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A1 noun #5,800 가장 일반적인 9분 분량

灾害

zāihài
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  • <strong>灾害</strong> (zāihài) means disaster or calamity.
  • It refers to severe events causing great damage and loss.
  • Commonly used for natural disasters like earthquakes and floods.
  • It's a formal term, often seen in news and official reports.

The Chinese word 灾害 (zāihài) is a noun that directly translates to 'disaster' or 'calamity' in English. It refers to a sudden event that causes great damage, destruction, or loss of life. This word is used to describe a wide range of unfortunate occurrences, from natural events like earthquakes and floods to man-made crises such as accidents or widespread epidemics. When something severely disrupts normal life and brings about significant harm, it can be classified as a 灾害. The term carries a sense of severity and widespread impact, indicating a situation that is beyond ordinary misfortune and requires considerable effort to overcome or recover from.

Usage Context
灾害 is frequently used in news reports, official government statements, and discussions about public safety and emergency preparedness. It's a formal term, often appearing in contexts where the seriousness of a situation needs to be conveyed. For instance, discussions about climate change often involve the potential for increased natural 灾害. Similarly, after a major accident or a natural event, government agencies and media outlets will use 灾害 to describe the scale of the incident.
Nuance
While 'disaster' is a direct translation, 灾害 often implies a more profound and widespread impact than a simple accident. It suggests a disruption that affects a community or even a nation, leading to significant social, economic, and environmental consequences. The term can also be used metaphorically, although less commonly, to describe a personal catastrophe or a devastating personal experience, but its primary meaning remains focused on large-scale destructive events.

近期，该地区遭受了严重的自然 灾害。

Recently, the region suffered from severe natural disasters.

预防 灾害 是政府的重要职责。

Disaster prevention is an important responsibility of the government.
Etymological Insight
The character 灾 (zāi) itself means 'disaster' or 'calamity,' and 害 (hài) means 'harm' or 'damage.' Together, 灾害 forms a compound word that powerfully conveys the idea of harmful events causing widespread damage.
Common Associations
灾害 is often associated with words like 'natural' (自然 zìrán), 'earthquake' (地震 dìzhèn), 'flood' (洪水 hóngshuǐ), 'fire' (火灾 huǒzāi), 'prevention' (预防 yùfáng), and 'relief' (救灾 jiùzāi). Understanding these associations can help you grasp the typical contexts in which 灾害 appears.

Using 灾害 (zāihài) correctly involves understanding its role as a noun referring to a severe, damaging event. It's often used in conjunction with other words that specify the type of disaster or the actions taken in response to it. Here are several ways to incorporate 灾害 into your Chinese sentences, illustrating its grammatical function and common collocations.

Subject of a Sentence
灾害 can be the subject of a sentence, describing the event itself. For example, 'The disaster caused heavy losses.' (灾害 造成了巨大的损失。 Zāihài zàochéngle jùdà de sǔnshī.)

去年的 灾害 对经济影响很大。

Last year's disaster had a great impact on the economy.
Object of a Verb
It can also be the object of verbs like 'to face' (面对 miànduì), 'to prevent' (预防 yùfáng), or 'to deal with' (处理 chǔlǐ). For instance, 'We must prepare for potential disasters.' (我们必须为可能发生的 灾害 做好准备。 Wǒmen bìxū wèi kěnéng fāshēng de zāihài zuò hǎo zhǔnbèi.)

政府正在积极 灾害 救助工作。

The government is actively engaged in disaster relief work.
In Compound Nouns
灾害 is often part of compound words, such as 'natural disaster' (自然灾害 zìrán zāihài) or 'fire disaster' (火灾 huǒzāi). These compounds are very common and useful.

地震是常见的自然 灾害 之一。

Earthquakes are among the common natural disasters.
With Modifiers
Adjectives or descriptive phrases can modify 灾害. For example, 'a devastating disaster' (一场毁灭性的 灾害 yī chǎng huǐmièxìng de zāihài). The measure word '场' (chǎng) is commonly used with 灾害 when referring to a specific event.

我们需要吸取 灾害 的教训。

We need to learn lessons from the disaster.

You will encounter 灾害 (zāihài) in various real-world scenarios, primarily in contexts where significant disruption and damage are being discussed. Its usage is widespread, but certain environments feature it more prominently.

News and Media
This is perhaps the most common place to hear 灾害. News reports about natural events like earthquakes, typhoons, floods, droughts, and landslides will invariably use this term. For example, a headline might read: 'Massive earthquake strikes, causing widespread 灾害.' (大地震发生，造成大范围灾害。 Dà dìzhèn fāshēng, zàochéng dà fànwéi zāihài.)

新闻报道了最近发生的洪水 灾害。

The news reported on the recent flood disaster.
Government and Official Announcements
Government agencies responsible for emergency management, civil affairs, and disaster relief will use 灾害 in their official communications. This includes public service announcements about preparedness, reports on the impact of events, and appeals for aid. You might hear phrases like 'The government is allocating funds for 灾害 relief.' (政府正在拨款用于灾害救助。 Zhèngfǔ zhèngzài bōkuǎn yòngyú zāihài jiùzhù.)

请关注政府发布的 灾害 预警信息。

Please pay attention to the disaster warning information issued by the government.
Academic and Research Settings
In fields like environmental science, sociology, economics, and urban planning, researchers discuss the causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies for various types of 灾害. Academic papers and lectures will frequently use this term.
Disaster Preparedness and Safety Education
Educational materials designed to teach people how to respond to emergencies will use 灾害. This could be in school textbooks, safety manuals, or public awareness campaigns. For example, 'Learning how to respond to 灾害 is crucial.' (学习如何应对灾害至关重要。 Xuéxí rúhé yìngduì zāihài zhì guān zhòngyào.)

学校正在进行 灾害 演习。

The school is conducting a disaster drill.

While 灾害 (zāihài) is a straightforward term for 'disaster,' learners might sometimes misuse it or confuse it with similar-sounding or related concepts. Understanding these potential pitfalls can help you use the word more accurately.

Confusing with Less Severe Events
灾害 implies a significant, widespread, and often sudden event causing substantial damage. It's not typically used for minor inconveniences or everyday problems. For example, spilling coffee on your shirt is not a 灾害. A small traffic accident might be an 'accident' (事故 shìgù), but not necessarily a 灾害 unless it has catastrophic consequences.

Mistake: 我的电脑坏了，真是个 灾害。

My computer broke, it's really a disaster. (Incorrect usage for a personal inconvenience)
Overuse or Underuse
Learners might either overuse 灾害 for any negative event or shy away from it, thinking it's too strong. Remember its core meaning: a large-scale destructive event. Use it when discussing earthquakes, tsunamis, major industrial accidents, widespread epidemics, or severe economic crises.
Confusing with 'Danger' or 'Harm'
While 灾害 involves harm (害 hài), it refers to the event itself, not just the abstract concept of danger or harm. Words like 危险 (wēixiǎn - danger) or 伤害 (shānghài - to harm, injury) have different uses. 灾害 is the noun for the calamitous event.

Correct: 这个地区的 灾害 风险很高。

The disaster risk in this region is very high. (Here, 'risk' is associated with potential disasters.)
Incorrectly Using Measure Words
When referring to a specific instance of a disaster, the measure word 场 (chǎng) is commonly used, especially for events like storms, earthquakes, or outbreaks. Using the wrong measure word can sound unnatural. For example, 'a flood disaster' is usually 一场洪水灾害 (yī chǎng hóngshuǐ zāihài).

While 灾害 (zāihài) is the most common and general term for 'disaster,' other words can be used depending on the specific context, nuance, or formality. Understanding these alternatives helps in choosing the most precise vocabulary.

事故 (shìgù)
事故 means 'accident.' It is generally used for less severe events than 灾害, often involving unintended consequences. While a major accident could be considered a 灾害, not all 事故 are 灾害. For example, a car accident is usually just 交通事故 (jiāotōng shìgù), not a 灾害 unless it causes widespread destruction.
灾害: Refers to a large-scale, severe event causing widespread damage and loss. Often natural or major man-made catastrophes. (e.g., earthquake, flood, epidemic)
事故: Refers to an accident, often unintentional, that may cause damage or injury. Can range from minor to significant, but typically less widespread than a 灾害. (e.g., car accident, industrial accident, falling down)

Example Comparison:
一场 灾害 导致了人员伤亡和财产损失。
一次 事故 造成了交通堵塞。

A disaster caused casualties and property loss.
An accident caused a traffic jam.
劫难 (jiénàn)
劫难 is a more literary or religious term, often translated as 'tribulation,' 'ordeal,' or 'calamity.' It carries a stronger sense of suffering and hardship, often implying a destined or unavoidable trial. It's less common in everyday news reporting and more found in historical accounts, religious texts, or philosophical discussions.
灾害: A general term for disaster, focusing on the event and its destructive impact.
劫难: A more profound term for suffering, tribulation, or ordeal, often with religious or philosophical connotations.

Example Comparison:
自然 灾害 摧毁了城市。
他经历了一生的 劫难。

Natural disasters destroyed the city.
He experienced a lifetime of tribulations.
灾难 (zāinàn)
灾难 is very similar to 灾害 and is often used interchangeably. Both mean 'disaster' or 'catastrophe.' 灾难 might sometimes carry a slightly stronger emotional weight, emphasizing the suffering or tragedy involved, but in many contexts, they are synonymous. You will often see them used together, like 自然灾害和人为灾难 (zìrán zāihài hé rénwéi zāinàn - natural disasters and man-made calamities).
灾害: General term for disaster, focusing on the event and its destructive impact.
灾难: Very similar to 灾害, often used interchangeably. May sometimes emphasize the tragic aspect or suffering.

Example Comparison:
这次 灾害 影响了数百万人口。
这次 灾难 令人痛心。

This disaster affected millions of people.
This catastrophe was heartbreaking.

How Formal Is It?

재미있는 사실

The character 灾 (zāi) itself is believed to have originated from a pictograph representing a person struck by lightning or falling from a height, symbolizing a sudden and destructive event. The character 害 (hài) likely depicted a person being pierced by an arrow or a sharp object, signifying injury or harm.

발음 가이드

UK /tsaɪˈhaɪ/
US /tsaɪˈhaɪ/
First syllable stressed: ZĀI-hai.
라임이 맞는 단어
ǎi ài lài pāi shuāi tiāi wài yāi zhāi guāi huāi cuò
자주 하는 실수
  • Pronouncing 'z' as a soft 'z' like in 'zoo'. It should be a 'ts' sound.
  • Confusing the vowel sound in 'hai' with other sounds.
  • Incorrect stress placement.

난이도

독해 2/5

The word <strong>灾害</strong> is common in news and official reports, making it relatively easy to encounter in reading materials. Its meaning is usually clear from context, especially when paired with terms like 'natural' or specific types of events.

쓰기 2/5

Using <strong>灾害</strong> correctly in writing requires understanding its formal register and its common collocations. Learners should aim to use it in appropriate contexts, such as news summaries or reports on safety.

말하기 2/5

In spoken Chinese, <strong>灾害</strong> is used in more formal discussions or when reporting on serious events. While not overly complex, its formal nature means it might not appear in very casual conversations.

듣기 2/5

Hearing <strong>灾害</strong> in spoken Chinese is common in news broadcasts, documentaries, and public announcements. Its pronunciation is straightforward, and its meaning is usually clear from the context of serious events.

다음에 무엇을 배울까

선수 학습

自然 (zìrán) - natural 天气 (tiānqì) - weather 发生 (fāshēng) - to happen, occur 破坏 (pòhuài) - damage, destroy 危险 (wēixiǎn) - danger

다음에 배울 것

预防 (yùfáng) - to prevent 应对 (yìngduì) - to cope with, respond to 救灾 (jiùzāi) - disaster relief 重建 (chóngjiàn) - to rebuild 风险 (fēngxiǎn) - risk

고급

危机 (wēijī) - crisis 劫难 (jiénàn) - tribulation 浩劫 (hàojié) - catastrophe 天灾人祸 (tiānzāi rénhuò) - natural and man-made disasters

알아야 할 문법

Using measure words with nouns: The measure word '场' (chǎng) is often used with events like disasters.

一场地震 (yī chǎng dìzhèn) - an earthquake; 一场洪水 (yī chǎng hóngshuǐ) - a flood.

The use of '的' (de) to form attributive phrases: '自然灾害' (zìrán zāihài) uses '的' implicitly or explicitly to connect 'natural' to 'disaster'.

这是自然的灾害。(Zhè shì zìrán de zāihài.) This is a natural disaster.

Verbs commonly used with 灾害: verbs like 发生 (fāshēng - occur), 造成 (zàochéng - cause), 应对 (yìngduì - cope with), 预防 (yùfáng - prevent), 减轻 (jiǎnqīng - mitigate).

洪水造成了巨大的损失。(Hóngshuǐ zàochéngle jùdà de sǔnshī.) The flood caused huge losses.

Using '不' (bù) and '没' (méi) for negation: To say a disaster did not happen or was not severe.

这次没有发生灾害。(Zhè cì méiyǒu fāshēng zāihài.) No disaster occurred this time.

The role of adverbs: Adverbs like '严重地' (yánzhòng de - severely) can modify the impact of a disaster.

这次灾害严重地影响了当地经济。(Zhè cì zāihài yánzhòng de yǐngxiǎngle dāngdì jīngjì.) This disaster severely affected the local economy.

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수준별 예문

1

地震是一个可怕的灾害。

Earthquake is a terrible disaster.

地震 (dìzhèn) - earthquake; 可怕 (kěpà) - terrible; 灾害 (zāihài) - disaster. Simple sentence structure: Subject + Adjective + Noun.

2

洪水造成了很大的灾害。

The flood caused a big disaster.

洪水 (hóngshuǐ) - flood; 造成 (zàochéng) - caused; 很大 (hěn dà) - very big. Verb '造成' (zàochéng) is common with negative events.

3

我们害怕灾害。

We are afraid of disasters.

我们 (wǒmen) - we; 害怕 (hàipà) - to be afraid of; 灾害 (zāihài) - disasters (plural implied by context). Simple Subject-Verb-Object structure.

4

这是一个自然灾害。

This is a natural disaster.

自然 (zìrán) - natural; 灾害 (zāihài) - disaster. Compound noun '自然灾害' (natural disaster).

5

火灾是很大的灾害。

A fire disaster is a big disaster.

火灾 (huǒzāi) - fire disaster; 是 (shì) - is. Compound noun '火灾' (fire disaster).

6

我们需要准备灾害。

We need to prepare for disaster.

需要 (xūyào) - need; 准备 (zhǔnbèi) - to prepare. Modal verb '需要' (xūyào) followed by a verb.

7

这个问题是一个灾害。

This problem is a disaster.

问题 (wèntí) - problem. Used metaphorically here to emphasize severity, though less common for minor issues.

8

天气不好，像灾害。

The weather is bad, like a disaster.

天气 (tiānqì) - weather; 不好 (bù hǎo) - not good; 像 (xiàng) - like. Simile used to describe bad weather.

1

政府正在努力应对这次严重的自然灾害。

The government is working hard to cope with this severe natural disaster.

政府 (zhèngfǔ) - government; 正在 (zhèngzài) - in the process of (present continuous); 努力 (nǔlì) - to strive, work hard; 应对 (yìngduì) - to cope with, respond to; 严重 (yánzhòng) - severe. Complex sentence with adverbial phrases.

2

地震灾害发生后，国际社会伸出了援手。

After the earthquake disaster occurred, the international community extended a helping hand.

发生 (fāshēng) - to occur, happen; 后 (hòu) - after; 国际社会 (guójì shèhuì) - international community; 伸出援手 (shēn chū yuánshǒu) - to extend a helping hand. Using '后' (hòu) to indicate sequence.

3

我们需要提高对各种灾害的防范意识。

We need to raise our awareness of prevention against various disasters.

提高 (tígāo) - to raise, improve; 各种 (gèzhǒng) - various kinds of; 防范 (fángfàn) - prevention; 意识 (yìshí) - awareness. Object-Verb-Object structure within a larger sentence.

4

海啸是一种非常具有破坏性的自然灾害。

A tsunami is a very destructive natural disaster.

海啸 (hǎixiào) - tsunami; 具有 (jùyǒu) - to possess, have; 破坏性 (pòhuàixìng) - destructive. Using '具有' for possession of a characteristic.

5

这次罕见的旱灾导致了严重的粮食短缺。

This rare drought disaster has led to a severe food shortage.

罕见 (hǎnjiàn) - rare; 旱灾 (hànzāi) - drought disaster; 导致 (dǎozhì) - to lead to; 粮食短缺 (liángshí duǎnquē) - food shortage. Using '导致' to show cause and effect.

6

学习如何应对突发性灾害非常重要。

Learning how to respond to sudden disasters is very important.

如何 (rúhé) - how to; 突发性 (tūfāxìng) - sudden, unexpected; 重要 (zhòngyào) - important. Using '如何' for 'how to'.

7

许多地区仍然受到过去灾害的长期影响。

Many areas are still affected by the long-term impact of past disasters.

许多 (xǔduō) - many; 仍然 (réngrán) - still; 受到 (shòudào) - to receive, be subjected to; 长期 (chángqī) - long-term; 影响 (yǐngxiǎng) - impact, influence. Using '受到' to indicate being affected by something.

8

为了减少灾害损失，我们必须加强基础设施建设。

In order to reduce disaster losses, we must strengthen infrastructure construction.

为了 (wèile) - in order to; 减少 (jiǎnshǎo) - to reduce; 损失 (sǔnshī) - losses; 必须 (bìxū) - must; 加强 (jiāqiáng) - to strengthen; 基础设施建设 (jīchǔ shèshī jiànshè) - infrastructure construction. Purpose clause using '为了'.

1

全球气候变化加剧了极端天气事件的发生频率，从而增加了发生重大灾害的风险。

Global climate change has increased the frequency of extreme weather events, thereby increasing the risk of major disasters.

全球气候变化 (quánqiú qìhòu biànhuà) - global climate change; 加剧 (jiājù) - to intensify, exacerbate; 极端天气事件 (jíduān tiānqì shìjiàn) - extreme weather events; 发生频率 (fāshēng pínlǜ) - frequency of occurrence; 从而 (cóng'ér) - thereby, thus; 风险 (fēngxiǎn) - risk. Complex sentence with cause-and-effect relationships.

2

在经历了严重的自然灾害后，当地政府迅速启动了灾后重建计划。

After experiencing a severe natural disaster, the local government quickly launched a post-disaster reconstruction plan.

经历了 (jīnglìle) - experienced; 当地 (dāngdì) - local; 迅速 (xùnsù) - quickly; 启动 (qǐdòng) - to launch, start; 灾后重建计划 (zāihòu chóngjiàn jìhuà) - post-disaster reconstruction plan. Using '后' (hòu) with a noun phrase to indicate timing.

3

经济危机有时会被视为一种社会性灾害，因为它会影响到社会经济的方方面面。

Economic crises are sometimes viewed as a type of social disaster because they affect all aspects of the socio-economy.

经济危机 (jīngjì wēijī) - economic crisis; 有时 (yǒushí) - sometimes; 被视为 (bèi shìwéi) - to be regarded as; 社会性 (shèhuìxìng) - social (adjective); 因为 (yīnwèi) - because; 影响到 (yǐngxiǎngdào) - to affect; 方方面面 (fāngfāngmiànmiàn) - all aspects. Using passive voice '被视为' and a causal clause.

4

有效的灾害预警系统能够最大程度地减少人员伤亡。

An effective disaster early warning system can minimize casualties to the greatest extent.

有效 (yǒuxiào) - effective; 预警系统 (yùjǐng xìtǒng) - early warning system; 能够 (nénggòu) - can, be able to; 最大程度地 (zuìdà chéngdù de) - to the greatest extent; 人员伤亡 (rényuán shāngwáng) - casualties. Using '能够' and an adverbial phrase indicating degree.

5

我们不能低估人为因素在引发灾害中的作用。

We cannot underestimate the role of human factors in causing disasters.

不能 (bù néng) - cannot; 低估 (dīgū) - to underestimate; 人为因素 (rénwéi yīnsù) - human factors; 引发 (yǐnfā) - to trigger, cause; 作用 (zuòyòng) - role, effect. Using negation '不能' and a clause describing the role.

6

为了应对未来可能发生的更加频繁和剧烈的灾害，国际社会需要加强合作。

To cope with potentially more frequent and intense disasters in the future, the international community needs to strengthen cooperation.

未来 (wèilái) - future; 可能 (kěnéng) - possible; 更加 (gèngjiā) - even more; 频繁 (pínfán) - frequent; 剧烈 (jùliè) - intense; 合作 (hézuò) - cooperation. Complex sentence structure with purpose and conditional elements.

7

灾害管理不仅仅是应对已发生的事件，更是关于如何预防和减轻其潜在影响。

Disaster management is not just about responding to events that have already occurred, but rather about how to prevent and mitigate their potential impacts.

灾害管理 (zāihài guǎnlǐ) - disaster management; 不仅仅是 (bù jǐnjǐn shì) - not only...; 更是 (gèng shì) - but rather...; 减轻 (jiǎnqīng) - to mitigate, reduce; 潜在 (qiánzài) - potential. Using '不仅仅是...更是...' structure for contrast.

8

每一次的灾害都是一次教训，提醒我们必须尊重自然规律。

Every disaster is a lesson, reminding us that we must respect natural laws.

每一次 (měi yī cì) - every time; 教训 (jiàoxun) - lesson; 提醒 (tíxǐng) - to remind; 必须 (bìxū) - must; 尊重 (zūnzhòng) - to respect; 自然规律 (zìrán guīlǜ) - natural laws. Using a participial phrase '提醒我们...'.

1

全球气候变化导致极端天气事件频发，这无疑加剧了全球范围内发生重大自然灾害的风险和不确定性。

Global climate change is leading to frequent extreme weather events, which undoubtedly exacerbates the risk and uncertainty of major natural disasters occurring worldwide.

频发 (pínfā) - frequent occurrence; 无疑 (wúyí) - undoubtedly; 加剧 (jiājù) - to exacerbate; 风险 (fēngxiǎn) - risk; 不确定性 (bù quèdìngxìng) - uncertainty. Using subordinate clauses and more abstract vocabulary.

2

在经历了毁灭性的自然灾害后，受灾地区的重建工作面临着巨大的挑战，需要长期的国际援助和国内政策支持。

After experiencing a devastating natural disaster, the reconstruction work in the affected areas faces immense challenges, requiring long-term international aid and domestic policy support.

毁灭性 (huǐmièxìng) - devastating; 受灾地区 (shòuzāi dìqū) - affected areas; 面临 (miànlín) - to face; 巨大 (jùdà) - immense; 挑战 (tiǎozhàn) - challenge; 国际援助 (guójì yuánzhù) - international aid; 国内政策支持 (guónèi zhèngcè zhīchí) - domestic policy support. Complex noun phrases and clauses.

3

经济衰退的深远影响，有时会被比喻为一场缓慢而持久的社会性灾害，因为它侵蚀着社会的稳定和民众的福祉。

The profound impact of economic recession is sometimes likened to a slow and persistent social disaster, as it erodes social stability and the well-being of the populace.

经济衰退 (jīngjì shuāituì) - economic recession; 深远 (shēnyuǎn) - profound; 比喻为 (bǐyù wéi) - to be likened to; 缓慢 (huǎnmàn) - slow; 持久 (chíjiǔ) - persistent; 侵蚀 (qīnshí) - to erode; 民众 (mínzhòng) - populace, common people; 福祉 (fúzhǐ) - well-being. Metaphorical language and abstract nouns.

4

一个高效的灾害预警及响应系统是减少生命财产损失的关键，它需要跨部门的协调和先进的技术支持。

An efficient disaster early warning and response system is key to reducing loss of life and property, requiring inter-departmental coordination and advanced technological support.

高效 (gāoxiào) - efficient; 响应系统 (xiǎngyìng xìtǒng) - response system; 减少 (jiǎnshǎo) - to reduce; 生命财产损失 (shēngmìng cáichǎn sǔnshī) - loss of life and property; 关键 (guānjiàn) - key; 跨部门 (kuà bùmén) - inter-departmental; 协调 (xiétiáo) - coordination; 先进 (xiānjìn) - advanced; 技术支持 (jìshù zhīchí) - technological support. Complex noun phrases and participial clauses.

5

我们必须正视人为因素对自然环境造成的巨大破坏，这些破坏往往是引发生态灾害的导火索。

We must face the immense damage caused by human factors to the natural environment; this damage is often the fuse that triggers ecological disasters.

正视 (zhèngshì) - to face squarely; 对...造成的 (duì... zàochéng de) - caused to...; 巨大破坏 (jùdà pòhuài) - immense damage; 生态灾害 (shēngtài zāihài) - ecological disaster; 导火索 (dǎohuǒsuǒ) - fuse, trigger. Using '对...造成的' structure and metaphorical '导火索'.

6

为了有效应对未来可能出现的更频繁、更剧烈的气候变化相关灾害，国际社会亟需加强合作，共享信息与资源。

To effectively cope with potentially more frequent and intense climate change-related disasters in the future, the international community urgently needs to strengthen cooperation and share information and resources.

气候变化相关 (qìhòu biànhuà xiāngguān) - climate change-related; 亟需 (jíxū) - urgently need; 共享 (gòngxiǎng) - to share; 信息与资源 (xìnxī yǔ zīyuán) - information and resources. Advanced vocabulary and complex sentence structure.

7

灾害管理是一个综合性的学科，它不仅涵盖了对已发生事件的响应，更侧重于事前预防、中期准备和事后恢复的系统性规划。

Disaster management is an interdisciplinary field that not only covers responses to events that have already occurred but also focuses on systematic planning for pre-event prevention, mid-term preparedness, and post-event recovery.

综合性 (zōnghéxìng) - comprehensive, interdisciplinary; 学科 (xué科) - discipline; 涵盖 (hángài) - to cover; 事前预防 (shìqián yùfáng) - pre-event prevention; 中期准备 (zhōngqī zhǔnbèi) - mid-term preparedness; 事后恢复 (shìhòu huīfù) - post-event recovery; 系统性规划 (xìtǒngxìng guīhuà) - systematic planning. Using complex nominalizations and '不仅...更...' structure.

8

每一次自然灾害的发生，都应被视为一次深刻的教训，促使我们反思人类活动与自然环境之间的微妙平衡，并重塑我们与地球的关系。

The occurrence of each natural disaster should be seen as a profound lesson, prompting us to reflect on the delicate balance between human activities and the natural environment, and to reshape our relationship with the Earth.

深刻 (shēnkè) - profound; 促使 (cùshǐ) - to prompt, urge; 反思 (fǎnsī) - to reflect on; 微妙平衡 (wēimiào pínghéng) - delicate balance; 重塑 (chóngsù) - to reshape. Advanced vocabulary and abstract concepts.

1

全球气候变化所引发的极端天气事件的频发性，正以前所未有的规模加剧着全球范围内发生重大自然灾害的风险，给人类社会带来了严峻的挑战和空前的环境不确定性。

The increasing frequency of extreme weather events triggered by global climate change is exacerbating the risk of major natural disasters worldwide on an unprecedented scale, posing severe challenges to human society and creating unprecedented environmental uncertainty.

前所未有 (qián suǒ wèi yǒu) - unprecedented; 规模 (guīmó) - scale; 严峻 (yánjùn) - severe; 空前 (kōngqián) - unprecedented. Complex sentence with advanced vocabulary and emphasis on scale and severity.

2

在经历了毁灭性的自然灾害冲击后，受灾地区的经济社会重建工作，不仅面临着基础设施的修复难题，更亟需解决因灾害导致的社会结构重塑、心理创伤抚慰以及长期的经济复苏等一系列复杂问题。

Following the impact of devastating natural disasters, the socio-economic reconstruction work in affected areas not only faces the difficulty of infrastructure repair but also urgently needs to address a series of complex issues such as the reshaping of social structures due to disasters, the soothing of psychological trauma, and long-term economic recovery.

冲击 (chōngjí) - impact, shock; 亟需 (jíxū) - urgently need; 解决 (jiějué) - to solve; 社会结构重塑 (shèhuì jiégòu chóngsù) - reshaping of social structures; 心理创伤抚慰 (xīnlǐ chuāngshāng fǔwèi) - soothing of psychological trauma; 经济复苏 (jīngjì fùsū) - economic recovery. Use of nominalizations and complex nominal phrases.

3

经济衰退所带来的深远而持久的社会性影响，常被形象地比喻为一场缓慢蔓延的“隐形灾害”，它悄无声息地侵蚀着社会肌体，削弱民众的购买力，并可能引发一系列连锁反应，威胁社会整体的稳定与福祉。

The profound and persistent socio-economic impact of economic recession is often vividly likened to a slowly spreading 'invisible disaster,' which silently erodes the social fabric, weakens the purchasing power of the populace, and may trigger a series of chain reactions, threatening the overall stability and well-being of society.

形象地 (xíngxiàng de) - vividly; “隐形灾害” ('yǐnxíng zāihài') - 'invisible disaster'; 悄无声息地 (qiāo wú shēngxī de) - silently; 社会肌体 (shèhuì jītǐ) - social fabric; 购买力 (gòumǎilì) - purchasing power; 连锁反应 (liánsuǒ fǎnyìng) - chain reaction. Use of metaphor, adverbs of manner, and abstract nouns.

4

构建一个全面、智能且具有前瞻性的灾害预警与响应系统，是最大程度减少生命财产损失的关键所在，这要求实现跨部门、跨区域的无缝协同，并充分利用大数据、人工智能等前沿技术。

Building a comprehensive, intelligent, and forward-looking disaster early warning and response system is the key to minimizing loss of life and property to the greatest extent, which requires seamless inter-departmental and inter-regional coordination, and full utilization of cutting-edge technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence.

全面 (quánmiàn) - comprehensive; 智能 (zhìnéng) - intelligent; 前瞻性 (qiánzhānxìng) - forward-looking; 关键所在 (guānjiàn suǒzài) - the key lies in; 无缝协同 (wúfèng xiétóng) - seamless coordination; 大数据 (dà shùjù) - big data; 人工智能 (réngōng zhìnéng) - artificial intelligence; 前沿技术 (qiányán jìshù) - cutting-edge technologies. Sophisticated sentence structure, nominalizations, and technical terms.

5

我们必须深刻反思人为因素对全球生态系统造成的不可逆转的破坏，这些破坏不仅是引发各种生态灾害的直接导火索，更可能导致生物多样性的锐减和地球生命支持系统的崩溃。

We must profoundly reflect on the irreversible damage caused by human factors to the global ecosystem; this damage is not only the direct trigger for various ecological disasters but may also lead to a sharp decline in biodiversity and the collapse of the Earth's life support systems.

不可逆转 (bùkě nìzhuǎn) - irreversible; 生态系统 (shēngtài xìtǒng) - ecosystem; 生物多样性 (shēngwù duōyàngxìng) - biodiversity; 锐减 (ruìjiǎn) - sharp decline; 生命支持系统 (shēngmìng zhīchí xìtǒng) - life support systems; 崩溃 (bēngkuì) - collapse. Advanced vocabulary, abstract concepts, and cause-and-effect chains.

6

为应对未来可能出现的更频繁、更剧烈且更具复合性的气候变化相关灾害，国际社会必须超越国家利益的藩篱，建立起一个强有力的全球协作框架，确保信息共享、资源调配和技术转移的畅通无阻。

To cope with potentially more frequent, intense, and complex climate change-related disasters in the future, the international community must transcend the barriers of national interests, establish a robust global cooperation framework, and ensure unimpeded information sharing, resource allocation, and technology transfer.

复合性 (fùhéxìng) - complexity, composite nature; 气候变化相关 (qìhòu biànhuà xiāngguān) - climate change-related; 超越 (chāoyuè) - to transcend; 国家利益的藩篱 (guójiā lìyì de fānlí) - barriers of national interests; 强有力 (qiáng yǒulì) - robust, powerful; 全球协作框架 (quánqiú xiézuò kuàngjià) - global cooperation framework; 确保 (quèbǎo) - to ensure; 畅通无阻 (chàngtōng wúzǔ) - unimpeded, unobstructed. Advanced vocabulary and complex sentence structure with multiple clauses.

7

灾害管理已演变为一门高度综合性的交叉学科，其核心在于超越单纯的事件响应，而致力于构建一个涵盖事前风险评估、中期应急准备、事中快速干预以及事后全面恢复与韧性建设的系统化、动态化管理体系。

Disaster management has evolved into a highly interdisciplinary field, the core of which lies in transcending mere event response, and is dedicated to building a systematic and dynamic management system that encompasses pre-event risk assessment, mid-term emergency preparedness, in-event rapid intervention, and post-event comprehensive recovery and resilience building.

演变为 (yǎnbiàn wéi) - evolved into; 高度综合性 (gāodù zōnghéxìng) - highly interdisciplinary; 交叉学科 (jiāochā xuékē) - interdisciplinary field; 核心在于 (héxīn zàiyú) - the core lies in; 致力于 (zhìlì yú) - to be dedicated to; 风险评估 (fēngxiǎn pínggū) - risk assessment; 应急准备 (yìngjí zhǔnbèi) - emergency preparedness; 事中快速干预 (shìzhōng kuàisù gānyù) - in-event rapid intervention; 全面恢复 (quánmiàn huīfù) - comprehensive recovery; 韧性建设 (rènxìng jiànshè) - resilience building; 动态化管理体系 (dòngtàihuà guǎnlǐ tǐxì) - dynamic management system. Highly specialized vocabulary and complex sentence structure with parallel clauses.

8

每一次重大自然灾害的发生，都应被视为一个契机，促使我们进行深刻的哲学反思，重新审视人类中心主义的局限性，认识到自身在自然界中的渺小，并积极探索与地球生态系统和谐共存的新模式。

The occurrence of each major natural disaster should be seen as an opportunity, prompting us to engage in profound philosophical reflection, re-examine the limitations of anthropocentrism, recognize our insignificance within the natural world, and actively explore new models of harmonious coexistence with the Earth's ecosystem.

契机 (qìjī) - opportunity, turning point; 哲学反思 (zhéxué fǎnsī) - philosophical reflection; 重新审视 (chóngxīn shěnshì) - to re-examine; 人类中心主义 (rénlèi zhōngxīn zhǔyì) - anthropocentrism; 局限性 (júxiànxìng) - limitations; 渺小 (miǎoxiǎo) - insignificant; 和谐共存 (héxié gòngcún) - harmonious coexistence. Advanced philosophical and abstract vocabulary.

1

全球气候变化引发的极端天气事件的频发性与强度性，正以前所未有的复杂协同效应，加剧着全球范围内发生重大自然灾害的风险，给人类文明的存续带来了前所未有的严峻挑战和深刻的环境系统性不确定性。

The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events triggered by global climate change, through unprecedented complex synergistic effects, are exacerbating the risk of major natural disasters worldwide, posing unprecedented severe challenges to the survival of human civilization and profound systemic environmental uncertainty.

强度性 (qiángdùxìng) - intensity; 复杂协同效应 (fùzá xiétóng xiàoyìng) - complex synergistic effects; 人类文明的存续 (rénlèi wénmíng de cúnxù) - the survival of human civilization; 环境系统性不确定性 (huánjìng xìtǒngxìng bù quèdìngxìng) - systemic environmental uncertainty. Highly abstract and complex terminology, focusing on systemic interactions.

2

在经历了毁灭性的自然灾害冲击后，受灾地区的经济社会重建工作，不仅面临着基础设施的物理性修复难题，更亟需解决因灾害导致的社会结构断裂、心理创伤的深层抚慰、以及长达数十年的经济复苏与可持续发展模式的重塑等一系列错综复杂的问题。

Following the impact of devastating natural disasters, the socio-economic reconstruction work in affected areas not only faces the difficulty of physical infrastructure repair but also urgently needs to address a series of intricate issues such as the fracture of social structures caused by the disaster, the deep-seated soothing of psychological trauma, and the reshaping of economic recovery and sustainable development models spanning decades.

物理性修复 (wùlǐxìng xiūfù) - physical repair; 社会结构断裂 (shèhuì jiégòu duànliè) - fracture of social structures; 深层抚慰 (shēncéng fǔwèi) - deep-seated soothing; 可持续发展模式 (kě chíxù fāzhǎn móshì) - sustainable development model; 错综复杂 (cuòzōngfùzá) - intricate, complex. Highly specialized vocabulary and complex nominalizations.

3

经济衰退所带来的深远而持久的社会性影响，常被比喻为一场无声无息却极具侵蚀性的“隐形灾害”，它不仅悄无声息地渗透社会肌体，瓦解民众的消费信心和购买力，更可能引发一系列不可控的连锁反应，最终威胁到国家乃至全球经济体系的整体稳定与福祉。

The profound and persistent socio-economic impact of economic recession is often likened to a silent yet highly corrosive 'invisible disaster,' which not only silently infiltrates the social fabric, undermines public confidence in consumption and purchasing power, but also potentially triggers a series of uncontrollable chain reactions, ultimately threatening the overall stability and well-being of national and even global economic systems.

渗透 (shèntòu) - to infiltrate; 瓦解 (wǎjiě) - to disintegrate, undermine; 消费信心 (xiāofèi xìnxīn) - consumer confidence; 不可控 (bùkěkòng) - uncontrollable. Advanced vocabulary, metaphorical language, and emphasis on systemic effects.

4

构建一个集预防、预警、响应、恢复与韧性建设于一体的、高度智能化且具有前瞻性的全周期灾害管理体系，是最大程度减少生命财产损失、保障社会可持续发展的根本所在，这要求实现超越行政区划的无缝协同，并深度融合大数据、人工智能、物联网等前沿信息技术。

Building a holistic, highly intelligent, and forward-looking full-cycle disaster management system that integrates prevention, early warning, response, recovery, and resilience building, is fundamental to minimizing loss of life and property and ensuring sustainable societal development. This demands seamless coordination that transcends administrative boundaries and deep integration of cutting-edge information technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things.

全周期 (quán zhōuqī) - full-cycle; 根本所在 (gēnběn suǒzài) - the fundamental aspect; 超越行政区划 (chāoyuè xíngzhèng qūhuà) - transcending administrative boundaries; 深度融合 (shēndù rónghé) - deep integration; 物联网 (wùliánwǎng) - Internet of Things. Highly technical vocabulary and complex sentence structure with nominalizations and advanced phrasing.

5

我们必须进行一场深刻的、跨学科的哲学反思，以正视人为因素对全球生态系统造成的不可逆转的破坏，认识到人类中心主义的认知局限性，并积极探索与地球生命支持系统和谐共存、乃至互利共生、共同演进的崭新范式。

We must engage in a profound, interdisciplinary philosophical reflection to squarely face the irreversible damage caused by human factors to the global ecosystem, recognize the cognitive limitations of anthropocentrism, and actively explore novel paradigms of harmonious coexistence, mutual benefit, and co-evolution with the Earth's life support systems.

跨学科 (kuà xuékē) - interdisciplinary; 认知局限性 (rènzhī júxiànxìng) - cognitive limitations; 互利共生 (hùlì gòngshēng) - mutualistic symbiosis; 共同演进 (gòngtóng yǎnjìn) - co-evolution; 崭新范式 (zhǎnxīn fànshì) - novel paradigm. Highly abstract philosophical and ecological terminology.

6

为应对未来可能出现的更频繁、更剧烈、更具复合性且更具跨域影响的各类气候变化相关灾害，国际社会必须超越狭隘的国家利益藩篱，构建一个具有法律约束力且运作高效的全球协作框架，确保信息共享、资源优化配置、技术转移以及联合应对机制的畅通无阻与常态化。

To cope with potentially more frequent, intense, complex, and cross-domain impactful climate change-related disasters in the future, the international community must transcend narrow barriers of national interests, establish a legally binding and efficiently operating global cooperation framework, and ensure unimpeded and normalized information sharing, optimal resource allocation, technology transfer, and joint response mechanisms.

跨域影响 (kuà yù yǐngxiǎng) - cross-domain impact; 狭隘 (xiá'ài) - narrow; 具有法律约束力 (jùyǒu fǎlǜ yuēshùlì) - legally binding; 运作高效 (yùnzuò gāoxiào) - efficiently operating; 资源优化配置 (zīyuán yōuhuà pèizhì) - optimal resource allocation; 联合应对机制 (liánhé yìngduì jīzhì) - joint response mechanism; 常态化 (chángtàihuà) - normalized. Highly formal and technical language, emphasizing legal and operational aspects.

7

灾害管理已演变为一门高度综合性的、以系统科学和风险管理理论为基础的交叉学科，其核心目标在于超越单纯的事件响应，而致力于构建一个涵盖事前风险辨识与评估、中期应急预案的精细化编制、事中快速精准干预、以及事后全面恢复与社会韧性强化的全方位、动态化、智能化管理体系。

Disaster management has evolved into a highly interdisciplinary field, based on systems science and risk management theory, whose core objective lies in transcending mere event response, and is dedicated to building a comprehensive, dynamic, and intelligent management system that encompasses pre-event risk identification and assessment, detailed compilation of mid-term emergency plans, rapid and precise in-event intervention, and post-event comprehensive recovery and social resilience enhancement.

系统科学 (xìtǒng kēxué) - systems science; 风险管理理论 (fēngxiǎn guǎnlǐ lǐlùn) - risk management theory; 风险辨识 (fēngxiǎn biànshí) - risk identification; 精细化编制 (jīngxìhuà biānzhì) - detailed compilation; 精准干预 (jīngzhǔn gānyù) - precise intervention; 社会韧性强化 (shèhuì rènxìng qiánghuà) - social resilience enhancement. Highly specialized vocabulary and complex nominalizations.

8

每一次重大自然灾害的发生，都应被视为一个深刻的哲学性契机，促使我们对人类中心主义的认知范式进行彻底的批判性反思，重新审视人类在浩瀚自然界中的相对渺小与脆弱，并积极探索与地球生命支持系统实现深度互联、协同演进、乃至共生共荣的崭新文明范式。

The occurrence of each major natural disaster should be seen as a profound philosophical opportunity, prompting us to conduct a thorough critical reflection on the cognitive paradigm of anthropocentrism, re-examine humanity's relative insignificance and fragility within the vast natural world, and actively explore novel civilizational paradigms of deep interconnection, co-evolution, and even symbiotic prosperity with the Earth's life support systems.

哲学性契机 (zhéxuéxìng qìjī) - philosophical opportunity; 认知范式 (rènzhī fànshì) - cognitive paradigm; 彻底的批判性反思 (chèdǐ de pīpànxìng fǎnsī) - thorough critical reflection; 浩瀚 (hàohàn) - vast; 相对渺小与脆弱 (xiāngduì miǎoxiǎo yǔ cuìruò) - relative insignificance and fragility; 深度互联 (shēndù hùlián) - deep interconnection; 共生共荣 (gòngshēng gòngróng) - symbiotic prosperity; 文明范式 (wénmíng fànshì) - civilizational paradigm. Highly abstract, philosophical, and sophisticated vocabulary.

동의어

灾难 事故 劫难 天灾 人祸 浩劫 灾情 危机

반의어

太平 安宁 繁荣 发展

자주 쓰는 조합

自然灾害
人为灾害
发生灾害
应对灾害
减轻灾害
灾害损失
灾害预警
灾后重建
面临灾害
预防灾害

자주 쓰는 구문

自然灾害 (zìrán zāihài)

— Natural disaster. This is a very common compound noun.

地震和洪水是常见的自然灾害。(Dìzhèn hé hóngshuǐ shì chángjiàn de zìrán zāihài.) Earthquakes and floods are common natural disasters.

发生灾害 (fāshēng zāihài)

— A disaster occurs/happens. This phrase describes the event of a disaster taking place.

我们希望今年不会发生任何灾害。(Wǒmen xīwàng jīnnián bù huì fāshēng rènhé zāihài.) We hope no disasters will occur this year.

应对灾害 (yìngduì zāihài)

— To cope with/respond to a disaster. This phrase refers to the actions taken during or after a disaster.

政府正在积极应对此次灾害。(Zhèngfǔ zhèngzài jījí yìngduì cǐ cì zāihài.) The government is actively responding to this disaster.

减轻灾害 (jiǎnqīng zāihài)

— To mitigate/reduce the impact of a disaster. This focuses on lessening the severity of the consequences.

加固堤坝有助于减轻洪水灾害。(Jiāgù dībà yǒu zhù yú jiǎnqīng hóngshuǐ zāihài.) Reinforcing the dam helps mitigate flood disasters.

灾害损失 (zāihài sǔnshī)

— Disaster losses. This refers to the damage and losses incurred due to a disaster.

这次火山爆发造成了巨大的灾害损失。(Zhè cì huǒshān bàofā zàochéngle jùdà de zāihài sǔnshī.) This volcanic eruption caused huge disaster losses.

灾害预警 (zāihài yùjǐng)

— Disaster early warning. This refers to systems or information provided to alert people about impending disasters.

及时的灾害预警挽救了很多生命。(Jíshí de zāihài yùjǐng wǎnjiùle hěn duō shēngmìng.) Timely disaster warnings saved many lives.

灾后重建 (zāihòu chóngjiàn)

— Post-disaster reconstruction. This refers to the process of rebuilding after a disaster has occurred.

灾后重建需要社会各界的支持。(Zāihòu chóngjiàn xūyào shèhuì gèjiè de zhīchí.) Post-disaster reconstruction requires support from all sectors of society.

面临灾害 (miànlín zāihài)

— To face a disaster. This indicates being in a situation where a disaster is happening or is imminent.

沿海城市经常面临着台风灾害。(Yánhǎi chéngshì jīngcháng miànlínzhe táifēng zāihài.) Coastal cities often face typhoon disasters.

预防灾害 (yùfáng zāihài)

— To prevent disasters. This is about taking measures to avoid or reduce the likelihood of disasters.

加强森林防火是预防山林火灾的重要措施。(Jiāqiáng sēnlín huǒfáng shì yùfáng shānlín huǒzāi de zhòngyào cuòshī.) Strengthening forest fire prevention is an important measure to prevent forest fires.

重大灾害 (zhòngdà zāihài)

— Major disaster. This emphasizes the scale and severity of the event.

这次洪水是一场重大灾害。(Zhè cì hóngshuǐ shì yī chǎng zhòngdà zāihài.) This flood was a major disaster.

자주 혼동되는 단어

灾害 vs 事故 (shìgù)

事故 means 'accident' and is generally less severe and widespread than 灾害. While a major accident can be a 灾害, not all 事故 are 灾害. 灾害 implies greater scale and impact.

灾害 vs 危险 (wēixiǎn)

危险 means 'danger'. 灾害 is the event of disaster itself, which involves danger, but 危险 is a state or potential threat, not the event.

灾害 vs 损失 (sǔnshī)

损失 means 'loss' or 'damage'. 灾害 is the event that causes these losses. Losses are a consequence of a disaster.

관용어 및 표현

"防患未然"

— To prevent trouble before it happens; take precautions against future mishaps. This idiom is highly relevant to disaster preparedness.

我们应该遵循防患未然的原则，提前做好灾害的防范措施。

General
"倾巢而出"

— Literally 'all the nests pour out.' Used to describe a massive, overwhelming force or event, often used metaphorically for a disaster that affects everyone.

这次洪水来势汹汹，仿佛是倾巢而出，给整个地区带来了巨大的灾害。

Figurative/General
"飞来横祸"

— An unexpected calamity; a disaster that strikes out of the blue.

谁也没想到会发生这样的地震，真是飞来横祸，给城市带来了巨大的灾害。

General
"家破人亡"

— Families broken and people dead; utter ruin and devastation. Describes the severe consequence of a major disaster.

战争和饥荒导致了许多地区的家破人亡，这是一种极大的灾害。

General
"满目疮痍"

— Eyes full of sores; devastation everywhere. Describes a scene of widespread destruction after a disaster.

走在被地震摧毁的城市里，到处是满目疮痍的景象，让人心痛。

Descriptive/General
"屋漏偏逢连阴雨"

— When it rains, it pours; misfortune never comes singly. Describes a situation where one disaster is compounded by another.

刚经历完洪水灾害，又遇上了疫情，真是屋漏偏逢连阴雨。

General
"元凶巨恶"

— The chief culprit and great evil. Can be used to refer to the primary cause of a man-made disaster.

环境污染是导致这场生态灾害的元凶巨恶。

Figurative/General
"亡羊补牢"

— Mend the pen after the sheep are lost; take action after suffering a loss. Implies taking remedial action after a disaster.

虽然这次火灾造成了损失，但我们应该亡羊补牢，加强消防安全措施。

General
"水深火热"

— Deep water and scorching fire; extreme suffering. Describes the terrible conditions faced by victims of a disaster.

灾区的人们生活在水深火热之中，急需外界的援助。

Figurative/General
"惨不忍睹"

— Too horrible to look at; gruesome. Describes the scene after a devastating disaster.

灾害现场的景象惨不忍睹，让人不忍直视。

Descriptive/General

혼동하기 쉬운

灾害 vs 灾难 (zāinàn)

Both 灾害 and 灾难 translate to 'disaster' or 'calamity' and are often used interchangeably.

While largely synonymous, 灾难 can sometimes carry a stronger emotional weight, emphasizing the tragic aspects and suffering involved. 灾害 is perhaps more commonly used in official reports and discussions about the event itself and its physical impact.

这次地震是一场巨大的灾害，造成了无数的家庭破碎，真是人间惨剧。(Zhè cì dìzhèn shì yī chǎng jùdà de zāihài, zàochéngle wúshù de jiātíng pòsuì, zhēnshi rénjiān cǎnjù.) This earthquake was a huge disaster, causing countless families to break apart; it was truly a human tragedy.

灾害 vs 事故 (shìgù)

Both refer to negative events that can cause harm.

事故 typically refers to an 'accident,' which can range from minor to severe but often implies an unintended, localized event. 灾害 refers to a more widespread, catastrophic event, often natural or a large-scale man-made crisis, with significant and extensive damage.

一场交通事故只是一个事故，但如果它引发了大规模爆炸，就可能成为一场灾害。(Yī chǎng jiāotōng shìgù zhǐshì yī gè shìgù, dàn rúguǒ tā yǐnfāle dà guīmó bàozhà, jiù kěnéng chéngwéi yī chǎng zāihài.) A traffic accident is just an accident, but if it triggers a large-scale explosion, it could become a disaster.

灾害 vs 天灾 (tiānzāi)

Both refer to disasters.

天灾 specifically means 'natural disaster,' focusing on events caused by nature (e.g., earthquakes, floods). 灾害 is a broader term that includes both natural disasters and man-made disasters (e.g., industrial accidents, epidemics).

台风是典型的天灾，而核泄漏则是一种人为灾害。(Tái fēng shì diǎnxíng de tiānzāi, ér hé xièlòu zé shì yī zhǒng rénwéi zāihài.) Typhoons are typical natural disasters, while nuclear leaks are a type of man-made disaster.

灾害 vs 人祸 (rénhuò)

Both refer to disasters caused by humans.

人祸 specifically refers to 'man-made disaster' or 'calamity caused by human actions or negligence.' It is a type of 灾害. 灾害 is the general term, and 人祸 is a specific category within it.

管理不善导致的工厂爆炸是一场人祸，给当地带来了严重的灾害。(Guǎnlǐ bù shàn dǎozhì de gōngchǎng bàozhà shì yī chǎng rénhuò, gěi dāngdì dàiláile yánzhòng de zāihài.) A factory explosion due to poor management was a man-made disaster, bringing severe calamity to the local area.

灾害 vs 劫难 (jiénàn)

Both refer to significant hardship or misfortune.

劫难 is a more literary or philosophical term, often implying a severe ordeal, tribulation, or unavoidable suffering, sometimes with religious connotations. 灾害 is more about the concrete event of disaster and its destructive physical and economic impact.

经历了一场大地震的灾害后，他们觉得像是经历了一生的劫难。(Jīnglìle yī chǎng dà dìzhèn de zāihài hòu, tāmen juédé xiàng shì jīnglìle yīshēng de jiénàn.) After experiencing the disaster of a major earthquake, they felt as if they had gone through a lifetime of tribulation.

문장 패턴

A1

Subject + 是 + [形容词] + 灾害。

地震是可怕的灾害。

A1

Subject + 造成 + [程度] + 灾害。

洪水造成了很大的灾害。

A2

Subject + 正在 + 应对 + [具体灾害]。

政府正在应对这次洪水灾害。

A2

为了 + [目的], 需要 + 预防/应对 + 灾害。

为了减少损失，需要预防灾害。

B1

[原因] + 加剧了 + 灾害 + 的 + 风险。

气候变化加剧了自然灾害的风险。

B1

在 + [时间/情况] + 后, 需要 + 灾后 + [行动]。

在灾害发生后，需要灾后重建。

B2

Subject + 不能 + 低估 + [人为因素/其他] + 在 + 灾害 + 中的 + 作用。

不能低估人为因素在灾害中的作用。

C1

Subject + 正在 + 前所未有地 + 加剧 + 灾害 + 的 + 风险。

极端天气正以前所未有地加剧灾害的风险。

어휘 가족

명사

灾难 (zāinàn) - catastrophe
灾情 (zāiqíng) - disaster situation
灾民 (zāimín) - disaster victims
灾区 (zāiqū) - disaster area
灾害保险 (zāihài bǎoxiǎn) - disaster insurance

형용사

灾难性的 (zāinànxìng de) - catastrophic

관련

害 (hài) - harm, damage
灾 (zāi) - disaster, calamity
受灾 (shòuzāi) - to suffer from a disaster
救灾 (jiùzāi) - disaster relief
防灾 (fángzāi) - disaster prevention
무료 가입하고 모든 예문 보기

사용법

frequency

High, especially in news and official contexts.

자주 하는 실수
  • Using 灾害 for minor personal problems. → Use words like 麻烦 (máfan - trouble) or 问题 (wèntí - problem) for personal issues.

    <strong>灾害</strong> implies a large-scale, destructive event. Saying 'My computer broke, it's a 灾害' is incorrect and an overstatement.

  • Confusing 灾害 (zāihài) with 危险 (wēixiǎn). → <strong>灾害</strong> is the event of disaster; 危险 is danger or risk.

    A disaster (灾害) involves danger (危险), but they are not the same. You can be in danger (处于危险中 - chǔyú wēixiǎn zhōng) without a full-blown disaster occurring.

  • Incorrect pronunciation of the initial 'z'. → The 'z' in <strong>灾害</strong> is pronounced like 'ts' in 'cats'.

    Native English speakers often pronounce it like the 'z' in 'zoo', which is incorrect. Practice the 'ts' sound.

  • Using 灾害 interchangeably with 事故 (shìgù) for all accidents. → Use 事故 for general accidents and 灾害 for major, widespread destructive events.

    A car accident is an 事故. A massive earthquake is a 灾害. Not all 事故 are 灾害.

  • Not using the appropriate measure word. → Use '场' (chǎng) for specific disaster events, e.g., '一场灾害'.

    While not always strictly necessary in casual speech, using '场' (chǎng) makes the sentence more grammatically complete and natural when referring to a specific instance of a disaster.

팁

Master the 'ts' sound

The initial sound 'z' in 灾害 (zāihài) is pronounced like 'ts' in 'cats', not like the 'z' in 'zoo'. Practice saying 'tsai-hai' to get the pronunciation right.

Learn related terms

Learning related words like 'natural disaster' (自然灾害 zìrán zāihài) and 'disaster relief' (救灾 jiùzāi) will help you understand and use 灾害 more effectively in context.

Context is key

Remember that 灾害 is a formal term for significant, damaging events. Avoid using it for minor inconveniences or personal problems.

Visualize the impact

Imagine a large-scale destructive event, like a tsunami or a massive earthquake, to associate 灾害 with severe damage and loss.

Measure word '场'

When referring to a specific instance of a disaster, use the measure word '场' (chǎng), such as '一场灾害' (yī chǎng zāihài) - 'a disaster'.

Listen to news reports

Tune into Chinese news broadcasts or documentaries about environmental issues. Hearing 灾害 used in context will significantly improve your understanding.

Practice sentence construction

Try constructing sentences using 灾害 in different contexts, like 'The earthquake was a major 灾害' or 'We need to prepare for potential 灾害'.

Read about real events

Read news articles or historical accounts about major disasters in China or other parts of the world. This will expose you to how 灾害 is used in written Chinese.

Understand the cultural significance

Recognize that 灾害 has a historical and cultural weight in China, often linked to societal resilience and governance. This understanding adds depth to its usage.

Distinguish from 'accident'

Remember that 灾害 is more severe and widespread than an 'accident' (事故 shìgù). Use 灾害 for major catastrophes, not everyday mishaps.

암기하기

기억법

Think of 'tsai' (sounds like 'sigh') and 'high'. When a disaster happens (sigh), the damage is high. 灾害 (zāi-hài).

시각적 연상

Imagine a huge wave (like a tsunami) crashing down on a city, causing widespread destruction. This image represents the severity and impact of a 灾害.

Word Web

Earthquake Flood Fire Epidemic Storm Landslide Accident Damage Loss Destruction Calamity Disaster Prevention Relief Warning Impact Mitigation Recovery

챌린지

Try to describe a recent news event involving a disaster using the word 灾害 in a simple Chinese sentence. For example, 'The news reported on a recent flood 灾害.'

어원

The word 灾害 (zāihài) is a compound word formed from two characters: 灾 (zāi) and 害 (hài). Both characters carry negative connotations related to misfortune and harm.

원래 의미: The character 灾 (zāi) historically referred to calamities, misfortunes, and disasters, often of a natural origin. The character 害 (hài) means harm, injury, damage, or to harm. Together, they form a strong term for events that cause significant harm and destruction.

Sino-Tibetan

문화적 맥락

When discussing 灾害, especially if referring to specific past events, it's important to be sensitive to the potential trauma and loss experienced by those affected. Avoid trivializing the impact or using the term lightly for minor inconvenconveniences.

In English-speaking cultures, 'disaster' is also a common term used for similar events. The scale and impact are key to classifying something as a disaster. The concept of 'acts of God' is sometimes used for natural disasters, reflecting a similar understanding of forces beyond human control.

The Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu wrote extensively about the suffering caused by natural disasters like floods and droughts, reflecting the impact of 灾害 on the populace. Modern Chinese literature and film frequently depict the aftermath of natural disasters, showcasing human resilience and the devastating effects of 灾害. The Chinese government's emphasis on disaster prevention and relief, particularly after major events like the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, highlights the national importance placed on managing and responding to 灾害.

실생활에서 연습하기

실제 사용 상황

News reports about natural events.

  • 自然灾害 (zìrán zāihài) - natural disaster
  • 发生灾害 (fāshēng zāihài) - disaster occurs
  • 灾害损失 (zāihài sǔnshī) - disaster losses

Government announcements regarding safety and emergencies.

  • 灾害预警 (zāihài yùjǐng) - disaster early warning
  • 应对灾害 (yìngduì zāihài) - respond to disaster
  • 灾后重建 (zāihòu chóngjiàn) - post-disaster reconstruction

Discussions about environmental issues and climate change.

  • 气候变化 (qìhòu biànhuà) - climate change
  • 极端天气 (jíduān tiānqì) - extreme weather
  • 加剧灾害 (jiājù zāihài) - exacerbate disaster

Educational materials on safety and survival.

  • 预防灾害 (yùfáng zāihài) - prevent disaster
  • 减轻灾害 (jiǎnqīng zāihài) - mitigate disaster
  • 灾害应对 (zāihài yìngduì) - disaster response

Academic research on risk management and emergency planning.

  • 灾害管理 (zāihài guǎnlǐ) - disaster management
  • 风险评估 (fēngxiǎn pínggū) - risk assessment
  • 灾害韧性 (zāihài rènxìng) - disaster resilience

대화 시작하기

"Have you heard about the recent natural disaster in [country/region]? It was a terrible 灾害."

"What do you think are the most important measures for preventing 灾害?"

"How do you think climate change is affecting the frequency of 灾害?"

"In your opinion, what is the biggest challenge in post-disaster reconstruction after a major 灾害?"

"Are there any specific types of 灾害 that are common in your hometown?"

일기 주제

Write about a time you experienced or heard about a significant 灾害. Describe the event and its impact.

Imagine you are a disaster relief worker. What would be your priorities after a major 灾害 strikes?

Reflect on the role of technology in preventing or mitigating 灾害. What advancements do you think are most promising?

Discuss the importance of community preparedness for potential 灾害. What steps can individuals and communities take?

Consider the long-term effects of 灾害 on individuals and societies. How can people rebuild their lives and communities?

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

灾害 (zāihài) refers to a large-scale, severe event causing widespread damage and loss, often natural catastrophes or major man-made crises. 事故 (shìgù) refers to an accident, which can range from minor to significant but is typically less widespread than a 灾害. For example, a car crash is an 事故, but if it caused massive destruction and casualties, it might be considered a 灾害.

Generally, no. 灾害 is reserved for events with significant, widespread impact. For personal problems, you would use words like 麻烦 (máfan - trouble) or 问题 (wèntí - problem). For example, 'My computer broke' is '我的电脑坏了' (Wǒ de diànnǎo huàile), not '我的电脑发生了灾害' (Wǒ de diànnǎo fāshēngle zāihài).

Common types of 灾害 include natural disasters like earthquakes (地震 dìzhèn), floods (洪水 hóngshuǐ), typhoons (台风 táifēng), droughts (旱灾 hànzāi), and volcanic eruptions (火山爆发 huǒshān bàofā). Man-made disasters can include industrial accidents (工业事故 gōngyè shìgù), large fires (火灾 huǒzāi), and epidemics (疫情 yìqíng).

Disaster relief is translated as 救灾 (jiùzāi). For example, 'The government provided disaster relief' is '政府提供了救灾援助' (Zhèngfǔ tígōngle jiùzāi yuánzhù).

灾害 is generally considered a formal or neutral term. It is commonly used in news reports, official documents, academic discussions, and public announcements. It is not typically used in very casual, everyday conversations unless referring to a genuinely serious event.

They are very similar and often interchangeable. 灾害 (zāihài) tends to focus more on the event and its physical/economic impact, while 灾难 (zāinàn) might emphasize the tragic aspect, suffering, and emotional toll. In many contexts, either word can be used.

You can use mnemonics. For example, imagine a 'sigh' (like 'tsai') of despair when a disaster strikes, and the damage is 'high'. Or visualize a huge wave ('zai') crashing down ('hai') causing destruction. Connecting the sound to a strong visual of destruction can help.

Common phrases include '自然灾害' (natural disaster), '发生灾害' (a disaster occurs), '应对灾害' (respond to disaster), '灾害损失' (disaster losses), and '灾后重建' (post-disaster reconstruction).

Chinese nouns generally do not have distinct plural forms. The number of disasters is usually indicated by context or quantifiers like 'many' (许多 xǔduō) or numbers. For example, 'many disasters' would be '许多灾害' (xǔduō zāihài).

The most common measure word for 灾害 when referring to a specific event is '场' (chǎng). For example, 'a flood disaster' is '一场洪水' (yī chǎng hóngshuǐ), or more formally, '一场洪水灾害' (yī chǎng hóngshuǐ zāihài).

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셀프 테스트 10 질문

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