Active Participles
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Active participles turn verbs into adjectives to describe nouns, like 'the reading boy' or 'the written letter'.
- Use -at/-et for present/future: 'oqi-tin bala' (the reading boy).
- Use -gan/-gen for past: 'kel-gen qonaq' (the guest who arrived).
- Use -ar/-er for habitual/future: 'bar-ar jer' (the place to go).
Meanings
Active participles function as relative clauses, allowing you to modify a noun with a verb phrase.
Present/Future Participle
Describes an ongoing or future action related to the noun.
“Jazatyn hat (The letter to be written)”
“Oqityn kitap (The book to be read)”
Past Participle
Describes a completed action related to the noun.
“Kelgen qonaq (The guest who arrived)”
“Jazylgan hat (The written letter)”
Habitual/Future Participle
Describes a potential or characteristic action.
“Barar jer (The place to go)”
“Aytar soz (The word to be said)”
Participle Suffixes
| Tense | Suffix | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present | -at/-et/-tyn/-tin | Oqityn | Reading |
| Past | -gan/-gen/-qan/-ken | Kelgen | Arrived |
| Future | -ar/-er | Barar | Will go |
| Negative | -may/-mey | Oqymaytyn | Not reading |
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Affirmative | Verb + Suffix + Noun | Oqityn bala |
| Negative | Verb + Neg + Suffix + Noun | Oqymaytyn bala |
| Past | Verb + -gan + Noun | Kelgen qonaq |
| Future | Verb + -ar + Noun | Barar jer |
| Question | Participle + Noun + -ba? | Oqityn bala ma? |
| Plural | Participle + Noun + -lar | Kelgen qonaqtar |
격식 수준 스펙트럼
Oqityn kitabym (General)
Oqityn kitap (General)
Oqityn kitap (General)
Oqityn kitap (General)
Participle Logic
Past
- Kelgen Arrived
Present
- Oqityn Reading
Future
- Barar Will go
Examples by Level
Oqityn bala
The reading boy
Kelgen qonaq
The guest who arrived
Jazatyn hat
The letter to be written
Barar jer
The place to go
Men korgen film
The film I saw
Sizge aytatyn sozim bar
I have a word to tell you
Oqymaytyn bala
The boy who doesn't read
Jazylgan hat
The written letter
Keshe kelgen dostarym
My friends who arrived yesterday
Erten baratyn jerimiz
The place we are going to tomorrow
Bul - menin korgen en jaqsy filmim
This is the best film I have seen
Oqityn kitap tabyldy
The book to be read was found
Osy jerde turatyn adamdardy taniysyn ba?
Do you know the people who live here?
Bizge berilgen tapsyrma ote qiyin boldy
The task given to us was very difficult
Jazatyn maqalam bar
I have an article to write
Keler jylgy jospar
The plan for next year
Aytar sozim qalmady
I have no more words to say
Korgen-bilgenimdi aytayin
Let me tell you what I have seen and known
Oqityn-toqityn adam
An educated/well-read person
Keler kundi oylau kerek
One must think about the coming day
Atalarimizdan qalgan muras
The heritage left by our ancestors
Keler urpaqqa qaldyratyn iz
The trace to leave for the coming generation
Jazylmaytyn dert
An incurable disease
Korer kozge zhalyn
A flame for the seeing eye
Easily Confused
Both use verb stems.
Both use -gan.
Both use -ar.
자주 하는 실수
Bala oqityn
Oqityn bala
Oqigen bala
Oqityn bala
Kelgen-i qonaq
Kelgen qonaq
Oqityn-i bala
Oqityn bala
Barar-gan jer
Barar jer
Oqymagan bala
Oqymaytyn bala
Korgen-ge film
Korgen film
Menin korgen filmim
Men korgen film
Baratyn-er jer
Barar jer
Jazylgan-tyn hat
Jazylgan hat
Aytar-gan soz
Aytar soz
Oqityn-gen kitap
Oqityn kitap
Keler-gen kun
Keler kun
Sentence Patterns
Men ___ ___ kordim.
Bul ___ ___.
___ ___ magan unaydy.
Siz ___ ___ taniysyz ba?
Real World Usage
Korgen jerim!
Baratyn jerin qayda?
Men istegen jumys.
Pysyrylgen et.
Keler poyyz.
Berilgen aqparat.
Vowel Harmony
Word Order
Negative Forms
Proverbs
Smart Tips
Always put the action first.
Use -gan for completed actions.
Use -ar for future.
Don't forget the negative suffix.
발음
Vowel Harmony
The suffix must match the last vowel of the verb stem.
Rising
Oqityn bala ma? ↑
Questioning if it is the reading boy.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Think of the participle as a 'sticky note' you attach to a noun to give it extra info.
Visual Association
Imagine a boy with a book glued to his forehead labeled 'Oqityn' (Reading).
Rhyme
Past is -gan, present is -tin, future is -ar, that's how you win!
Story
A traveler (kelgen qonaq) arrives. He has a book (oqityn kitap) in his hand. He looks at the road (barar jer) ahead.
Word Web
챌린지
Describe 3 items in your room using the participle + noun structure in 5 minutes.
문화 노트
Participles are heavily used in proverbs.
More frequent use of past participles in storytelling.
Modern usage often blends with loanwords.
Turkic linguistic roots.
Conversation Starters
Senin korgen en jaqsy filming qaysy?
Erten baratyn jering bar ma?
Oqityn kitabyng qanday?
Aytar sozdering bar ma?
Journal Prompts
Test Yourself
Oqityn ___ (book).
___ (arrived) qonaq.
Find and fix the mistake:
Bala oqityn.
men / korgen / film
Bar (go) -> Future Participle
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Participles always follow the noun.
A: Qanday kitap oqisyn? B: ___.
Score: /8
연습 문제
8 exercisesOqityn ___ (book).
___ (arrived) qonaq.
Find and fix the mistake:
Bala oqityn.
men / korgen / film
Bar (go) -> Future Participle
Oqityn / Kelgen / Barar
Participles always follow the noun.
A: Qanday kitap oqisyn? B: ___.
Score: /8
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
Yes, they are highly productive.
The suffix attaches to the stem.
Extensively.
Add -ma/-me before the suffix.
Yes, add -lar to the noun.
No, they are impersonal.
Very common.
Yes, with a possessive suffix.
In Other Languages
Participio
Kazakh participles replace relative pronouns.
Participe présent/passé
Kazakh syntax is strictly head-final.
Partizip I/II
Kazakh participles are more versatile.
Rentai-kei
Both are head-final.
Ism al-fa'il
Arabic is head-initial.
de-construction
Kazakh uses morphology instead of particles.
