B1 Verb Moods 9 min read Easy

Polite Advice in German: Using 'sollte' and 'könnte'

Master sollte and könnte to give advice and make suggestions politely without sounding bossy or demanding.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'sollte' (should) and 'könnte' (could) to give advice that sounds polite, helpful, and less like a direct command.

  • Use 'sollte' to suggest a good idea: 'Du solltest mehr Wasser trinken.'
  • Use 'könnte' to suggest a possibility: 'Du könntest heute früher gehen.'
  • Place the main verb at the end in the infinitive form.
Subject + sollte/könnte + [rest of sentence] + Verb(infinitive)

Overview

Ever had that moment where your friend asks for your opinion on their questionable outfit for a first date? You don't want to sound like a drill sergeant, but you also don't want them to look like a fashion disaster. This is where the magic of the Konjunktiv II of modal verbs comes in.

It’s the ultimate "politeness filter" of the German language. While the standard modal verbs like sollen (to be supposed to) and können (to be able to) can sometimes sound a bit too direct—like your boss telling you to finish a report by 5 PM—their Konjunktiv II counterparts, sollte and könnte, are your best friends for giving advice without being a jerk. In this guide, we're looking at how these two little words can transform you from a bossy neighbor into a helpful, modern advisor.

Whether you're suggesting a new Netflix series to binge or telling someone they should probably charge their phone before a long flight, sollte and könnte are the tools you need. German grammar can feel like a complex IKEA manual sometimes, but think of this rule as the handy Allen wrench that makes everything fit together perfectly. If you've ever felt that German is too "harsh," mastering these forms will prove you wrong!

It's all about that subtle shift from "Do this!" to "You might want to consider doing this."

How This Grammar Works

At its heart, this grammar point is all about creating distance from reality to sound more polite or hypothetical. In German, when we move from the indicative (Präsens) to the Konjunktiv II, we are basically putting on a pair of "politeness gloves." When you say Du sollst (You are supposed to), it sounds like a command. But when you say Du solltest (You should), you’re offering a suggestion that the other person is free to ignore (though they probably shouldn't).
The same goes for können. Du kannst is a statement of ability or a direct permission. Du könntest is a gentle "could," a suggestion of a possibility.
It's like the difference between a loud alarm clock and a soft sunrise. This "politeness buffer" is essential in modern life—think about workplace Zoom calls or polite WhatsApp messages. You wouldn't tell your boss "You must watch this TikTok," but you might say "You could watch this TikTok if you have a minute." Using these forms shows that you understand the social nuances of the German language.
It's the difference between being a "textbook learner" and someone who actually sounds like a local. Plus, it saves you from a lot of awkward social friction. Who knew two little letters (or an Umlaut) could do so much heavy lifting?
It’s like the secret sauce in a der Burger—you don't always see it, but you definitely notice when it's missing.

Formation Pattern

1
Forming these verbs is actually quite satisfying once you see the pattern. Here is the step-by-step breakdown:
2
For sollte (should), you take the Präteritum (simple past) form of sollen. Interestingly, sollte is the only modal verb that doesn't get an Umlaut in the Konjunktiv II. This makes it identical to the past tense, so context is key! If you say "Ich sollte gestern arbeiten," it means "I was supposed to work yesterday." If you say "Ich sollte heute arbeiten," it means "I should work today."
3
For könnte (could), you take the Präteritum stem of können, which is konnt-, and you add an Umlaut to the 'o', making it könnt-. Then you add the standard endings.
4
Conjugation Table:
5
Form | sollte (should) | könnte (could)
6
--- | --- | ---
7
ich | sollte | könnte
8
du | solltest | könntest
9
er/sie/es | sollte | könnte
10
wir | sollten | könnten
11
ihr | solltet | könntet
12
sie/Sie | sollten | könnten
13
Remember: The verb placement follows the standard modal verb rule. The modal verb (sollte/könnte) goes in position 2 (conjugated), and the main verb goes to the very end of the sentence in its infinitive form. For example: Du solltest mehr das Gemüse essen. (You should eat more vegetables). It’s like a sandwich—the modal verb is the first slice of bread, and the infinitive is the second slice at the end. Everything else is the filling! Just don't forget that final verb, or your sentence will feel as empty as a die Cloud-Speicherung without any files.

When To Use It

There are three main buckets for using these forms in your daily (digital) life:
  • Giving Advice: Use sollte when you have a strong opinion but want to stay polite. "Du solltest dieses Video auf YouTube schauen." (You should watch this video on YouTube). It's perfect for health tips, career advice, or telling your roommate to finally do the die Wäsche.
  • Making Suggestions: Use könnte when you're brainstorming or being extra gentle. "Wir könnten am Freitag Pizza bestellen." (We could order pizza on Friday). It’s less "preachy" than sollte and feels more like an open door. Great for planning trips, dates, or deciding which Netflix series to start next.
  • Polite Requests: könnte is the king of politeness. "Könntest du mir bitte das das Passwort für das das WLAN geben?" (Could you please give me the WiFi password?). It sounds much better than "Gib mir das Passwort!" unless you're trying to start a digital war.
Think of sollte as your "wise older sibling" giving you a nudge, and könnte as your "chill friend" tossing out ideas. In a world of aggressive social media comments, being the person who uses könnte is like being a breath of fresh air in a stuffy das Büro. Even in a job interview on Zoom, saying "Ich könnte diese Aufgabe übernehmen" (I could take on this task) sounds proactive yet humble.
It’s all about the vibe, and these verbs have the best vibes in the German language.

Common Mistakes

Even the best of us trip up sometimes. Here are the "danger zones" to watch out for:
  • The Missing Umlaut: This is the big one. If you say "Ich konnte," you're talking about the past ("I was able to"). If you want to say "I could" (suggestion), you MUST use the Umlaut: "Ich könnte." Leaving it out is like trying to use a charger for a different phone—it just won't connect.
  • The Confusion with muss: Some people use müsste (should have to) when they really mean sollte. While müsste exists, it's more about logical necessity ("The train should be here by now"). For advice, stick with sollte.
  • Verb Placement: Don't let the main verb wander off! It belongs at the very end. Du solltest gehen nach Hause is a classic mistake. It must be: Du solltest nach Hause gehen. Think of it as a dog on a leash—the infinitive can go far, but it has to stay attached to the end of the sentence.
  • Using sollte for Past Tense: Since sollte looks like the past, beginners often get confused. Remember: Ich sollte + today/tomorrow = advice. Ich sollte + yesterday = past obligation. Context is your der Kompass here.
  • Overusing würde: While würde + Infinitiv is the "standard" way to make Konjunktiv II, for modal verbs, we almost always use the direct form (sollte/könnte). Saying Ich würde können will make a German speaker's ears twitch like a cat hearing a can of tuna opening. It's technically possible but sounds very "clunky."

Contrast With Similar Patterns

How do sollte and könnte stack up against other ways of giving advice? Let's look at the hierarchy of bossiness:

1. Imperative (The Boss): "Trink mehr Wasser!" (Drink more water!). Use this with your kids or very close friends, otherwise, you might sound like a drill instructor.

2. Sollen (The Rule): "Du sollst mehr Wasser trinken." (You are supposed to...). This sounds like a doctor's order or a law. A bit heavy for a casual chat.

3. Sollte (The Advisor): "Du solltest mehr Wasser trinken." (You should...). This is the "Goldilocks" zone—just right for most social situations.

4. Könnte (The Gentle Suggester): "Du könntest mehr Wasser trinken." (You could...). Very soft. Use this if the person is sensitive or if it's just a minor suggestion.

5. An deiner Stelle (The Empath): "An deiner Stelle würde ich mehr Wasser trinken." (In your place, I would...). This is the ultimate "friend" move. It couples nicely with sollte for extra points.

Comparing sollte with müsste: sollte is about what's good for you (advice), while müsste is about what's probably true or necessary based on logic. If you're at a party and someone looks bored, say Du solltest tanzen gehen. Don't say Du müsstest tanzen gehen unless there's a literal law requiring everyone to dance (which sounds like a very strange, but fun, German village tradition).

Quick FAQ

Q

Can I use sollte for things that already happened?

No, for past advice ("You should have done that"), you need the Konjunktiv II of the Perfekt: Du hättest das tun sollen. But that's a story for another day!

Q

Is könnte always more polite than sollte?

Usually, yes. It's less "instructional." Könnte is a possibility, sollte is a recommendation. If your friend has a piece of spinach in their teeth, sollte is better. If they're looking for a new hobby, könnte is great.

Q

Why doesn't sollte have an Umlaut?

Because German grammar likes to keep us on our toes! Actually, it's just the way the verb evolved. Just be thankful you have one less Umlaut to type on your die Tastatur.

Q

Can I use these in emails?

Absolutely! They are perfect for professional but friendly emails. Wir sollten uns bald treffen sounds much more professional than Treffen wir uns.

Q

Does könnte mean the same as "maybe"?

It implies "maybe," but it's a verb. You can use it with vielleicht (maybe) for maximum uncertainty: Ich könnte vielleicht kommen.

Q

What if I forget the infinitive at the end?

You'll sound like you're hanging off a cliff! The listener will be waiting for the second half of the thought. It's like a joke without a die Pointen (punchline). Always finish your sandwich!

Konjunktiv II Conjugation

Person sollen (sollte) können (könnte)
ich
sollte
könnte
du
solltest
könntest
er/sie/es
sollte
könnte
wir
sollten
könnten
ihr
solltet
könntet
sie/Sie
sollten
könnten

Meanings

These modal verbs in the Konjunktiv II form are used to express recommendations, suggestions, or hypothetical possibilities in a polite, non-confrontational way.

1

Recommendation

Giving advice that is considered wise or beneficial.

“Du solltest mehr schlafen.”

“Er sollte den Arzt anrufen.”

2

Possibility

Suggesting an option that is available.

“Du könntest den Bus nehmen.”

“Wir könnten heute ins Kino gehen.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Polite Advice in German: Using 'sollte' and 'könnte'
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Subj + sollte/könnte + Inf
Du solltest mehr lesen.
Negative
Subj + sollte/könnte + nicht + Inf
Du solltest nicht so viel essen.
Question
Sollte/Könnte + Subj + Inf?
Könntest du mir helfen?
Advice
Subj + sollte + Inf
Du solltest zum Arzt gehen.
Possibility
Subj + könnte + Inf
Wir könnten heute wandern.
Polite Request
Könntest du + Inf?
Könntest du das Fenster öffnen?

Formality Spectrum

Formal
Wir könnten uns gegebenenfalls morgen treffen.

Wir könnten uns gegebenenfalls morgen treffen. (Planning)

Neutral
Wir könnten uns morgen treffen.

Wir könnten uns morgen treffen. (Planning)

Informal
Wir könnten morgen treffen.

Wir könnten morgen treffen. (Planning)

Slang
Lass uns morgen treffen.

Lass uns morgen treffen. (Planning)

Modal Verb Softeners

Konjunktiv II

Advice

  • sollte should

Possibility

  • könnte could

Direct vs. Polite

Direct (Indicative)
Du musst gehen You must go
Polite (Konjunktiv II)
Du solltest gehen You should go

Choosing the right verb

1

Is it a strong recommendation?

YES
Use 'sollte'
NO
Use 'könnte'

Usage Scenarios

💬

Social

  • Giving advice
  • Making plans
💼

Professional

  • Suggesting ideas
  • Polite requests

Examples by Level

1

Du solltest Wasser trinken.

You should drink water.

2

Wir könnten spielen.

We could play.

3

Du solltest das essen.

You should eat that.

4

Ich könnte helfen.

I could help.

1

Du solltest heute früher schlafen.

You should sleep earlier today.

2

Wir könnten den Film sehen.

We could watch the movie.

3

Sollte ich das machen?

Should I do that?

4

Du könntest den Bus nehmen.

You could take the bus.

1

Du solltest dir überlegen, ob du das wirklich willst.

You should consider if you really want that.

2

Man könnte meinen, dass es zu spät ist.

One could think that it is too late.

3

Sollten wir nicht lieber warten?

Shouldn't we rather wait?

4

Du könntest das Problem lösen, wenn du mehr Zeit hättest.

You could solve the problem if you had more time.

1

Es wäre ratsam, wenn du das Projekt noch einmal überdenken solltest.

It would be advisable if you were to reconsider the project.

2

Man könnte durchaus argumentieren, dass dieser Ansatz effizienter ist.

One could certainly argue that this approach is more efficient.

3

Sollten Sie weitere Fragen haben, kontaktieren Sie uns bitte.

Should you have further questions, please contact us.

4

Du könntest dich bewerben, falls du Interesse hättest.

You could apply, in case you were interested.

1

Man sollte in Erwägung ziehen, die Strategie grundlegend zu ändern.

One should consider fundamentally changing the strategy.

2

Es könnte sich als vorteilhaft erweisen, diese Option zu prüfen.

It could prove advantageous to examine this option.

3

Sollte der Fall eintreten, müssten wir sofort reagieren.

Should the case arise, we would have to react immediately.

4

Man könnte meinen, die Zeit sei stehen geblieben.

One might think time had stood still.

1

Man sollte sich dessen bewusst sein, dass dies weitreichende Folgen haben könnte.

One should be aware that this could have far-reaching consequences.

2

Sollte es sich tatsächlich so verhalten, wäre eine Revision unumgänglich.

Should it actually be the case, a revision would be unavoidable.

3

Es könnte kaum eine bessere Gelegenheit geben.

There could hardly be a better opportunity.

4

Man sollte das Kind nicht mit dem Bade ausschütten.

One shouldn't throw the baby out with the bathwater.

Easily Confused

Polite Advice in German: Using 'sollte' and 'könnte' vs sollte vs. müsste

Both are Konjunktiv II, but 'müsste' implies a stronger necessity than 'sollte'.

Polite Advice in German: Using 'sollte' and 'könnte' vs könnte vs. würde

Both are used for hypotheticals, but 'könnte' expresses possibility/ability.

Polite Advice in German: Using 'sollte' and 'könnte' vs sollte vs. soll

One is Konjunktiv II, one is Indicative.

Common Mistakes

Du sollst gehen.

Du solltest gehen.

Using indicative instead of Konjunktiv II.

Du solltest gehst.

Du solltest gehen.

Conjugating the infinitive.

Ich konnte helfen.

Ich könnte helfen.

Confusing past tense with Konjunktiv II.

Du solltest das gemacht.

Du solltest das machen.

Using past participle instead of infinitive.

Er sollte das macht.

Er sollte das machen.

Incorrect verb form.

Könntest du mir helfen?

Könntest du mir helfen?

Actually correct, but often learners forget the 't' ending.

Wir sollte gehen.

Wir sollten gehen.

Wrong conjugation of modal.

Ich hätte sollte das machen.

Ich hätte das machen sollen.

Incorrect word order for past modal.

Wenn du könntest, solltest du gehen.

Wenn du könntest, solltest du gehen.

Actually correct, but often learners use indicative here.

Sollte ich das getan haben?

Sollte ich das tun?

Overcomplicating the tense.

Man sollte das getan haben sollen.

Man hätte das tun sollen.

Incorrect modal structure.

Es könnte sein, dass er kommt.

Es könnte sein, dass er kommt.

Correct, but learners often use 'würde' instead.

Sollte er kommen, ich gehe.

Sollte er kommen, gehe ich.

Word order error in conditional clause.

Könnte ich das gewusst haben?

Hätte ich das wissen können?

Wrong modal construction.

Sentence Patterns

Du solltest ___ ___.

Wir könnten ___ ___.

Sollte ich ___ ___?

Man könnte meinen, dass ___ ___.

Real World Usage

Texting a friend constant

Wir könnten uns morgen treffen.

Job interview common

Man könnte das Projekt so strukturieren.

Health advice very common

Du solltest mehr Wasser trinken.

Travel planning common

Wir sollten den Zug um 8 Uhr nehmen.

Food delivery app occasional

Man könnte auch eine Pizza bestellen.

Social media comment common

Du solltest dir das Video ansehen!

💡

The 'Umlaut' Rule

Always check for the umlaut in 'könnte'. Without it, you are in the past tense!
⚠️

Don't be bossy

Avoid 'Du musst' when giving advice. It sounds like you are the boss of the other person.
🎯

Use 'vielleicht'

Adding 'vielleicht' (maybe) to 'könnte' makes it even softer: 'Vielleicht könnten wir...'
💬

Politeness in Germany

Germans appreciate indirectness in suggestions. It shows you respect their autonomy.

Smart Tips

Use 'sollte' instead of 'musst' to sound like a friend.

Du musst zum Arzt gehen. Du solltest zum Arzt gehen.

Use 'könnte' to offer options without pressure.

Wir machen das so. Wir könnten das so machen.

Use 'Könntest du' to be polite.

Kannst du mir helfen? Könntest du mir helfen?

Use 'könnte' to express uncertainty.

Das ist die Lösung. Das könnte die Lösung sein.

Pronunciation

/kœntə/

Umlaut 'ö'

The 'ö' in 'könnte' is a rounded front vowel. Round your lips as if saying 'o' but say 'e'.

Polite suggestion

Du solltest ↗ mehr schlafen.

Rising intonation at the end makes the advice sound like a friendly suggestion.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Sollte is for 'Should' (S-S), Könnte is for 'Could' (K-C).

Visual Association

Imagine a soft, fluffy pillow. When you use 'sollte' or 'könnte', you are putting a pillow between your words and the listener so the advice doesn't hit them hard.

Rhyme

Sollte is for what you should do, Könnte is for what could be true.

Story

Hans is a very direct person. He tells his friend 'Eat this!'. His friend is offended. Hans learns to say 'Du solltest das essen' and 'Wir könnten das probieren'. Now everyone is happy.

Word Web

solltekönnteEmpfehlungMöglichkeithöflichVorschlag

Challenge

Write 3 sentences giving advice to a friend using 'sollte' and 3 sentences suggesting plans using 'könnte'.

Cultural Notes

Germans value directness, but in professional settings, they use Konjunktiv II to avoid sounding rude.

Austrians often use even more polite forms, sometimes adding 'vielleicht' to soften it further.

Swiss German speakers often use 'sollten' in contexts where others might use 'müssen'.

The Konjunktiv II evolved from the old Germanic optative mood, used to express wishes or possibilities.

Conversation Starters

Was sollte ich in Berlin machen?

Wie könnte ich mein Deutsch verbessern?

Was sollte man bei einem Vorstellungsgespräch beachten?

Sollte man heutzutage noch Bargeld benutzen?

Journal Prompts

Write about 3 things you should do to be healthier.
Describe a perfect weekend in your city using 'könnte'.
Give advice to your younger self.
Discuss a social problem and suggest solutions using 'sollte' and 'könnte'.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct

Test Yourself

Fill in the correct form of 'sollen' (Konjunktiv II).

Du ___ mehr Wasser trinken.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: solltest
Konjunktiv II for 'du' is 'solltest'.
Choose the correct modal verb for advice. Multiple Choice

___ du mir bitte helfen?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Könntest
Könntest is the polite form.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Du solltest das gemacht.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Du solltest das machen.
Main verb must be infinitive.
Change to polite advice. Sentence Transformation

Du musst das lesen. -> Du ___ das lesen.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: solltest
Solltest is for advice.
Is this sentence grammatically correct? True False Rule

Wir könnten heute ins Kino gehen.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: True
Correct structure.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Ich bin müde. B: Du ___ früher schlafen gehen.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: solltest
Solltest is for advice.
Order the words. Sentence Building

solltest / du / mehr / lesen / .

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Du solltest mehr lesen.
Subject + modal + object + infinitive.
Match the meaning. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1. Advice, 2. Possibility
Sollte is advice, könnte is possibility.

Score: /8

Practice Exercises

8 exercises
Fill in the correct form of 'sollen' (Konjunktiv II).

Du ___ mehr Wasser trinken.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: solltest
Konjunktiv II for 'du' is 'solltest'.
Choose the correct modal verb for advice. Multiple Choice

___ du mir bitte helfen?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Könntest
Könntest is the polite form.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Du solltest das gemacht.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Du solltest das machen.
Main verb must be infinitive.
Change to polite advice. Sentence Transformation

Du musst das lesen. -> Du ___ das lesen.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: solltest
Solltest is for advice.
Is this sentence grammatically correct? True False Rule

Wir könnten heute ins Kino gehen.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: True
Correct structure.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Ich bin müde. B: Du ___ früher schlafen gehen.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: solltest
Solltest is for advice.
Order the words. Sentence Building

solltest / du / mehr / lesen / .

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Du solltest mehr lesen.
Subject + modal + object + infinitive.
Match the meaning. Match Pairs

1. Du solltest gehen. 2. Du könntest gehen.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1. Advice, 2. Possibility
Sollte is advice, könnte is possibility.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Fill in the correct form of 'können' for a polite request. Fill in the Blank

___ Sie mir bitte sagen, wie spät es ist?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Könnten
Fix the word order. Error Correction

Du solltest laden die App herunter.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Du solltest die App herunterladen.
Translate to German: 'We should call them.' Translation

Translate: 'We should call them.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Wir sollten sie anrufen.
Which form matches 'ihr'? Multiple Choice

Ihr ___ öfter spazieren gehen.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: solltet
Reorder the words to make a sentence. Sentence Reorder

könntest / mir / du / helfen / ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Könntest du mir helfen?
Match the German with the English meaning. Match Pairs

Match the verbs:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: sollte = should
Use the right modal verb for a suggestion. Fill in the Blank

Wir ___ heute Abend ins Kino gehen.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: könnten
Formal advice: What would you say to a teacher? Multiple Choice

Choose the formal advice:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sie sollten die E-Mail schicken.
Correct the verb stem. Error Correction

Ich konntest dir helfen.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ich könnte dir helfen.
Translate to German: 'You (du) could try the vegan burger.' Translation

Translate the sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Du könntest den veganen Burger probieren.

Score: /10

FAQ (8)

In German, the Konjunktiv II of many verbs is identical to the Präteritum (past tense). Context usually clarifies the meaning.

Yes, but you need the perfect infinitive: 'Du hättest das machen sollen'.

Yes, it is much more polite than 'kannst'.

'Sollte' is for advice, 'müsste' is for something that really ought to happen (stronger).

Yes, in standard German sentence structure, the infinitive verb is placed at the end.

Yes, they are excellent for polite business communication.

Yes, you can use 'Es wäre besser, wenn...' (It would be better if...).

Because B1 is when you start moving from basic survival German to nuanced, social German.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

English high

should/could

German requires the infinitive at the end of the sentence.

Spanish high

debería/podría

Spanish conjugates the verb for person, German modal remains consistent.

French high

devrait/pourrait

French word order is SVO, German is more flexible.

Japanese low

~ta hou ga ii / ~koto ga dekiru

Japanese relies on particles and verb endings rather than modal auxiliaries.

Arabic moderate

yajib an / yumkin an

Arabic uses complex sentence structures where German uses a single modal verb.

Chinese moderate

yinggai / keyi

Chinese has no verb conjugation or mood changes.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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