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A2 verb #2,500 가장 일반적인 15분 분량

inclure

When starting to learn French at the A1 level, vocabulary acquisition is primarily focused on the most immediate, practical, and everyday situations that a learner might encounter when traveling to a French-speaking country or interacting with native speakers in basic scenarios. The verb 'inclure', while perhaps seeming a bit formal at first glance, actually appears in several highly common, practical contexts that an A1 learner will find incredibly useful. One of the most frequent encounters with a form of this word is in the context of hospitality, dining, and tourism. For instance, when you book a hotel room in Paris, Montreal, or Geneva, you will often want to know if the breakfast is part of the price. You will see phrases like 'petit-déjeuner inclus' (breakfast included). Understanding this single word can save you money and confusion. At this beginner stage, learners are not expected to conjugate the verb 'inclure' in all its complex forms, such as the subjunctive or the conditional. Instead, the focus is on recognizing its past participle form, 'inclus' (masculine) or 'incluse' (feminine), used almost like an adjective. You might see signs that say 'Taxes incluses' (taxes included) when shopping. This is crucial because in some countries, taxes are added at the register, while in France, the displayed price is typically 'TTC' (Toutes Taxes Comprises), which means the taxes are already included. Another common scenario is when buying a package deal, such as a tour or a vacation package, often advertised as 'tout inclus' (all-inclusive). By memorizing these fixed expressions, an A1 learner can navigate financial transactions and service agreements much more comfortably. Furthermore, if an A1 learner wants to use the verb actively, they might stick to the simplest present tense forms, such as 'j'inclus' (I include) or 'il inclut' (he/it includes), though it is less common in basic beginner speech than simply asking 'avec ou sans?' (with or without?). Teachers at the A1 level should emphasize the pronunciation of 'inclus', noting that the final 's' is silent in the masculine form but pronounced as a 'z' sound in the feminine form 'incluse' due to the following 'e'. This provides a great introductory lesson on French phonetics and gender agreement. Overall, while 'inclure' is an irregular third-group verb that will be studied in more depth later, its passive recognition is an essential survival skill for any beginner navigating the francophone world, making it a highly valuable lexical item from the very start of the language learning journey.
At the A2 level, learners are moving beyond simple memorization of phrases and are beginning to construct their own sentences to describe routines, make requests, and explain basic situations. The verb 'inclure' becomes a much more active part of their vocabulary toolkit. While an A1 learner mostly recognizes 'inclus' on a menu or a hotel booking, an A2 learner will start using the verb to give instructions or describe what a group or a package contains. For example, an A2 student might write a simple email to a hotel asking, 'Est-ce que le prix inclut le parking ?' (Does the price include parking?). This shows a shift from passive recognition to active inquiry. At this stage, it is crucial for learners to master the present tense conjugation of 'inclure'. They need to know 'j'inclus, tu inclus, il inclut, nous incluons, vous incluez, ils incluent'. This allows them to talk about their own actions, such as 'J'inclus mon ami dans le jeu' (I am including my friend in the game). The A2 level is also where learners are introduced to the passé composé (perfect tense) for narrating past events. Learning that the past participle is 'inclus' (and remembering to keep that tricky 's' at the end) is a key milestone. They can now say, 'J'ai inclus la photo dans l'e-mail' (I included the photo in the email). This is incredibly practical for basic workplace communication or sharing experiences with friends. Furthermore, A2 learners begin to understand the use of basic prepositions with verbs. They learn that 'inclure' is typically followed by 'dans' (in/into). This helps them form complete, grammatically correct thoughts: 'Il faut inclure ce document dans le dossier' (You must include this document in the folder). While they might still occasionally confuse 'inclure' with 'comprendre' (to understand/to comprise), they are developing the intuition to use 'inclure' when talking about the physical act of adding something to a container, a list, or an envelope. Teachers at this level should encourage students to practice the pronunciation of the plural forms 'nous incluons' and 'vous incluez', ensuring they clearly articulate the 'u' sound followed by the nasal 'on' or the 'ez' ending, avoiding the tendency to merge them into an English-sounding 'w' sound. By mastering these foundational aspects of 'inclure', A2 learners significantly expand their ability to organize information, make arrangements, and communicate clearly in everyday situations.
Reaching the B1 level marks a significant transition in a learner's language journey. They are now considered independent users capable of handling most situations likely to arise while traveling, and they can produce simple connected text on topics of personal or professional interest. At this stage, the use of 'inclure' becomes much more sophisticated and frequent, particularly in professional and administrative contexts. A B1 learner is expected to write formal emails, cover letters, and basic reports. In these scenarios, 'inclure' is indispensable. They will frequently use phrases like 'Veuillez trouver ci-inclus mon curriculum vitae' (Please find my resume enclosed) or 'J'ai inclus toutes les informations nécessaires dans ce document' (I have included all the necessary information in this document). The distinction between 'inclure' (the action of adding) and 'comprendre' (the state of containing) becomes clearer, and learners are expected to choose the correct verb based on the nuance they wish to convey. Grammatically, B1 learners are tackling more complex tenses and moods. They learn to use 'inclure' in the imparfait (imperfect) for descriptions ('Le contrat incluait une clause spéciale' - The contract included a special clause) and the futur simple (future) for planning ('Nous inclurons vos suggestions dans la prochaine version' - We will include your suggestions in the next version). The conditional mood also comes into play for polite requests or hypothetical situations: 'Pourriez-vous m'inclure dans la liste de diffusion ?' (Could you include me in the mailing list?). Furthermore, B1 is the level where the passive voice is introduced and practiced extensively. 'Inclure' is heavily used in the passive voice, especially in formal writing. Learners must master structures like 'Les frais de port sont inclus dans le total' (Shipping costs are included in the total), paying close attention to the agreement of the past participle 'inclus/incluse/incluses' with the subject. This reinforces their understanding of French gender and number agreement rules. Additionally, B1 learners start to engage with the abstract noun form, 'l'inclusion' (inclusion), particularly when discussing social issues, education, or workplace policies, which are common topics in B1 reading and listening comprehension exercises. By the end of the B1 level, 'inclure' is no longer just a word for reading hotel menus; it is an active, versatile tool used to navigate the professional world, express complex arrangements, and participate in discussions about societal structures.
At the B2 level, learners achieve a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party. They can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics. Consequently, their use of 'inclure' expands deeply into abstract, societal, and highly nuanced professional discourse. While B1 learners use 'inclure' to attach files to emails, B2 learners use it to discuss policy, debate social issues, and analyze literature or news. The concept of 'l'inclusion sociale' (social inclusion) becomes a frequent topic of conversation and essay writing. A B2 student might argue, 'Il est impératif d'inclure les minorités dans le processus de décision politique' (It is imperative to include minorities in the political decision-making process). They are comfortable using the verb metaphorically and abstractly. Grammatically, B2 learners are expected to have absolute mastery over the irregular conjugations of 'inclure', including the subjonctif présent (present subjunctive). They will construct complex sentences requiring the subjunctive, such as 'Il est essentiel que nous incluions ces données dans notre rapport final' (It is essential that we include this data in our final report). They also master the plus-que-parfait (pluperfect) to sequence past events: 'Avant la réunion, elle avait déjà inclus les nouveaux chiffres' (Before the meeting, she had already included the new figures). Furthermore, B2 learners refine their understanding of pronominal verbs. They use 's'inclure' confidently to express belonging or participation: 'Je m'inclus parmi ceux qui pensent que ce changement est nécessaire' (I include myself among those who think this change is necessary). At this level, vocabulary enrichment involves distinguishing 'inclure' from a wider array of synonyms like 'intégrer', 'englober', 'incorporer', and 'assimiler'. A B2 learner knows that while 'inclure' means to put something into a group, 'intégrer' implies a deeper assimilation into the structure. They can articulate these subtle differences in essays and oral presentations. The ability to navigate the complex agreement rules of the past participle 'inclus' when placed before or after a noun (e.g., the fixed expression 'ci-inclus' vs. 'les pièces incluses') is also a hallmark of B2 proficiency. In short, at the B2 level, 'inclure' is a powerful rhetorical tool used to articulate complex arguments, manage sophisticated professional communications, and engage deeply with contemporary francophone societal debates.
The C1 level represents advanced, operational proficiency. Learners at this stage can express themselves fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. They use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic, and professional purposes. For a C1 learner, the verb 'inclure' is utilized with precision, elegance, and a deep awareness of register and stylistic nuance. They do not merely use the word; they exploit its full semantic range. In academic writing, a C1 student might use 'inclure' to synthesize complex theories or outline the scope of a research paper: 'Cette étude se propose d'inclure une analyse diachronique des phénomènes migratoires' (This study proposes to include a diachronic analysis of migratory phenomena). They are adept at using nominalizations, frequently employing 'l'inclusion' in sophisticated sociological or political analyses, discussing concepts like 'l'inclusion financière' or 'l'écriture inclusive' with a deep understanding of the cultural and political weight these terms carry in the modern Francophone world. Grammatically, there are no blind spots. The C1 learner flawlessly navigates the rarest tenses, such as the passé simple (simple past) in literature ('Il inclut la lettre dans le tiroir' - note the spelling is the same as the present tense for the third person singular, which a C1 learner recognizes by context) or the conditionnel passé (past conditional) for expressing missed opportunities: 'Nous aurions dû l'inclure dans la boucle de communication dès le départ' (We should have included him in the communication loop from the start). Furthermore, C1 learners master complex prepositional phrases and idiomatic structures involving 'inclure'. They understand the subtle difference between 'être inclus dans' and 'être inclus à', depending on regional variations or highly specific contexts. They also effortlessly manage the tricky agreement rules of 'ci-inclus' and 'y compris' (a related prepositional phrase meaning 'including'). A C1 user knows that 'y compris' is invariable when preceding a noun ('y compris les taxes') but can agree when following it in older or highly literary styles, though they generally stick to the modern invariable rule. They use 'inclure' to create cohesive, well-structured arguments, seamlessly integrating counter-arguments ('Même en incluant les critiques de l'opposition, le projet reste viable'). At this level, the focus is on stylistic variation, ensuring that 'inclure' is not overused, but rather alternated elegantly with synonyms like 'comprendre', 'englober', or 'recouvrir' to maintain a rich and varied lexical profile in both speech and writing.
At the C2 level, the learner has achieved mastery of the language, demonstrating a degree of precision, appropriateness, and ease that rivals that of a highly educated native speaker. They can summarize information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation. For a C2 user, the verb 'inclure' is handled with absolute unconscious competence. They are sensitive to the most subtle historical, literary, and etymological nuances of the word. They know that 'inclure' derives from the Latin 'includere' (to shut in) and can play with this etymological root in creative or rhetorical writing, perhaps contrasting 'l'inclusion' (shutting in/bringing in) with 'l'exclusion' (shutting out) or 'la réclusion' (solitary confinement) in a poetic or philosophical essay. In highly specialized professional or legal contexts, a C2 user drafts contracts or legislation where the precise scope of 'inclure' is critical. They understand the legal weight of stating 'Cette clause inclut, sans s'y limiter...' (This clause includes, but is not limited to...). They can navigate archaic or highly formal literary uses of the verb and its derivatives. For instance, they might encounter the rare adjective 'inclusif/inclusive' used in a purely mathematical or logical sense, distinct from its modern sociological usage. Grammatically, the C2 learner can play with syntax for stylistic effect. They might use inversions or cleft sentences to emphasize the act of inclusion: 'C'est précisément cette variable qu'il eût fallu inclure' (It is precisely this variable that should have been included - using the subjonctif plus-que-parfait for high literary effect). They are also fully aware of the debates surrounding the French language itself, such as the Académie Française's stance on 'l'écriture inclusive' (inclusive writing, which uses mid-dots to include both masculine and feminine endings, e.g., 'les étudiant·e·s'). A C2 user can debate the linguistic, morphological, and societal merits of this practice using sophisticated terminology. They recognize when a native speaker makes a common error (like writing 'inclu' instead of 'inclus') but never make the mistake themselves. At the C2 level, 'inclure' is not just a verb to be conjugated; it is a conceptual tool used to dissect, analyze, and construct the most complex ideas in the French language, reflecting a profound integration into the Francophone intellectual and cultural landscape.
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inclure 30초 만에

  • Means 'to include' or 'to enclose'.
  • Irregular 3rd group verb (past participle: inclus).
  • Used for prices (tout inclus), emails (ci-inclus), and society (inclusion).
  • Often followed by the preposition 'dans' (in/into).

The French verb inclure is a highly versatile and frequently used word that translates directly to the English verb 'to include'. At its core, it means to make someone or something a part of a larger group, set, or whole. This concept can be applied in both physical and abstract contexts, making it an essential vocabulary word for learners to master. Understanding the full depth of 'inclure' requires looking at its various applications across different scenarios, from everyday conversations to formal business communications.

Physical Inclusion
This refers to literally placing an object inside another, such as putting a document inside an envelope or a package. In this sense, it is closely related to words like 'insérer' (to insert) or 'joindre' (to attach).

N'oubliez pas d'inclure la facture dans le colis.

Beyond physical objects, 'inclure' is heavily used in abstract contexts. This is where it truly shines in everyday language. It can refer to adding a person to a team, incorporating a new idea into a project, or ensuring that a specific service is part of a pricing package. The abstract usage is fundamental for social dynamics, business negotiations, and academic writing.

Social Inclusion
This involves making people feel welcome and part of a community or group, often used in discussions about diversity and equality (l'inclusion sociale).

Il est important d'inclure tout le monde dans la discussion.

The etymology of 'inclure' traces back to the Latin word includere, which means 'to shut in' or 'to enclose'. This historical root helps explain why the word carries the connotation of bringing something within the boundaries of something else. When you include something, you are drawing a circle around a group and ensuring that the specific item or person is inside that circle.

Financial/Commercial Inclusion
Used when a price covers various elements, meaning no extra payment is required for those specific items or services.

Le prix de la chambre doit inclure le petit-déjeuner.

It is also crucial to distinguish 'inclure' from its close synonyms. While 'comprendre' can also mean 'to include' (as in 'Le menu comprend un dessert'), 'inclure' often implies a more active, deliberate action of adding something that might not have been there originally, whereas 'comprendre' describes the inherent composition of something. For example, a book 'comprend' (consists of) chapters, but an author 'inclut' (includes) a new chapter in the revised edition.

Le professeur a décidé d'inclure un nouveau chapitre au programme.

In modern French society, the concept of 'inclusion' has gained significant traction, mirroring global trends. This makes the verb 'inclure' and its noun form 'inclusion' highly relevant in contemporary discourse. Whether you are reading a news article about government policies aiming to include marginalized communities, or reading a corporate manifesto about inclusive hiring practices, the root word remains the same. Mastering 'inclure' therefore not only enriches your practical vocabulary for daily tasks like mailing letters or booking hotels, but also equips you to participate in deeper, more meaningful conversations about society and human rights.

Notre politique vise à inclure les minorités.

To fully grasp what 'inclure' means, one must practice recognizing it in these varied contexts. It is a word that bridges the gap between the tangible (a document in a file) and the intangible (a person in a community), making it a powerful tool in the French language.

Using the verb inclure correctly requires a solid understanding of its conjugation, grammatical structures, and the specific prepositions it pairs with. Because it is an irregular verb of the third group, learners often stumble over its forms, particularly in the present tense and the past participle. Let us break down the mechanics of using 'inclure' in everyday French, starting with its conjugation in the present indicative.

Present Tense Conjugation
Je m'inclus, tu t'inclus, il/elle/on s'inclut, nous nous incluons, vous vous incluez, ils/elles s'incluent. Notice the 's' ending for the first and second person singular, and the 't' for the third person singular.

J'inclus ce document dans le dossier.

One of the most critical aspects of 'inclure' is its past participle: inclus (masculine) and incluse (feminine). A very common mistake among both learners and native speakers is to write 'inclu' without the 's'. The 's' is mandatory even in the masculine singular form. This past participle is frequently used as an adjective, which means it must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies.

Past Participle Agreement
When used as an adjective or in the passive voice, 'inclus' changes to 'incluse' (feminine), 'inclus' (masculine plural), and 'incluses' (feminine plural).

Les taxes sont incluses dans le prix.

When constructing sentences with 'inclure', you will often use the preposition dans (in/into) to indicate where the object or person is being included. This is the most natural and frequent pairing. You 'include something IN something else'.

Prepositional Usage
The structure is typically: inclure [quelque chose/quelqu'un] dans [quelque chose/un groupe].

Nous devons l'inclure dans notre équipe.

Another common usage is the pronominal form, s'inclure, which means to include oneself. This is particularly useful in social contexts when you want to state that you are part of a group or an activity. For example, if someone asks who is participating in a project, you might say 'Je m'inclus dans ce projet' (I include myself in this project).

Elle s'inclut toujours dans nos projets de vacances.

In professional emails and letters, 'inclure' is indispensable. When you attach a file, you might write 'Veuillez trouver ci-inclus le rapport' (Please find the report enclosed). Note that when 'ci-inclus' is placed before the noun, it is invariable (it doesn't change). However, if it is placed after the noun or used with the verb 'être', it agrees: 'La facture ci-incluse' or 'La facture est incluse'. This is a nuanced grammar rule that even advanced learners need to practice.

Vous trouverez la copie incluse à la fin du document.

Finally, let's look at the future and conditional tenses. The stem for these tenses is 'inclur-'. Therefore, the future tense is 'j'inclurai, tu incluras, il inclura', and the conditional is 'j'inclurais, tu inclurais, il inclurait'. Mastering these forms allows you to discuss future plans, such as 'Nous inclurons cette fonctionnalité dans la prochaine mise à jour' (We will include this feature in the next update). By practicing these various conjugations and sentence structures, you will be able to use 'inclure' confidently and accurately in any situation.

The verb inclure is ubiquitous in the French-speaking world, appearing across a wide spectrum of contexts, from casual daily interactions to highly formal professional and academic environments. Knowing where you are most likely to encounter this word will help you anticipate its use and understand the nuances of the conversation. One of the most common places you will hear or read 'inclure' is in the tourism and hospitality industry. When planning a trip, booking a hotel, or looking at restaurant menus, this word is absolutely essential.

Tourism and Hospitality
Used extensively to describe what is covered in a price, such as meals, taxes, or activities.

Nous avons réservé un voyage tout inclus au Mexique.

In France, the concept of 'TTC' (Toutes Taxes Comprises) is standard, meaning the price you see is the price you pay. However, you will still frequently see signs or menu notes stating 'Service inclus' (tip/service included) or 'Taxes incluses'. If you travel to places like Quebec, Canada, where taxes are often added at the register, asking 'Est-ce que les taxes sont incluses ?' becomes a daily necessity. This makes the past participle form of the verb one of the most practical pieces of vocabulary for any traveler.

Business and Administration
In corporate environments, 'inclure' is used for sending documents, drafting contracts, and outlining project scopes.

Veuillez inclure votre CV avec votre lettre de motivation.

In the workplace, you will hear managers and colleagues use 'inclure' when discussing team dynamics and project management. For instance, a project manager might say, 'Il faut inclure le département marketing dans cette boucle de courriels' (We need to include the marketing department in this email loop). It is also heavily used in legal and contractual language to specify terms, conditions, and covered liabilities. A contract might state what services are 'inclus' and which are 'exclus' (excluded).

Social and Political Discourse
The concept of inclusion is a major topic in modern society, relating to diversity, accessibility, and equal rights.

L'école doit faire des efforts pour inclure les enfants handicapés.

If you listen to French news, podcasts, or read contemporary articles, you will frequently encounter 'inclure' in discussions about social justice. The term 'l'écriture inclusive' (inclusive writing) is a major topic of debate in the Francophone world, referring to grammatical adaptations designed to make the language gender-neutral. Similarly, politicians often speak about the need to 'inclure les minorités' (include minorities) or promote 'l'inclusion numérique' (digital inclusion) to ensure everyone has access to technology.

Le gouvernement a voté une loi pour inclure des mesures écologiques.

Finally, in everyday social situations among friends and family, 'inclure' is used to make sure no one feels left out. If you are organizing a party or a dinner, you might ask, 'As-tu pensé à inclure Marc dans la liste des invités ?' (Did you think to include Marc on the guest list?). It is a word that facilitates connection and organization. By familiarizing yourself with these diverse contexts—from the practicalities of paying a restaurant bill to engaging in complex sociological debates—you will realize that 'inclure' is not just a vocabulary word, but a key to navigating the culture and daily life of the French-speaking world.

Merci de m'inclure dans vos plans pour ce week-end.

When learning the verb inclure, students frequently encounter a few specific stumbling blocks. Because it is an irregular verb and its usage sometimes overlaps with other French verbs, making mistakes is a natural part of the learning process. However, by identifying these common errors early on, you can significantly improve your accuracy and sound more like a native speaker. The most prevalent mistake by far relates to the spelling of its past participle.

The Missing 'S' on the Past Participle
Many learners, and even some native speakers, incorrectly write the masculine singular past participle as 'inclu' instead of the correct 'inclus'.

Incorrect: J'ai inclu le fichier.
Correct: J'ai inclus le fichier.

This error occurs because many other French verbs ending in '-ure' or '-re' have past participles that end in a simple 'u' (e.g., lire -> lu, voir -> vu, conclure -> conclu). However, 'inclure' is an exception. It retains the 's' from its Latin root inclusus. A good trick to remember this is to think of the feminine form, 'incluse'. If the masculine form were 'inclu', the feminine would logically be 'inclue', which is wrong. The presence of the 's' in 'incluse' proves that the masculine form must be 'inclus'.

Confusing 'Inclure' with 'Comprendre'
Learners often use 'inclure' when 'comprendre' (to comprise/consist of) would be more natural, or vice versa.

Mieux: Le prix comprend le petit-déjeuner. (The price includes/comprises breakfast.)
Aussi correct: Le petit-déjeuner est inclus dans le prix.

Another frequent grammatical error involves the agreement of the past participle when used with the auxiliary verb 'avoir'. According to French grammar rules, the past participle used with 'avoir' must agree in gender and number with the direct object if the direct object precedes the verb. Because 'inclure' is often used to talk about documents, people, or items being added, this rule applies frequently.

Direct Object Agreement
Failing to add the feminine 'e' or plural 's' when the direct object comes before the verb 'avoir'.

Incorrect: Les photos que j'ai inclus...
Correct: Les photos que j'ai incluses...

Pronunciation also presents a challenge, particularly with the present tense forms 'nous incluons' and 'vous incluez'. English speakers sometimes try to pronounce the 'u' and the following vowel as a single diphthong or insert a 'w' sound (like 'in-cloo-ons'). In French, the 'u' [y] and the 'o' [ɔ̃] or 'e' [e] must be pronounced as distinct syllables: in-clu-ons [ɛ̃.kly.ɔ̃]. Taking the time to practice this vowel hiatus will greatly improve your oral fluency.

Nous incluons [ɛ̃.kly.ɔ̃] tout le monde.

Lastly, learners sometimes use the wrong preposition after 'inclure'. While 'inclure dans' (to include in) is the most standard, some mistakenly use 'inclure à' or 'inclure sur' due to direct translation from their native languages. Always default to 'dans' when indicating the group, list, or container into which something is being included. For example, 'inclure un nom dans une liste' (include a name in a list), not 'sur une liste'. By being mindful of these common pitfalls—the spelling of 'inclus', the distinction from 'comprendre', the agreement rules, the pronunciation, and the correct prepositions—you will master the use of 'inclure' with confidence.

Il a oublié de m'inclure dans le courriel.

To truly master a language, it is not enough to know just one word for a concept; you must understand its synonyms and the subtle nuances that differentiate them. The French verb inclure has several close synonyms, each carrying its own specific shade of meaning. Choosing the right word depends on the context—whether you are talking about physical containment, abstract integration, or the inherent composition of an object. Let's explore the most common alternatives to 'inclure'.

Comprendre (To comprise / to include)
This is perhaps the most frequent synonym. While 'inclure' implies an active addition, 'comprendre' implies that the parts naturally make up the whole.

Le menu comprend une entrée, un plat et un dessert.

When you say 'Le tarif comprend le vol' (The fare includes the flight), you are describing the nature of the fare. If you say 'Nous allons inclure le vol dans le tarif' (We are going to include the flight in the fare), you are describing the action of adding it. Another excellent synonym is intégrer. This word goes a step further than 'inclure'. While 'inclure' simply means putting something inside a group, 'intégrer' suggests that the new element becomes a seamless, functioning part of the whole.

Intégrer (To integrate / to incorporate)
Used when the included element blends in or becomes essential to the structure or group.

L'entreprise cherche à intégrer de nouvelles technologies.

If you are dealing with physical objects or broad concepts that encompass many things, englober is a fantastic choice. It translates to 'to encompass' or 'to embrace'. It paints a picture of drawing a large circle around multiple items to bring them all under one umbrella. It is less about adding a single item (like 'inclure') and more about the vastness of what is contained.

Englober (To encompass / to cover)
Best used for broad categories, theories, or large physical areas that cover multiple elements.

Ce projet de loi englobe plusieurs réformes importantes.

For physical containment, especially when talking about documents or objects inside a container, you might use contenir (to contain) or joindre (to attach/enclose). 'Contenir' describes the state of the container ('La boîte contient des livres'), while 'joindre' is the specific action of attaching a document to a letter or email ('Veuillez trouver ci-joint...').

N'oubliez pas de joindre votre CV à l'e-mail.

Finally, there is comporter, which is very similar to 'comprendre' but often used for features or characteristics. A car might 'comporter' (feature/include) air conditioning. By understanding these distinctions, you can elevate your French from simply translating 'to include' as 'inclure' every time, to selecting the precise verb—whether it be comprendre, intégrer, englober, contenir, or comporter—that perfectly captures your intended meaning.

Ce modèle comporte de nombreuses options de sécurité.

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1

Le petit-déjeuner est inclus.

Breakfast is included.

Past participle 'inclus' used as an adjective.

2

Taxes incluses.

Taxes included.

Feminine plural agreement 'incluses' with 'taxes'.

3

J'inclus une pomme dans mon sac.

I include an apple in my bag.

Present tense, 1st person singular 'J'inclus'.

4

C'est un voyage tout inclus.

It's an all-inclusive trip.

Fixed expression 'tout inclus'.

5

Il inclut le billet.

He includes the ticket.

Present tense, 3rd person singular 'Il inclut'.

6

Le service est inclus.

Service is included.

Masculine singular adjective agreement.

7

Nous incluons le chien.

We include the dog.

Present tense, 1st person plural 'Nous incluons'.

8

L'eau est incluse.

Water is included.

Feminine singular agreement 'incluse' with 'eau'.

1

Tu dois inclure ton nom ici.

You must include your name here.

Infinitive form after the modal verb 'dois'.

2

J'ai inclus la photo dans l'e-mail.

I included the photo in the email.

Passé composé 'J'ai inclus'.

3

Est-ce que le prix inclut le parking ?

Does the price include parking?

Question structure with present tense.

4

Elle n'a pas inclus son adresse.

She did not include her address.

Negative passé composé.

5

Nous allons inclure ce livre.

We are going to include this book.

Futur proche 'allons inclure'.

6

Ils incluent toujours un cadeau.

They always include a gift.

Present tense, 3rd person plural 'Ils incluent'.

7

Veuillez inclure votre numéro de téléphone.

Please include your phone number.

Imperative with 'Veuillez' + infinitive.

8

Le menu inclut une boisson.

The menu includes a drink.

Present tense describing a state.

1

Veuillez trouver ci-inclus mon CV.

Please find my resume enclosed.

Fixed formal expression 'ci-inclus'.

2

Le contrat incluait une clause de confidentialité.

The contract included a confidentiality clause.

Imparfait tense 'incluait' for a past state.

3

Nous inclurons vos remarques dans le rapport.

We will include your remarks in the report.

Futur simple 'inclurons'.

4

Les frais de livraison sont inclus dans le total.

Delivery fees are included in the total.

Passive voice with plural agreement 'inclus'.

5

Il faudrait inclure plus de légumes dans ton alimentation.

You should include more vegetables in your diet.

Conditional 'faudrait' + infinitive.

6

Elle s'est incluse dans le groupe de travail.

She included herself in the working group.

Pronominal use in the passé composé with feminine agreement.

7

Je doute qu'il inclue cette information.

I doubt he will include this information.

Subjonctif présent 'inclue' after an expression of doubt.

8

Les pièces incluses sont très fragiles.

The included parts are very fragile.

Past participle as an adjective with feminine plural agreement.

1

Il est impératif que nous incluions toutes les parties prenantes.

It is imperative that we include all stakeholders.

Subjonctif présent 1st person plural 'incluions'.

2

L'inclusion sociale est un défi majeur pour notre époque.

Social inclusion is a major challenge for our time.

Use of the noun form 'inclusion'.

3

Si j'avais su, je l'aurais inclus dans la boucle.

If I had known, I would have included him in the loop.

Conditionnel passé 'aurais inclus'.

4

Le projet englobe plusieurs phases, y compris celle de test.

The project encompasses several phases, including the testing one.

Use of the related prepositional phrase 'y compris'.

5

Bien qu'elle soit incluse, elle ne participe pas.

Although she is included, she does not participate.

Passive voice in the subjunctive mood 'soit incluse'.

6

Ce tarif préférentiel n'inclut aucune assurance annulation.

This preferential rate does not include any cancellation insurance.

Formal negative structure 'n'inclut aucune'.

7

Avant de finaliser, il avait inclus les dernières corrections.

Before finalizing, he had included the latest corrections.

Plus-que-parfait 'avait inclus'.

8

La facture ci-incluse détaille l'ensemble des prestations.

The enclosed invoice details all the services.

Agreement of 'ci-incluse' when placed after the noun.

1

L'auteur se propose d'inclure une dimension diachronique à son étude.

The author proposes to include a diachronic dimension to his study.

Formal academic phrasing with infinitive.

2

C'est précisément cette variable qu'il eût fallu inclure.

It is precisely this variable that should have been included.

Use of the literary subjonctif plus-que-parfait 'eût fallu'.

3

Le débat sur l'écriture inclusive suscite de vives passions.

The debate on inclusive writing arouses strong passions.

Use of the adjective 'inclusive' in a sociolinguistic context.

4

La révision constitutionnelle a inclus de nouveaux droits fondamentaux.

The constitutional revision included new fundamental rights.

Passé composé in a high-register political context.

5

En s'incluant de facto dans la succession, il a provoqué un scandale.

By including himself de facto in the succession, he caused a scandal.

Gerund form 'En s'incluant' with a Latin phrase.

6

Toute offre se doit d'inclure un cahier des charges exhaustif.

Any offer must include an exhaustive set of specifications.

Formal business syntax 'se doit de'.

7

Les données que nous avons incluses corroborent cette hypothèse.

The data we have included corroborate this hypothesis.

Complex agreement of past participle 'incluses' with preceding direct object 'données'.

8

Il importe que le dispositif inclue des garde-fous juridiques.

It is important that the mechanism includes legal safeguards.

Subjonctif présent after 'Il importe que'.

1

L'inclusion de cette clause léonine rend le contrat caduc.

The inclusion of this unfair clause renders the contract null and void.

Highly specialized legal vocabulary ('clause léonine', 'caduc').

2

Il inclut la missive dans le tiroir à double fond, à l'abri des regards.

He enclosed the missive in the false-bottom drawer, away from prying eyes.

Passé simple 'inclut' (identical to present, distinguished by context) in a literary narrative.

3

L'ontologie heideggérienne peine à inclure la dimension de l'altérité.

Heideggerian ontology struggles to include the dimension of alterity.

Use of 'inclure' in complex philosophical discourse.

4

Que vous l'incluiez ou non, le paradigme a déjà muté.

Whether you include it or not, the paradigm has already mutated.

Subjunctive 'incluiez' in a concessive clause.

5

Cette anthologie, en incluant des poètes marginaux, redéfinit le canon.

This anthology, by including marginal poets, redefines the canon.

Gerund 'en incluant' expressing means/cause in literary criticism.

6

La taxonomie linnéenne fut contrainte d'inclure de nouveaux taxons.

Linnaean taxonomy was forced to include new taxa.

Passé simple passive 'fut contrainte' + infinitive.

7

C'est par l'inclusion de l'anecdote que le biographe insuffle la vie au récit.

It is through the inclusion of the anecdote that the biographer breathes life into the narrative.

Cleft sentence emphasizing the noun 'inclusion'.

8

Aussi exhaustive qu'elle se veuille, la liste n'inclura jamais l'ineffable.

As exhaustive as it may claim to be, the list will never include the ineffable.

Concessive structure 'Aussi... que' with future tense.

자주 쓰는 조합

inclure dans
tout inclus
petit-déjeuner inclus
taxes incluses
ci-inclus
inclure une clause
inclure un document
s'inclure dans
inclure quelqu'un
frais inclus

자주 쓰는 구문

Tout est inclus.

Veuillez trouver ci-inclus...

Le service est inclus.

Taxes non incluses.

Y compris...

Je m'inclus dedans.

C'est inclus dans le prix.

Inclure en pièce jointe.

Frais de port inclus.

Menu boisson incluse.

자주 혼동되는 단어

inclure vs comprendre (to comprise/understand)

inclure vs conclure (to conclude - similar spelling/conjugation)

inclure vs exclure (to exclude - exact opposite)

관용어 및 표현

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

혼동하기 쉬운

inclure vs

inclure vs

inclure vs

inclure vs

inclure vs

문장 패턴

사용법

nuance

'Inclure' implies a deliberate act of adding, whereas 'comprendre' implies a natural state of containing.

formality

Can be used in all registers, from casual to highly formal.

regionalisms

In Quebec, 'inclus' is heard far more often in daily shopping due to the tax system.

자주 하는 실수
  • Writing 'inclu' instead of 'inclus' for the masculine past participle.
  • Pronouncing 'incluons' as one blended syllable instead of three (in-clu-ons).
  • Using 'inclure' instead of 'comprendre' to describe the natural parts of a whole.
  • Forgetting to make 'inclus' agree when it is used as an adjective (e.g., writing 'taxes inclus' instead of 'taxes incluses').
  • Using the preposition 'à' instead of 'dans' (e.g., saying 'inclure à la liste' instead of 'inclure dans la liste').

팁

The Silent 'S'

Never write 'inclu'. The masculine past participle is always 'inclus'. Think of the English word 'inclusive' to remember that the 's' belongs there.

Ci-inclus Agreement

Before the noun = no agreement (ci-inclus les photos). After the noun = agreement (les photos ci-incluses). This is a classic French grammar test question!

Action vs. State

Use 'inclure' when you are actively putting something in. Use 'comprendre' when describing what is already inside naturally.

Vowel Separation

In 'nous incluons' and 'vous incluez', make sure to separate the 'u' sound from the following vowel. They are two distinct syllables.

TTC in France

In France, you rarely need to ask if taxes are 'incluses' because the law requires prices to be 'Toutes Taxes Comprises' (TTC).

Email Attachments

While 'ci-inclus' is correct, 'ci-joint' or 'en pièce jointe' is much more common for digital email attachments today.

Inclusive Language

If you hear 'l'écriture inclusive', it refers to a modern way of writing French to include both masculine and feminine forms, often using a mid-dot (e.g., les étudiant·e·s).

Always use 'dans'

When you want to say 'include in', the correct preposition is almost always 'dans'. Inclure dans la liste, inclure dans le prix.

Exclure

The exact opposite of 'inclure' is 'exclure'. They conjugate exactly the same way, so learning one means you know how to conjugate the other!

S'inclure

You can use it reflexively! 'Je m'inclus' means 'I include myself'. It's a great way to volunteer for a group activity.

암기하기

기억법

Think of IN-CLURE as IN-CLUding a CLUE in the mystery box.

어원

Latin

문화적 맥락

Prices in restaurants and shops always include tax and service by law. You don't need to ask 'Le service est-il inclus ?'

Taxes are usually not included in the displayed price. You will often hear 'plus taxes' or need to ask if it's 'inclus'.

The phrase 'ci-inclus' is highly formal and traditional in French business correspondence, though 'ci-joint' is more common for emails.

실생활에서 연습하기

실제 사용 상황

대화 시작하기

"Est-ce que le petit-déjeuner est inclus dans le prix de la chambre ?"

"Penses-tu qu'il faille inclure cette information dans le rapport ?"

"Que penses-tu de l'écriture inclusive en français ?"

"Avez-vous inclus tout le monde dans la boucle de cet e-mail ?"

"Préfères-tu les voyages tout inclus ou organiser toi-même ?"

일기 주제

Raconte une fois où tu t'es senti(e) exclu(e) et comment on aurait pu t'inclure.

Fais la liste de ce qui devrait être inclus dans tes vacances de rêve.

Écris un e-mail formel où tu inclus plusieurs documents importants.

Que signifie l'inclusion sociale pour toi ?

Décris un menu de restaurant idéal et ce qu'il inclut.

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

Yes, it absolutely does. This is one of the most common mistakes made by learners. The masculine singular is 'inclus'. The feminine singular is 'incluse'. If it didn't have an 's' in the masculine, the feminine would be 'inclue', which is incorrect. Always remember the 's'!

Both can translate to 'to include', but they have different nuances. 'Inclure' implies an active action of adding something to a group or container (e.g., I include a document in the envelope). 'Comprendre' describes the inherent nature of what something consists of (e.g., The book includes/comprises 10 chapters). Use 'inclure' for actions and 'comprendre' for states.

'Ci-inclus' means 'enclosed' or 'attached'. Its agreement depends on its position. If you put it before the noun, it does not agree: 'Veuillez trouver ci-inclus la facture'. If you put it after the noun, it acts like a normal adjective and agrees: 'Veuillez trouver la facture ci-incluse'. It is a formal expression.

No, 'inclure' is an irregular verb of the third group. It does not follow the standard -er, -ir, or -re patterns perfectly. It is conjugated similarly to 'conclure' in the present tense (j'inclus, tu inclus, il inclut), but its past participle is different ('inclus' vs 'conclu'). You must memorize its specific forms.

The most common preposition to use after 'inclure' is 'dans' (in/into). You include something IN something else. For example, 'J'inclus ce document dans le dossier' (I include this document in the folder). Avoid using 'à' or 'sur' unless in very specific, rare idiomatic expressions.

It is pronounced [nuz ɛ̃.kly.ɔ̃]. The tricky part for English speakers is the vowel hiatus between the 'u' [y] and the 'ons' [ɔ̃]. You must pronounce them as two distinct syllables: in-clu-ons. Do not blend them into a 'w' sound like 'in-cloo-wons'.

'Tout inclus' translates to 'all-inclusive'. It is most commonly used in the tourism industry to describe vacation packages or hotel stays where meals, drinks, and activities are covered by the initial price. You will often see it on travel agency websites or brochures.

Yes, absolutely. 'Inclure' is frequently used for people, especially in the context of social inclusion or team building. You can say 'Il faut inclure Marc dans notre équipe' (We must include Marc in our team). It shows that you are making someone part of a group.

The noun form is 'l'inclusion' (feminine). It means 'inclusion'. It is a very popular word in modern French politics, sociology, and corporate culture. You will hear phrases like 'l'inclusion sociale' (social inclusion) or 'l'inclusion numérique' (digital inclusion).

Yes. When used with the auxiliary verb 'être' (in the passive voice) or simply as an adjective, 'inclus' must agree in gender and number with the subject it modifies. For example, 'La taxe est incluse' (feminine singular) or 'Les frais sont inclus' (masculine plural).

셀프 테스트 180 질문

/ 180 correct

Perfect score!

관련 콘텐츠

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