرآیندهای تفویض اداری در سازمان‌های دولتی.

محدوده تفویض

— The specific boundaries or scope of the delegated authority.

محدوده تفویض باید در نامه ذکر شود.

تفویض داوطلبانه

— Voluntarily giving up power or tasks to others.

او به صورت داوطلبانه تفویض وظایف کرد.

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