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A1 noun ニュートラル #5,800 よく出る 3分で読める

灾害

zāihài tsai hai
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Overview

The word '灾害' (zāihài) in Chinese is a comprehensive term used to describe any event or situation that brings about widespread damage, loss, or suffering. It is a compound word formed from '灾' (zāi), meaning disaster, calamity, or misfortune, and '害' (hài), meaning harm, damage, or detriment. Together, they powerfully convey the idea of a harmful and destructive event.

'灾害' can refer to a wide range of occurrences, both natural and anthropogenic. Natural disasters, often referred to as '自然灾害' (zìrán zāihài), include phenomena such as earthquakes (地震, dìzhèn), floods (洪水, hóngshuǐ), droughts (干旱, gānhàn), typhoons/hurricanes (台风, táifēng), tsunamis (海啸, hǎixiào), landslides (山体滑坡, shāntǐ huápō), and volcanic eruptions (火山爆发, huǒshān bàofā). These events are caused by natural processes and can have devastating impacts on human lives, infrastructure, and the environment.

Beyond natural occurrences, '灾害' can also encompass man-made disasters. These can range from large-scale industrial accidents (工业事故, gōngyè shìgù), environmental pollution incidents (环境污染事件, huánjìng wūrǎn shìjiàn), and technological failures (技术故障, jìshù gùzhàng) to societal crises like wars (战争, zhànzhēng) and epidemics (疫情, yìqíng). While some might distinguish between '灾害' and '事故' (shìgù, accident), '灾害' generally implies a greater scale of impact and severity.

When using '灾害', it's common to see it paired with verbs that describe the occurrence, prevention, or relief efforts. For example, '发生灾害' (fāshēng zāihài) means 'a disaster occurs', '预防灾害' (yùfáng zāihài) means 'to prevent disasters', and '抗灾救灾' (kàngzāi jiùzāi) means 'to resist and relieve disasters'.

The impact of '灾害' is often described using words like '严重' (yánzhòng, severe), '巨大' (jùdà, enormous), or '惨重' (cǎnzhòng, heavy/grievous). For instance, '造成严重灾害' (zàochéng yánzhòng zāihài) means 'to cause a severe disaster'. The consequences can include loss of life (人员伤亡, rényuán shāngwáng), economic losses (经济损失, jīngjì sǔnshī), destruction of property (财产损失, cáichǎn sǔnshī), and long-term societal disruption.

Understanding '灾害' is crucial for comprehending discussions about risk management, emergency preparedness, environmental protection, and international aid in Chinese-speaking contexts. It's a word that carries significant weight, reflecting human vulnerability in the face of powerful destructive forces, whether natural or human-induced.

例文

1

自然灾害给当地居民带来了巨大的损失。

natural disaster

Natural disasters brought huge losses to the local residents.

2

这次事故造成了无法挽回的灾害。

man-made calamity

This accident caused an irreparable calamity.

3

预防灾害的发生是政府的重要职责。

disaster prevention

Preventing the occurrence of disasters is an important responsibility of the government.

4

饥荒是人类历史上常见的灾害之一。

historical calamity

Famine is one of the common calamities in human history.

5

面对突如其来的灾害，人们应该团结一心。

response to disaster

In the face of sudden disasters, people should unite as one.

よく使う組み合わせ

自然灾害 (zìrán zāihài)
预防灾害 (yùfáng zāihài)
减轻灾害 (jiǎnqīng zāihài)
灾害 Dàolái (zāihài dàolái)

よく混同される語

灾害 対 灾祸 (zāihuò)
灾害 emphasizes natural disasters, while 灾祸 is a broader term for misfortunes, including those caused by humans.
灾害 対 灾难 (zāinàn)
灾难 is often used for larger-scale, more severe disasters or catastrophes, while 灾害 can refer to a wider range of harmful events, including smaller-scale ones.

文法パターン

自然灾害 (zìrán zāihài) - natural disaster 减轻灾害 (jiǎnqīng zāihài) - mitigate disasters 遭受灾害 (zāoshòu zāihài) - suffer from disaster

使い方

使い方のコツ

'灾害' is a formal term, often used in news, official reports, and serious discussions. It can refer to both the event itself and the damage it causes.

よくある間違い

Some learners might confuse '灾害' with '灾难' (zāinàn). While both mean disaster, '灾难' often implies a broader and more profound sense of suffering or catastrophe, sometimes with a more dramatic or emotional connotation. '灾害' can be more specific to the event and its direct impact.

ヒント

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Usage Context

The word '灾害' is commonly used in formal contexts, especially in news reports, government documents, and scientific discussions about disasters. It refers to events that cause significant harm or loss, often on a large scale. While '灾祸' (zāihuò) is a close synonym, '灾害' often carries a slightly more severe and widespread connotation, emphasizing the impact on society or the environment.
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Distinction from '灾难'

While '灾害' and '灾难' (zāinàn) both mean 'disaster,' there's a subtle difference. '灾害' often refers to the event itself and its destructive consequences (e.g., '自然灾害' - natural disaster). '灾难' can also refer to the event, but it often emphasizes the catastrophic and tragic nature of the disaster, carrying a stronger emotional weight. For example, '这是一场巨大的灾难' (zhè shì yī chǎng jùdà de zāinàn) - 'This is a tremendous catastrophe,' highlights the tragedy. However, in many everyday contexts, they can be used interchangeably.
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Common Collocations

'减轻灾害' (jiǎnqīng zāihài) - to mitigate disasters; '预防灾害' (yùfáng zāihài) - to prevent disasters; '应对灾害' (yìngduì zāihài) - to respond to disasters; '抗击灾害' (kàngjī zāihài) - to combat disasters. These collocations are frequently used when discussing disaster management, relief efforts, and preparedness.

語源

The character '灾' (zāi) is a phono-semantic compound. Its evolution can be traced back to ancient oracle bone inscriptions. The original form depicted a house (宀, mián) with fire (火, huǒ) beneath it, vividly illustrating the idea of a house being destroyed by fire. This combination directly conveyed the concept of disaster or calamity. Over time, the character underwent various stylistic changes through bronze inscriptions, seal script, and clerical script, eventually reaching its modern form. The semantic component '宀' (mián), meaning 'roof' or 'house', suggests something happening within or affecting a dwelling. The phonetic component '火' (huǒ), meaning 'fire', not only provides the sound but also reinforces the primary sense of destruction and danger associated with fire, which was a common and devastating disaster in ancient times. Therefore, '灾' encapsulates the destruction and misfortune brought upon by natural or man-made calamities, with a strong historical connection to fire as a symbol of such events.

文化的な背景

The concept of '灾害' is often discussed in the context of natural phenomena like earthquakes, floods, and droughts, as well as man-made incidents. Chinese culture often emphasizes resilience and collective effort in the face of disasters.

覚え方のコツ

The first character '灾' (zāi) looks like a house with a fire (the top part looks like a roof, and the bottom part resembles flames), indicating calamity. The second character '害' (hài) means harm or injury. So, a 'harmful calamity' or 'calamitous harm'.

よくある質問

4 問
'灾害' (zāi hài) is a Chinese word that translates to 'disaster' or 'calamity' in English. It refers to a sudden event, either natural or man-made, that causes great damage or loss of life. These events can disrupt the normal functioning of a community or society and often require external assistance for recovery. The term encompasses a wide range of occurrences, from natural phenomena like earthquakes and floods to human-induced crises such as industrial accidents or widespread epidemics. Understanding '灾害' is crucial for emergency preparedness and response in Chinese-speaking regions.
Common types of '灾害' (disasters) include natural disasters and man-made disasters. Natural disasters often involve geological events like earthquakes (地震, dìzhèn), volcanic eruptions (火山爆发, huǒshān bàofā), and landslides (山体滑坡, shāntǐ huápō). Meteorological events are also prevalent, such as floods (洪水, hóngshuǐ), droughts (干旱, gānhàn), typhoons (台风, táifēng), and tsunamis (海啸, hǎixiào). Man-made disasters can include industrial accidents (工业事故, gōngyè shìgù), fires (火灾, huǒzāi), and environmental pollution (环境污染, huánjìng wūrǎn). The specific types of '灾害' can vary significantly by region and environmental factors.
While both '灾害' (zāi hài - disaster/calamity) and '事故' (shì gù - accident) refer to undesirable events, there's a key distinction in their scale and impact. '事故' typically implies a more localized and often less severe incident, like a traffic accident or a minor industrial mishap. It might involve property damage or minor injuries. '灾害', on the other hand, denotes a much larger-scale event with widespread and severe consequences, affecting a significant number of people, infrastructure, and the environment. It often implies a systemic breakdown or an overwhelming force, requiring extensive relief and recovery efforts. A '事故' can sometimes escalate into a '灾害' if its consequences become widespread and severe enough.
'灾害' (disaster) preparedness is critically important for minimizing the impact of unforeseen events and ensuring the safety and well-being of communities. Effective preparedness involves developing comprehensive emergency plans, educating the public on safety measures, and establishing robust early warning systems. It also includes stockpiling essential supplies, training first responders, and regularly conducting drills to ensure efficient coordination during a crisis. By proactively preparing for various '灾害' scenarios, societies can significantly reduce casualties, mitigate economic losses, and accelerate the recovery process, ultimately fostering greater resilience in the face of adversity. This foresight can literally save lives and livelihoods.

自分をテスト

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地震、海啸都是自然______。

正解！ おしい！ 正解:
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这场______给当地居民带来了巨大的痛苦和损失。

正解！ おしい！ 正解:
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预防自然______是人类面临的重要课题。

正解！ おしい！ 正解:

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