B2 Passive & Reported Speech 1 min read 보통

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'Thuk' before a verb to show the subject was affected by an action, usually an unpleasant one.

  • Place 'Thuk' before the verb: เขาถูกตี (He was hit).
  • The agent (doer) is optional: เขาถูก(แม่)ตี (He was hit by mom).
  • Stick to negative contexts: Avoid 'Thuk' for praise or rewards in casual speech.
Subject + ถูก (thùuk) + [Agent] + Verb

Meanings

The primary way to form a passive sentence in Thai, indicating that the subject undergoes an action, typically one that is undesirable, harmful, or results in a negative outcome.

1

Adversative Passive

Used when the subject suffers from the action. This is the most traditional and frequent use.

“เขากลัวถูกทิ้ง (He is afraid of being left behind)”

“ฉันถูกเจ้านายตำหนิ (I was reprimanded by the boss)”

2

Formal/Academic Passive

Used in news, academic writing, or translations from English to express a neutral passive voice, even for positive things.

“เขาถูกยกย่องว่าเป็นวีรบุรุษ (He was praised as a hero)”

“โครงการนี้ถูกจัดตั้งขึ้นในปี 2020 (This project was established in 2020)”

3

The 'Correct' Homonym

Note that 'thùuk' also means 'correct' or 'cheap'. Context is key to distinguish it from the passive marker.

“คำตอบนี้ถูก (This answer is correct)”

“เสื้อตัวนี้ราคาถูก (This shirt is cheap)”

Passive Sentence Structure

Subject Passive Marker Agent (Optional) Verb Meaning
เขา (Khao) ถูก (Thùuk) - ตี (Tii) He was hit.
ฉัน (Chan) ถูก (Thùuk) แม่ (Mae) ดุ (Du) I was scolded by mom.
รถ (Rot) ถูก (Thùuk) ขโมย (Khamoy) ไป (Pai) The car was stolen away.
เขา (Khao) ไม่ถูก (Mâi thùuk) - เชิญ (Choen) He wasn't invited.
เรา (Rao) กำลังถูก (Kam-lang thùuk) - ตาม (Taam) We are being followed.
งาน (Ngaan) ถูก (Thùuk) - ยกเลิก (Yok-loek) The event was cancelled.

Reference Table

Reference table for Passive 'Thuk'
Form Structure Example
Affirmative Subj + ถูก + Verb เขาถูกจับ (He was arrested)
With Agent Subj + ถูก + Agent + Verb เขาถูกตำรวจจับ (He was arrested by police)
Negative Subj + ไม่ + ถูก + Verb เขาไม่ถูกดุ (He wasn't scolded)
Question Subj + ถูก + Verb + ไหม? เขาถูกจับไหม? (Was he arrested?)
Continuous Subj + กำลัง + ถูก + Verb เขากำลังถูกตาม (He is being followed)
Past/Perfect Subj + ถูก + Verb + แล้ว เขาถูกไล่ออกแล้ว (He has been fired already)
Colloquial Subj + โดน + Verb เขาโดนไล่ออก (He got fired)
Formal Neutral Subj + ถูก + Verb (Positive) เขาถูกเลือก (He was chosen)

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
เขาถูกเลิกจ้าง

เขาถูกเลิกจ้าง (Losing a job)

중립
เขาถูกไล่ออก

เขาถูกไล่ออก (Losing a job)

비격식체
เขาโดนไล่ออก

เขาโดนไล่ออก (Losing a job)

속어
เขาโดนเด้ง

เขาโดนเด้ง (Losing a job)

The Nuances of 'Thuk'

ถูก (Thùuk)

Adversative

  • ถูกตี was hit
  • ถูกดุ was scolded

Formal

  • ถูกเลือก was chosen
  • ถูกสร้าง was created

Homonyms

  • ราคาถูก cheap
  • ทำถูก do correctly

Thuk vs. Don

ถูก (Thùuk)
Formal/Neutral Standard usage
Written Thai News, books
โดน (Doon)
Informal/Slang Spoken Thai
Strictly Negative Always bad news

Should I use 'Thuk'?

1

Is the action negative?

YES
Use 'Thuk' or 'Don'
NO
Go to next question
2

Is it a formal context?

YES
Use 'Thuk'
NO
Use Active Voice

Common Passive Verbs

👮

Crime

  • ถูกจับ (arrested)
  • ถูกขโมย (stolen)
  • ถูกฆ่า (killed)
🗣️

Social

  • ถูกนินทา (gossiped)
  • ถูกทิ้ง (dumped)
  • ถูกหลอก (cheated)
💼

Work

  • ถูกไล่ออก (fired)
  • ถูกสั่ง (ordered)
  • ถูกตำหนิ (blamed)

Examples by Level

1

เขาถูกตี

He was hit.

2

ปลาถูกกิน

The fish was eaten.

3

รถถูกชน

The car was hit (crashed).

4

ฉันถูกดุ

I was scolded.

1

เขาถูกแม่ดุ

He was scolded by his mother.

2

กระเป๋าถูกขโมย

The bag was stolen.

3

เขาไม่ถูกเชิญ

He wasn't invited.

4

บ้านถูกไฟไหม้

The house was burned by fire.

1

เขาถูกส่งไปต่างประเทศ

He was sent abroad.

2

ฉันถูกรางวัลที่หนึ่ง

I won the first prize (lit: I was 'hit' by the prize).

3

งานนี้ถูกทำเสร็จแล้ว

This work has been finished already.

4

เขาถูกเพื่อนแกล้งบ่อยๆ

He is often teased by his friends.

1

เขาถูกกล่าวหาว่าคอร์รัปชัน

He was accused of corruption.

2

ข้อมูลถูกบันทึกไว้ในระบบ

The data was recorded in the system.

3

เธอถูกยกย่องให้เป็นผู้หญิงเก่ง

She was praised as a capable woman.

4

นักเรียนถูกสั่งให้ทำความสะอาด

The students were ordered to clean up.

1

นโยบายนี้ถูกวิพากษ์วิจารณ์อย่างหนัก

This policy was heavily criticized.

2

เขาถูกบีบบังคับให้ลาออก

He was forced to resign.

3

ความจริงถูกเปิดเผยในที่สุด

The truth was finally revealed.

4

เขาถูกหล่อหลอมโดยสภาพแวดล้อม

He was shaped by his environment.

1

บทประพันธ์นี้ถูกรังสรรค์ขึ้นอย่างประณีต

This literary work was exquisitely created.

2

เขาถูกตราหน้าว่าเป็นคนทรยศ

He was branded as a traitor.

3

สิทธิของประชาชนถูกลิดรอน

The rights of the people were encroached upon.

4

เขาถูกครอบงำด้วยความคิดด้านลบ

He was dominated/overwhelmed by negative thoughts.

Easily Confused

Passive 'Thuk' Thuk (Passive) vs. Thuk (Cheap/Correct)

The word 'Thuk' has three distinct meanings: passive marker, 'cheap', and 'correct'. Learners often struggle to identify which one is being used.

Passive 'Thuk' Thuk vs. Don

Both are passive markers, but 'Don' is informal and 'Thuk' is formal.

Passive 'Thuk' Passive vs. Active with 'Dai'

Learners use 'Thuk' for 'I was allowed to...', but Thai uses 'Dai' (get to).

자주 하는 실수

ฉันถูกเกิด

ฉันเกิด

In Thai, 'to be born' is an active verb.

เขาถูกดี

เขาเป็นคนดี

You can't be 'passively' good. 'Thuk' needs an action verb.

ถูกเขาตีฉัน

ฉันถูกเขาตี

The subject must come before 'Thuk'.

ฉันถูกกินข้าว

ฉันกินข้าว

Don't use passive for normal daily actions you do yourself.

ฉันถูกชมโดยครู

ครูชมฉัน

Using 'Thuk' for praise sounds unnatural in casual Thai.

เขาถูกตาย

เขาตาย / เขาถูกฆ่า

'To die' is active. If they were killed, use 'Thuk Kha'.

รถถูกชนเมื่อวาน

รถถูกชนเมื่อวานนี้

Minor time marker omission, but 'Thuk' usage is okay.

เขาโดนเลือกเป็นประธาน

เขาถูกเลือกเป็นประธาน

'Don' is too informal for an official title like President.

ฉันถูกรัก

มีคนรักฉัน / เขาบอกรักฉัน

'Being loved' is rarely expressed with 'Thuk' in Thai; it sounds like a tragedy.

หนังสือถูกอ่านโดยฉัน

ฉันอ่านหนังสือ

Thai avoids passive for inanimate objects unless they are being damaged.

การบ้านถูกทำเสร็จ

ทำการบ้านเสร็จแล้ว

Even in formal Thai, 'homework was done' is clunky.

เขาถูกได้รับรางวัล

เขาได้รับรางวัล

Redundant passive. 'Dai rap' (receive) is already sufficient.

Sentence Patterns

ฉันถูก ___ ขโมย ___

เขาถูก ___ เพราะ ___

โครงการนี้ถูก ___ โดย ___

สิทธิของเขาถูก ___ เนื่องจาก ___

Real World Usage

News Headlines constant

คนร้ายถูกวิสามัญ (Suspect was extrajudicially killed)

Texting Friends very common

วันนี้โดนแม่ดุว่ะ (Got scolded by mom today)

Job Interviews occasional

ผมถูกมอบหมายให้ดูแลโครงการนี้ (I was assigned to oversee this project)

Social Media Drama common

ดาราคนนั้นถูกแบน (That celebrity was banned)

Travel/Police occasional

พาสปอร์ตถูกขโมยครับ (My passport was stolen)

Academic Papers common

ทฤษฎีนี้ถูกนำมาใช้ (This theory was applied)

🎯

The 'Victim' Test

Before using 'Thuk', ask: Is the subject a victim? If yes, 'Thuk' is perfect. If no, use active voice.
⚠️

Avoid 'Thuk' for Praise

Saying 'I was praised' with 'Thuk' sounds like you hated being praised. Use active voice instead.
💬

Don't be too formal with friends

Use 'Don' instead of 'Thuk' when complaining to friends to sound more natural and relatable.
💡

Agent is Optional

You don't need to say who did the action. 'Thuk khamoy' (was stolen) is a complete thought.

Smart Tips

Avoid 'Thuk' unless you didn't want to go. Use active voice: 'Khao choen chan' (They invited me).

ฉันถูกเชิญไปงานปาร์ตี้ (Sounds like a chore) เขาเชิญฉันไปงานปาร์ตี้ (Sounds like a happy event)

Always use 'Thuk' instead of 'Don'. 'Don' is too casual for professional settings.

ข้อมูลโดนลบ (Informal) ข้อมูลถูกลบ (Professional)

It almost always means 'correct' or 'right', not the passive voice.

N/A คุณทำถูกแล้ว (You did it correctly)

Place the vehicle or the cause immediately after 'Thuk' to show what caused the damage.

รถถูกชนโดยมอเตอร์ไซค์ (Clunky translation) รถถูกมอเตอร์ไซค์ชน (Natural Thai)

발음

thùuk (Low Tone)

Tone of Thuk

ถูก (thùuk) is a low tone. Ensure the pitch starts low and stays low to avoid confusing it with other words.

thuu-k

Vowel Length

The 'uu' in 'thùuk' is a long vowel. Don't clip it short.

Emphasis on Agent

เขาถูก *แม่* ตี

Stressing the agent 'Mae' emphasizes who did the scolding.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of 'Thuk' as 'Struck' by bad luck. If something hits you (physically or metaphorically), use 'Thuk'.

Visual Association

Imagine a person standing under a rain cloud while everyone else has sun. The person under the cloud is 'Thuk' (affected by the rain).

Rhyme

When things go wrong and luck is stuck, use the Thai word 'Thuk'.

Story

A man named Thuk always has bad things happen to him. He was 'Thuk' hit by a car, 'Thuk' scolded by his boss, and 'Thuk' bitten by a dog. He is the ultimate passive victim.

Word Web

ถูกจับ (arrested)ถูกดุ (scolded)ถูกทิ้ง (abandoned)ถูกขโมย (stolen)ถูกชน (hit)ถูกหลอก (deceived)

챌린지

Look at a news headline in Thai today and count how many times 'ถูก' appears. Try to determine if it's a negative or neutral usage.

문화 노트

In Central Thai (Bangkok), 'Thuk' is the standard for all formal communication. Using 'Don' in a business meeting might make you sound uneducated.

In Isan dialect, the passive is often expressed differently or with local variations of 'Don', but 'Thuk' is understood as the 'prestige' form.

On Thai Twitter/X, 'Thuk' is often used ironically for positive things to mimic English sarcasm, e.g., 'ถูกหวย' (hit by the lottery).

The word 'Thuk' (ถูก) originally meant 'to touch' or 'to come into contact with'.

Conversation Starters

คุณเคยถูกขโมยอะไรไหม?

ถ้าคุณถูกลอตเตอรี่ คุณจะทำอะไร?

คุณเคยถูกเข้าใจผิดเรื่องอะไรที่สำคัญที่สุด?

ในประเทศของคุณ คนที่ทำผิดกฎหมายมักจะถูกลงโทษอย่างไร?

Journal Prompts

Write about a time you were scolded as a child. Who scolded you and why?
Describe a news story you recently read about an accident or a crime.
Discuss the pros and cons of being 'famous'. How are famous people treated by the media?
Argue for or against a specific government policy. How are the citizens affected?

Test Yourself

Which sentence correctly says 'The car was stolen'? 객관식

Choose the correct Thai sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: รถถูกขโมย
The structure is Subject (รถ) + Thuk + Verb (ขโมย).
Fill in the blank to say 'He was scolded by the teacher'.

เขา ___ ครูดุ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ถูก
'Thuk' is the passive marker used here.
Correct the following sentence: 'ฉันถูกเกิดที่เชียงใหม่' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

ฉันถูกเกิดที่เชียงใหม่

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ฉันเกิดที่เชียงใหม่
'To be born' is an active verb in Thai; 'Thuk' is not used.
Reorder the words: [ถูก] [เขา] [ไล่ออก] [เจ้านาย] Sentence Building

Build the sentence: 'He was fired by the boss.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: เขาถูกเจ้านายไล่ออก
Subject (เขา) + Thuk + Agent (เจ้านาย) + Verb (ไล่ออก).
Match the Thai passive phrase to its English meaning. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Arrested, 2-Won prize, 3-Scolded, 4-Dumped
These are common 'Thuk' collocations.
Is the following statement true or false? True False Rule

In casual Thai, 'Thuk' is commonly used for positive events like 'I was given a gift'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Thai usually uses active voice for positive events in casual speech.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: ทำไมหน้าเศร้าจัง? B: เมื่อคืน ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ถูกแฟนทิ้ง
The context of 'sad face' implies a negative passive event (being dumped).
Sort these into 'Formal' and 'Informal' passive markers. Grammar Sorting

ถูก (Thuk), โดน (Doon)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ถูก=Formal, โดน=Informal
'Thuk' is the standard/formal marker; 'Don' is colloquial.

Score: /8

연습 문제

8 exercises
Which sentence correctly says 'The car was stolen'? 객관식

Choose the correct Thai sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: รถถูกขโมย
The structure is Subject (รถ) + Thuk + Verb (ขโมย).
Fill in the blank to say 'He was scolded by the teacher'.

เขา ___ ครูดุ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ถูก
'Thuk' is the passive marker used here.
Correct the following sentence: 'ฉันถูกเกิดที่เชียงใหม่' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

ฉันถูกเกิดที่เชียงใหม่

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ฉันเกิดที่เชียงใหม่
'To be born' is an active verb in Thai; 'Thuk' is not used.
Reorder the words: [ถูก] [เขา] [ไล่ออก] [เจ้านาย] Sentence Building

Build the sentence: 'He was fired by the boss.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: เขาถูกเจ้านายไล่ออก
Subject (เขา) + Thuk + Agent (เจ้านาย) + Verb (ไล่ออก).
Match the Thai passive phrase to its English meaning. Match Pairs

1. ถูกจับ, 2. ถูกรางวัล, 3. ถูกดุ, 4. ถูกทิ้ง

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Arrested, 2-Won prize, 3-Scolded, 4-Dumped
These are common 'Thuk' collocations.
Is the following statement true or false? True False Rule

In casual Thai, 'Thuk' is commonly used for positive events like 'I was given a gift'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Thai usually uses active voice for positive events in casual speech.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: ทำไมหน้าเศร้าจัง? B: เมื่อคืน ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ถูกแฟนทิ้ง
The context of 'sad face' implies a negative passive event (being dumped).
Sort these into 'Formal' and 'Informal' passive markers. Grammar Sorting

ถูก (Thuk), โดน (Doon)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ถูก=Formal, โดน=Informal
'Thuk' is the standard/formal marker; 'Don' is colloquial.

Score: /8

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

Only in very formal or academic contexts. In daily life, it sounds strange. Use active voice instead.

'Thuk' is formal and polite. 'Don' is informal and used with friends. Both usually imply something negative.

No, Thai verbs don't change. You can add `แล้ว` (already) at the end of the sentence to show it happened in the past.

No, it's optional. You can say `เขาถูกตี` (He was hit) or `เขาถูกแม่ตี` (He was hit by mom).

It's a homonym! Context tells you if it's 'cheap' (adjective) or 'passive' (marker).

No, 'Thuk' only works with transitive verbs (verbs that take an object).

Yes, constantly! It's the standard way to report crimes, accidents, and legal actions.

Just say `ฉันเกิด` (Chan koet). Do not use 'Thuk' here.

In Other Languages

English moderate

be + past participle

Thai passive doesn't conjugate the verb and carries an 'adversative' nuance.

Chinese high

被 (bèi)

Very similar; both have seen a modern shift toward neutral usage in formal contexts.

Japanese high

〜られる (rare-ru)

Japanese passive involves verb conjugation, whereas Thai uses a separate marker 'Thuk'.

German low

werden + Partizip II

German is much more common and neutral in everyday speech than Thai passive.

Spanish low

ser + participio / se pasivo

Spanish uses passive for neutral focus much more frequently than Thai.

Arabic none

Internal Passive (Vowel changes)

Arabic passive is purely morphological; Thai is syntactic.

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