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بنا به این

B2 noun 10 min read

بنا به این

bana be in

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips بنا به این in 30 Seconds

Explanation بنا به این in your Level:

At the A1 level, 'بنا به این' (Bana be in) is quite advanced. You don't need to use it yet, but you might see it. It basically means 'so' or 'because of this.' Imagine you say 'It is raining. So, I take an umbrella.' In very fancy Persian, that 'so' is 'بنا به این.' At this stage, just focus on the word 'پس' (pas), which also means 'so.' Think of 'بنا به این' as a big, heavy word used by teachers or people on TV. It is made of three parts: 'Bana' (basis), 'be' (to), and 'in' (this). Together, they point to a reason. If you see it in a book, just remember it is pointing to the result of what happened before.

For A2 learners, 'بنا به این' is a formal way to connect two ideas where the second idea happens because of the first one. You might start seeing this in short news stories or formal letters. It is much more formal than 'برای همین' (baraye hamin). While 'برای همین' is what you say to your friends, 'بنا به این' is what you write in an essay. For example, 'The store is closed. Accordingly (بنا به این), we cannot buy food.' It helps you sound more serious and organized. Try to recognize it as a signal that a conclusion is coming. It always refers back to the sentence that came right before it.

At the B1 level, you should begin to distinguish between different ways of saying 'therefore.' 'بنا به این' is specific because it uses the word 'بنا' (foundation). This implies a very strong logical link. You should use this phrase when you are writing formal emails to a professor or a boss. It shows that you are not just connecting ideas, but you are building an argument. It's often used with a semicolon. Example: 'The project budget is finished; accordingly (بنا به این), we must stop working.' It is a great alternative to 'بنابراین' to make your writing less repetitive. Remember, it is a 'high-register' phrase, so don't use it in text messages with friends.

At the B2 level, you are expected to use 'بنا به این' correctly in both written and spoken formal contexts. You should understand that it functions as an adverbial phrase of consequence. It is particularly useful in the 'Writing' section of exams like the AMFA or local university tests. You should be able to use it to link complex ideas. For instance, 'The statistical data shows a decline in birth rates; accordingly (بنا به این), the government is implementing new incentives.' At this level, you should also be careful not to confuse it with 'بنا به این که' (which requires a following clause) and 'بنا بر این' (which is the more common conjunction).

For C1 learners, 'بنا به این' is a tool for precision. At this level, you are not just communicating; you are performing rhetorically. Use 'بنا به این' to emphasize that a specific set of facts or a specific 'this' (این) is the sole basis for your conclusion. It is highly effective in legal, academic, and administrative Persian. You should also be aware of its stylistic counterparts like 'بر این پایه' or 'از این رو' and choose 'بنا به این' when you want to sound particularly foundational or objective. You should be able to identify its usage in classical-style modern prose and understand the logical weight it carries in a complex argument involving multiple premises.

At the C2 level, you should have a mastery of the nuances between 'بنا به این', 'بنا بر این', 'لذا', and 'در نتیجه'. You understand that 'بنا به این' often carries a bureaucratic or official weight, frequently appearing in executive orders or judicial rulings. You can use it to create a specific tone of 'inevitability' in your arguments—suggesting that given the foundation (بنا), the conclusion is the only logical structure that can be built. You should be able to critique its usage in others' writing, noting if it is used to create a false sense of authority or if it correctly follows the logical structure of the discourse. Your usage should be flawless, integrated perfectly into high-level oratorical or scholarly Persian.

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

بنا به این in 30 Seconds

A formal Persian phrase meaning 'accordingly' or 'hence'.
Used to connect a logical premise to a specific conclusion.
Best suited for academic, legal, and professional writing contexts.
Indicates a strong, foundational link between two related ideas.

The Persian phrase بنا به این (Bana be in) is a sophisticated, formal prepositional phrase that functions as a logical connective. Literally translating to 'building upon this' or 'based on this,' it serves to link a premise to a conclusion or a cause to an effect. In the architectural history of the Persian language, the word بنا (Bana) refers to a building, foundation, or structure. When used in this idiomatic construction, it suggests that the subsequent statement is 'built' upon the foundation of the preceding information. It is most frequently encountered in high-register environments such as legal documents, academic journals, formal news broadcasts, and philosophical treatises. For an English speaker, it is most closely equivalent to 'accordingly,' 'hence,' 'consequently,' or 'in accordance with this.' Unlike the more common بنابراین (Bana-bar-in), which is a general 'therefore,' بنا به این often points specifically to a set of circumstances or a particular piece of evidence just mentioned.

Formal Logic: Used to derive a necessary conclusion from a previously stated fact in a structured argument.
Legal Context: Refers to a specific article or evidence upon which a judgment or directive is based.

شواهد کافی برای اثبات جرم وجود ندارد؛ بنا به این، متهم تبرئه می‌شود.

Translation: There is insufficient evidence to prove the crime; accordingly, the accused is acquitted.

In contemporary Iran, you will hear this phrase on the evening news when a reporter is detailing government regulations or economic shifts. It is not a phrase you would typically use while buying bread at a local bakery or chatting with friends at a café; doing so might make you sound like you are reading from a textbook. However, mastering it is essential for reaching a B2 or C1 level of proficiency, as it allows you to navigate professional and intellectual discourses with ease. It signifies that the speaker is educated and attentive to the logical flow of their discourse. Furthermore, it avoids the repetitive use of 'پس' (pas) or 'خب' (khob), which are the informal markers of consequence. By using 'بنا به این', you anchor your speech in the rich tradition of Persian rhetoric, where clarity and structural integrity of thought are highly valued.

Using بنا به این correctly requires an understanding of its position within a sentence and the relationship between the ideas it connects. Usually, it appears at the beginning of a second clause or sentence, following a semicolon or a period. It sets the stage for a result that is the natural outcome of the first clause. It is also common to see it extended as بنا به این دلیل (for this reason) or بنا به این واقعیت (due to this fact). When you use 'بنا به این', you are essentially telling your listener: 'Looking at the foundation I just laid down, here is the structure that must follow.' This makes it incredibly useful in persuasive writing and explanatory speech.

Causal Link: The first sentence provides the cause, and 'بنا به این' introduces the effect.

هواشناسی پیش‌بینی طوفان کرده است؛ بنا به این، تمام پروازها لغو شدند.

Translation: The weather service has predicted a storm; accordingly, all flights were canceled.

Another nuance to consider is the grammatical structure. 'بنا' is a noun, 'به' is a preposition, and 'این' is a demonstrative pronoun. Together, they form an adverbial phrase of reason. In very formal Persian, you might encounter 'بنا بر این' (using 'bar' instead of 'be'). While 'بنا بر این' is often used interchangeably with 'بنابراین', the three-word version 'بنا به این' emphasizes the specific 'this' (این) much more strongly. It forces the listener to recall the specific evidence or situation just described. For example, if you are discussing a specific law, 'بنا به این' suggests the action is taken specifically because of that law's text, not just because of a general logical flow.

قرارداد به وضوح شرایط را بیان کرده است؛ بنا به این، شما مسئول پرداخت خسارت هستید.

Translation: The contract clearly states the conditions; accordingly, you are responsible for paying the damages.

In academic writing, this phrase helps in maintaining the 'chain of reasoning'. If you are writing a thesis on Iranian history, you might describe the socio-economic conditions of the Qajar era and then use 'بنا به این' to explain why a particular rebellion occurred. It provides a bridge that is both sturdy and elegant. It is also worth noting that in spoken Persian, people might shorten this to 'بنابراین' (Bana-bar-in) or simply 'واسه همین' (Vase hamin) in informal settings. However, in a B2 level examination or a professional presentation, 'بنا به این' showcases a superior command of Persian syntax and a sophisticated vocabulary.

To hear بنا به این in its natural habitat, one must look toward formal Iranian institutions. It is a staple of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (the Iranian Parliament), where lawmakers debate bills and cite specific clauses. When a rapporteur reads a summary of a bill, they will often say, 'بنا به این ماده...' (According to this article...). It is also deeply embedded in the language of the Iranian judiciary. Judges use it in their written verdicts to link the evidence presented in court to the final sentencing. If you listen to legal podcasts or watch courtroom dramas produced in Iran, this phrase will appear whenever a character is making a formal argument.

News Media: Used by news anchors to explain the consequences of government decisions or international events.

بانک مرکزی نرخ بهره را افزایش داد؛ بنا به این، هزینه وام‌ها بالا خواهد رفت.

Translation: The Central Bank increased interest rates; accordingly, the cost of loans will rise.

Beyond the news and law, you will find 'بنا به این' in the prefaces of books and the conclusions of scientific papers. Persian academic culture highly values formal transitions that demonstrate logical rigor. In a university lecture on sociology or literature, a professor might use this phrase to synthesize various theories before presenting a final conclusion. It is also common in the world of business and corporate administration in Iran. During board meetings or in official memos, 'بنا به این' is used to justify corporate strategy based on market research or financial reports. For example, 'Market trends show a decline in demand; accordingly (بنا به این), we will reduce production.'

تحقیقات ما نشان‌دهنده تغییر سلیقه مشتریان است؛ بنا به این، طراحی محصول را تغییر می‌دهیم.

Translation: Our research indicates a change in customer tastes; accordingly, we are changing the product design.

Lastly, in religious or philosophical discourse, 'بنا به این' is used to connect a metaphysical premise to a moral imperative. In sermons or theological texts, it acts as the bridge between 'what is' and 'what ought to be.' For a learner, hearing this word is a signal that the speaker is moving from the 'why' to the 'what.' It prepares the listener's mind for a result. While it might seem stiff, its prevalence in these sectors makes it a vital tool for anyone wishing to understand the pulse of Iranian public and intellectual life. It is the language of the 'system'—the bureaucracy, the academy, and the law.

One of the most frequent errors learners make with بنا به این is using it in too casual a context. Because English speakers often use 'so' or 'because of this' interchangeably in both formal and informal settings, they might be tempted to use 'بنا به این' when talking to a friend about dinner plans. This sounds jarringly formal. In a casual setting, you should use پس (pas) or برای همین (baraye hamin). Using 'بنا به این' at a party is like wearing a tuxedo to a backyard barbecue—it’s not 'wrong' grammatically, but it’s socially out of place.

Register Mismatch: Avoid using 'بنا به این' in daily conversation; use 'پس' or 'برای همین' instead.

❌ گرسنه‌ام؛ بنا به این، پیتزا می‌خورم. (Too formal)
✅ گرسنه‌ام، برای همین پیتزا می‌خورم.

Another technical mistake involves the confusion between بنا به این and بنا به این که (Bana be in ke). 'بنا به این' is used when the reason has already been stated in a previous sentence or clause. However, if you want to introduce the reason within the same clause, you must use the conjunction 'که'. For example, 'بنا به این که او مریض بود...' (Due to the fact that he was sick...). Without 'که', the sentence remains incomplete and grammatically unstable. Learners often drop the 'که' or add it when it’s not needed, leading to confusion about the logical direction of the sentence.

❌ بنا به این او دیر آمد، جلسه لغو شد. (Grammatically incorrect)
✅ بنا به این که او دیر آمد، جلسه لغو شد.

Finally, there is the confusion with the preposition بنا بر (Bana bar). While 'بنا به' and 'بنا بر' both mean 'according to,' 'بنا بر' is often used with specific authorities or sources (e.g., 'بنا بر گفته‌های پلیس' - According to police statements). Learners sometimes mix the prepositions 'به' and 'بر' inconsistently. While both are acceptable in many cases, 'بنا به' is slightly more common in modern administrative Persian, whereas 'بنا بر' has a more classical or strictly legal feel. Sticking to one consistently within a single piece of writing is a sign of good style.

Persian is a language rich in logical connectives, and بنا به این is just one of many options for expressing consequence. Understanding the subtle differences between these alternatives is key to achieving native-like fluency. The most common alternative is بنابراین (Bana-bar-in). While nearly identical in meaning, 'بنابراین' is more versatile and can be used in slightly less formal contexts than 'بنا به این'. It is the standard word for 'therefore' in almost all written Persian.

بنابراین (Bana-bar-in): The standard 'therefore'. More common and slightly less stiff than 'بنا به این'.
لذا (Leza): An Arabic loanword used in extremely formal or legal Persian. It is very short and powerful.
در نتیجه (Dar natije): Meaning 'as a result'. It focuses on the outcome rather than the logical basis.

او تمام تلاش خود را کرد؛ در نتیجه موفق شد.

Translation: He did his best; as a result, he succeeded.

Another set of alternatives includes بر این اساس (bar in asas) and بر این پایه (bar in paye). These literally mean 'on this basis' and 'on this foundation.' They are very close synonyms to 'بنا به این' and are often used in academic writing to provide variety. If you have already used 'بنا به این' in a paragraph, switching to 'بر این اساس' in the next sentence helps avoid repetition. For a more modern, slightly more casual (but still polite) feel, one might use با این حساب (ba in hesab), which translates to 'with this calculation' or 'taking this into account.' This is very common in business negotiations and practical discussions.

قیمت دلار بالا رفته است؛ با این حساب، سفر ما گران‌تر می‌شود.

Translation: The price of the dollar has gone up; with this in mind, our trip will be more expensive.

Finally, there is از این رو (az in ro), which means 'from this face/aspect.' It is a poetic and elegant way to say 'hence' or 'therefore.' It is often found in literature and high-end journalism. While 'بنا به این' feels structural and foundational, 'از این رو' feels more directional and flowing. Choosing between them depends on the 'flavor' you want your Persian to have. 'بنا به این' is the choice for someone who wants to sound objective, logical, and perhaps a bit bureaucratic—in the best sense of the word.

How Formal Is It?

Fun Fact

In Persian, the word 'Bana' is also used to refer to a mason or a builder (معمار/بنا). So, when you say 'Bana be in', you are literally acting like a mason building the next level of a wall.

Pronunciation Guide

UK /bæˈnɒː be in/

US /bəˈnɑː beɪ ɪn/

Stress is on the second syllable of 'Bana'.

Rhymes With

فنا (Fana) بقا (Baqa) رها (Raha) سخا (Sakha) دعا (Do'a) جفا (Jafa) وفا (Vafa) صفا (Safa)

Common Errors

Pronouncing 'Bana' as 'Banna' (like the English name).
Merging 'be' and 'in' into one word 'be-in'.
Stress on the first syllable of 'Bana'.
Using a long 'ee' sound for 'be'.
Over-emphasizing the 'n' in 'in'.

Difficulty Rating

Reading 7/5

Common in formal texts, requires understanding of sentence structure.

Writing 8/5

Hard to use naturally without sounding overly stiff.

Speaking 9/5

Rare in daily speech; only used in professional presentations.

Listening 7/5

Easy to hear on the news, sounds distinct.

What to Learn Next

Prerequisites

بنا به این پس چون

Learn Next

بنابراین لذا در نتیجه بر این اساس

Advanced

متعاقباً فی‌الواقع علی‌هذا بنا بر این

Grammar to Know

Prepositional Phrases as Connectives

بنا به این، بر این اساس، در این رابطه

Semicolon Usage in Persian

Clause A; بنا به این, Clause B.

Formal vs Informal Conjunctions

بنا به این (Formal) vs پس (Informal)

Demonstrative Pronouns as Logical Anchors

استفاده از 'این' برای اشاره به جمله قبل.

Arabic Root Integration

Use of 'Bana' in Persian syntax.

Examples by Level

هوا سرد است، بنا به این من لباس می‌پوشم.

The weather is cold, accordingly I wear clothes.

Simple cause and effect.

او گرسنه است، بنا به این غذا می‌خورد.

He is hungry, accordingly he eats food.

Using 'بنا به این' as 'so'.

کتاب باز است، بنا به این من می‌خوانم.

The book is open, accordingly I read.

Direct consequence.

امروز جمعه است، بنا به این مدرسه تعطیل است.

Today is Friday, accordingly school is closed.

Fact-based result.

او خسته است، بنا به این می‌خوابد.

He is tired, accordingly he sleeps.

Basic logical link.

من تشنه هستم، بنا به این آب می‌نوشم.

I am thirsty, accordingly I drink water.

Simple sentence structure.

ماشین خراب است، بنا به این ما پیاده می‌رویم.

The car is broken, accordingly we walk.

Outcome of a problem.

او پول ندارد، بنا به این چیزی نمی‌خرد.

He has no money, accordingly he buys nothing.

Negative consequence.

امتحان سخت بود؛ بنا به این، نمره‌ها کم شد.

The exam was hard; accordingly, the grades were low.

Semicolon usage for formal link.

او مریض بود، بنا به این به مهمانی نیامد.

He was sick, accordingly he didn't come to the party.

Reasoning for absence.

بلیت گران است؛ بنا به این، من نمی‌روم.

The ticket is expensive; accordingly, I am not going.

Decision based on cost.

باران می‌بارد؛ بنا به این، ما در خانه می‌مانیم.

It is raining; accordingly, we stay at home.

Common situational use.

او وقت ندارد؛ بنا به این، نمی‌تواند به شما کمک کند.

He has no time; accordingly, he cannot help you.

Polite refusal.

غذا شور است، بنا به این من آن را نمی‌خورم.

The food is salty, accordingly I don't eat it.

Result of quality.

فروشگاه بسته است؛ بنا به این، فردا می‌آییم.

The shop is closed; accordingly, we will come tomorrow.

Future planning.

او خیلی تمرین کرد؛ بنا به این، برنده شد.

He practiced a lot; accordingly, he won.

Success as a result.

مدارک شما کامل نیست؛ بنا به این، درخواست شما رد شد.

Your documents are not complete; accordingly, your request was rejected.

Formal administrative use.

ترافیک سنگین است؛ بنا به این، جلسه با تأخیر شروع می‌شود.

Traffic is heavy; accordingly, the meeting will start with a delay.

Professional context.

قیمت سوخت افزایش یافت؛ بنا به این، هزینه حمل و نقل بالا رفت.

Fuel prices increased; accordingly, transport costs went up.

Economic cause and effect.

او در آزمون ورودی قبول نشد؛ بنا به این، باید دوباره تلاش کند.

He didn't pass the entrance exam; accordingly, he must try again.

Logical necessity.

شرکت با کمبود بودجه مواجه است؛ بنا به این، استخدام متوقف شد.

The company is facing a budget deficit; accordingly, hiring was stopped.

Business formal.

قوانین تغییر کرده است؛ بنا به این، ما باید قرارداد جدیدی ببندیم.

The laws have changed; accordingly, we must sign a new contract.

Legal consequence.

او تخصص کافی ندارد؛ بنا به این، برای این شغل مناسب نیست.

He doesn't have enough expertise; accordingly, he is not suitable for this job.

Professional evaluation.

این منطقه ناامن است؛ بنا به این، پلیس گشت‌زنی را بیشتر کرده است.

This area is unsafe; accordingly, the police have increased patrols.

Social reporting.

گزارش‌ها حاکی از کاهش تورم است؛ بنا به این، نرخ بهره کاهش می‌یابد.

Reports indicate a decrease in inflation; accordingly, interest rates are decreasing.

High-level economic reporting.

متهم اعتراف کرده است؛ بنا به این، دادگاه حکم نهایی را صادر می‌کند.

The accused has confessed; accordingly, the court issues the final verdict.

Judicial terminology.

منابع آبی کشور محدود است؛ بنا به این، صرفه‌جویی الزامی است.

The country's water resources are limited; accordingly, conservation is mandatory.

Public policy context.

این دارو عوارض جانبی دارد؛ بنا به این، مصرف آن باید تحت نظر پزشک باشد.

This medicine has side effects; accordingly, its use must be under a doctor's supervision.

Medical advisory.

توافق‌نامه به امضای طرفین نرسید؛ بنا به این، مذاکرات ادامه خواهد داشت.

The agreement was not signed by the parties; accordingly, negotiations will continue.

Diplomatic discourse.

ساختار ساختمان ضعیف است؛ بنا به این، اجازه بهره‌برداری داده نمی‌شود.

The building's structure is weak; accordingly, use permits are not granted.

Technical/Safety regulation.

او شرایط مندرج در آگهی را ندارد؛ بنا به این، از لیست حذف شد.

He doesn't meet the conditions stated in the ad; accordingly, he was removed from the list.

Administrative procedure.

فناوری جدید وارد بازار شده است؛ بنا به این، روش‌های قدیمی منسوخ شده‌اند.

New technology has entered the market; accordingly, old methods have become obsolete.

Technological shift.

نظریه مذکور فاقد پشتوانه تجربی است؛ بنا به این، نمی‌توان آن را علمی دانست.

The mentioned theory lacks empirical support; accordingly, it cannot be considered scientific.

Epistemological critique.

سیاست‌های پولی اخیر ناموفق بوده‌اند؛ بنا به این، بازنگری در ساختار اقتصادی ضروری است.

Recent monetary policies have been unsuccessful; accordingly, a revision of the economic structure is essential.

Macroeconomic analysis.

روابط دیپلماتیک دو کشور تیره شده است؛ بنا به این، سفرا فراخوانده شدند.

Diplomatic relations between the two countries have soured; accordingly, the ambassadors were recalled.

International relations.

ادبیات این دوره بازتابی از یأس فلسفی است؛ بنا به این، واژگان تیره‌وتار در آن غلبه دارد.

The literature of this period reflects philosophical despair; accordingly, dark vocabulary predominates in it.

Literary criticism.

شواهد تاریخی نشان‌دهنده نفوذ گسترده این فرهنگ است؛ بنا به این، مطالعه آن اهمیت بسزایی دارد.

Historical evidence shows the widespread influence of this culture; accordingly, studying it is of great importance.

Historiographical justification.

حقوق شهروندی در این لایحه نادیده گرفته شده است؛ بنا به این، فعالان مدنی اعتراض کردند.

Civil rights have been ignored in this bill; accordingly, civil activists protested.

Political science context.

این فرضیه با اصول اولیه فیزیک در تضاد است؛ بنا به این، از درجه اعتبار ساقط است.

This hypothesis contradicts the primary principles of physics; accordingly, it is void of credibility.

Scientific refutation.

تغییرات اقلیمی به مرحله بحرانی رسیده است؛ بنا به این، اقدامات فوری جهانی لازم است.

Climate change has reached a critical stage; accordingly, immediate global actions are necessary.

Global policy urgency.

ساختار هستی‌شناختی متن بر پایه کثرت‌گرایی استوار است؛ بنا به این، هرگونه قرائت تک‌ساحتی مردود است.

The ontological structure of the text is based on pluralism; accordingly, any uni-dimensional reading is rejected.

Advanced philosophical discourse.

پارادایم‌های حاکم بر علوم انسانی در حال تغییرند؛ بنا به این، بازتعریف مفاهیم بنیادین گریزناپذیر می‌نماید.

The dominant paradigms in the humanities are shifting; accordingly, the redefinition of fundamental concepts seems inevitable.

Academic paradigm shift.

حاکمیت قانون ضامن ثبات سیاسی است؛ بنا به این، هرگونه تخطی از آن به هرج‌ومرج می‌انجامد.

The rule of law guarantees political stability; accordingly, any deviation from it leads to chaos.

Political philosophy.

دیالکتیک میان سنت و مدرنیته به بن‌بست رسیده است؛ بنا به این، ظهور سنتزی نو پیش‌بینی می‌شود.

The dialectic between tradition and modernity has reached a deadlock; accordingly, the emergence of a new synthesis is predicted.

Hegelian logical structure.

پیچیدگی‌های ژئوپلیتیک منطقه مانع از توافق سریع است؛ بنا به این، دیپلماسی صبورانه تنها راهکار است.

The geopolitical complexities of the region prevent a quick agreement; accordingly, patient diplomacy is the only solution.

High-level strategic analysis.

عدم تقارن اطلاعاتی در بازار منجر به شکست بازار می‌شود؛ بنا به این، دخالت دولت توجیه‌پذیر است.

Information asymmetry in the market leads to market failure; accordingly, government intervention is justifiable.

Economic theory.

زیباشناسی اثر در گرو پیوند میان فرم و محتواست؛ بنا به این، گسست میان این دو به ارزش هنری آسیب می‌زند.

The aesthetics of the work depend on the link between form and content; accordingly, a break between these two damages the artistic value.

Artistic theory.

بنیان‌های اخلاقی جامعه بر صداقت استوار است؛ بنا به این، رواج دروغ به فروپاشی اجتماعی منجر خواهد شد.

The moral foundations of society are based on honesty; accordingly, the prevalence of lies will lead to social collapse.

Ethical analysis.

Common Collocations

بنا به این دلیل

بنا به این واقعیت

بنا به این گزارش

بنا به این ملاحظات

بنا به این اصل

بنا به این شواهد

بنا به این ماده قانونی

بنا به این تحلیل

بنا به این ضرورت

بنا به این ترتیب

Common Phrases

بنا به این که

— Due to the fact that; because.

بنا به این که او مریض بود، نیامد.

بنا به این موضوع

— According to this subject/matter.

بنا به این موضوع، تصمیم گرفتیم.

بنا به این شرایط

— Under these conditions; accordingly.

بنا به این شرایط، کار سخت است.

بنا به این گفته

— According to this statement.

بنا به این گفته، او راست می‌گوید.

بنا به این فرضیه

— Based on this hypothesis.

بنا به این فرضیه، جهان در حال انبساط است.

بنا به این منطق

— By this logic; accordingly.

بنا به این منطق، شما اشتباه می‌کنید.

بنا به این حساب

— Based on this calculation.

بنا به این حساب، سود ما زیاد است.

بنا به این تعریف

— According to this definition.

بنا به این تعریف، او یک قهرمان است.

بنا به این سند

— According to this document.

بنا به این سند، خانه متعلق به اوست.

بنا به این قاعده

— According to this rule.

بنا به این قاعده، بازی تمام است.

Often Confused With

بنا به این vs بنابراین

Nearly identical but 'بنابراین' is more common and functions as a single conjunction.

بنا به این vs بنا به این که

Requires a full clause after it, whereas 'بنا به این' refers to the previous sentence.

بنا به این vs بر این اساس

Means 'on this basis'; very similar but focuses on the 'basis' rather than the 'foundation'.

Idioms & Expressions

"خشت اول چون نهد معمار کج، تا ثریا می‌رود دیوار کج"

— If the foundation is crooked, the whole building will be crooked. (Related to the concept of 'Bana' as a foundation).

او از ابتدا اشتباه کرد؛ خشت اول چون نهد معمار کج...

Literary

"بنا کردن بر باد"

— To build on wind (to base something on nothing).

نظریه او بر باد بنا شده است.

Informal/Poetic

"بنای کار بر این است"

— The basis of the work is this; this is how we usually do things.

بنای کار ما بر صداقت است.

Formal

"بنا را بر این گذاشتن"

— To assume; to take as a starting point.

ما بنا را بر این گذاشتیم که شما می‌آیید.

Neutral

"از بن و بنا"

— From the very root or foundation; completely.

او سیستم را از بن و بنا تغییر داد.

Formal

"بنای یادبود"

— A memorial monument.

آن‌ها یک بنای یادبود ساختند.

General

"بنای مخالفت گذاشتن"

— To start opposing or disagreeing.

او از همان ابتدا بنای مخالفت گذاشت.

Neutral

"بنای دوستی ریختن"

— To lay the foundation of friendship.

آن‌ها بنای دوستی ریختند.

Poetic

"بنای خیر"

— A charitable foundation or act.

او همیشه در کارهای بنای خیر شرکت می‌کند.

Formal/Religious

"بنای چیزی را نهادن"

— To establish the foundation of something.

او بنای این شرکت را سی سال پیش نهاد.

Formal

Easily Confused

بنا به این vs بنا

Can mean a building or a person (mason).

'بنا' is a noun; 'بنا به این' is a phrase.

بنا در حال ساختن بنا است.

بنا به این vs بر این

Sounds similar to 'بنا بر این'.

'بر این' means 'on this'; 'بنا بر این' means 'therefore'.

کتاب بر این میز است.

بنا به این vs به این

Part of the phrase.

'به این' just means 'to this'.

به این نگاه کن.

بنا به این vs بی‌این

Sounds slightly similar.

Means 'without this'.

بی‌این نمی‌توانم.

بنا به این vs بنا به

Shortened version.

'بنا به' requires a noun after it (e.g., 'بنا به گفته').

بنا به گفته او...

Sentence Patterns

X است، بنا به این Y.

سرد است، بنا به این پالتو بپوش.

X بود؛ بنا به این، Y شد.

او مریض بود؛ بنا به این، نیامد.

X (Fact); بنا به این، Y (Action).

مدارک ناقص است؛ بنا به این، باید صبر کنید.

بنا به این (Source), Result.

بنا به این آمار، بیکاری کم شده است.

بنا به این که (Clause), Result.

بنا به این که وقت نداریم، باید سریع تصمیم بگیریم.

بنا به این (Abstract Concept), Conclusion.

بنا به این ضرورت اخلاقی، ما باید کمک کنیم.

X; بنا به این، Y (Synthesized Result).

جهان پیچیده است؛ بنا به این، راهکار ساده وجود ندارد.

بنا به این (Legal/Formal Document), Y.

بنا به این قرارداد، شما مسئول هستید.

Word Family

Nouns

بنا (Building/Foundation)

بنیان (Base)

بنیاد (Foundation)

ابنیه (Buildings - Plural)

Verbs

بنا کردن (To build/establish)

بنیان نهادن (To found)

Adjectives

بنیادی (Fundamental)

مبنایی (Basic)

ساختمان

پایه

اساس

دلیل

علت

How to Use It

frequency

High in written/formal Persian; Low in spoken/daily Persian.

Common Mistakes

Using it in a casual conversation with family. → Using 'پس' or 'برای همین'.
It sounds too stiff and robotic for informal settings.
Forgetting the 'که' when followed by a clause. → بنا به این که او نیامد...
'بنا به این' refers to what was said before; 'بنا به این که' introduces what is said next.
Misspelling 'بنا' as 'بناء'. → بنا به این
In modern Persian, the hamza at the end of 'Bana' is usually dropped unless it's very formal Arabic style.
Using it without a preceding reason. → State the reason first, then use 'بنا به این'.
The phrase contains 'این' (this), which must refer to something already mentioned.
Confusing it with 'به نام'. → بنا به این
'به نام' means 'in the name of', which is completely different.

Tips

Check your Punctuation

Always use a comma after 'بنا به این' when it acts as an introductory phrase in a clause. This helps the reader identify the logical transition immediately.

Avoid Repetition

If you have already used 'بنابراین' in your essay, switch to 'بنا به این' or 'بر این اساس' to show a wider vocabulary and keep the reader engaged.

Use in Business

When writing a formal report at work, use 'بنا به این آمار' to sound professional and objective. It shows your conclusions are based on data.

Formal Presentations

In a speech, emphasize 'بنا به این' to signal to your audience that you are reaching your main point or conclusion.

Identify the 'This'

When you see 'بنا به این' in a text, quickly look back at the previous sentence to find exactly what 'این' (this) refers to. It will help you understand the logic.

Root Word

Remember that 'Bana' means building. This will help you remember that the phrase is 'building' a result on a 'foundation' of reason.

Dress Code for Words

Think of 'بنا به این' as a suit. Use it for interviews, exams, and formal letters, but not for a casual hang-out.

News Cues

News anchors use this phrase to transition from a story's facts to the government's reaction. It's a key word for understanding Iranian media.

Persuasive Writing

Use this phrase to lead your reader to an inevitable conclusion. It makes your argument feel more structured and harder to disagree with.

English Equivalents

Don't just translate it as 'so'. Use 'accordingly', 'consequently', or 'hence' to capture the formal weight of the Persian phrase.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of a 'Bana' (Building). You are 'be' (to) 'in' (this) building. To get to the next floor (the result), you must stand on the current floor (the reason).

Visual Association

Imagine a brick wall. The first layer of bricks is the reason. The second layer is 'بنا به این'. The third layer is the result.

Word Web

Structure Logic Foundation Result Formal Reason Therefore Hence

Challenge

Try to write three formal sentences about your career goals using 'بنا به این' to connect your skills to your future success.

Word Origin

The word 'Bana' (بنا) comes from the Arabic root 'B-N-Y' (بني), which means to build, construct, or establish. It entered Persian through Islamic influence and became a core part of the vocabulary for architecture and logic.

Original meaning: A physical building or structure.

Semitic root (Arabic) integrated into Indo-European (Persian).

Cultural Context

It is a neutral, formal phrase. No specific sensitivities.

English speakers often use 'so' for everything. 'بنا به این' is more like 'accordingly' or 'hence' in a legal contract.

Used frequently in the Iranian Constitution (قانون اساسی). Common in the speeches of Mohammad Ali Foroughi. Found in modern academic critiques of Persian literature.

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Legal Verdicts

بنا به این حکم
بنا به این ماده
بنا به این شواهد
بنا به این اعتراف

News Reporting

بنا به این گزارش
بنا به این منبع
بنا به این خبر
بنا به این آمار

Academic Writing

بنا به این تحلیل
بنا به این نظریه
بنا به این یافته‌ها
بنا به این استدلال

Business Memos

بنا به این تصمیم
بنا به این بودجه
بنا به این استراتژی
بنا به این تغییرات

Medical Reports

بنا به این آزمایش
بنا به این علائم
بنا به این تشخیص
بنا به این دارو

Conversation Starters

"بنا به این گزارش‌های جدید، نظر شما در مورد اقتصاد چیست؟"

"بنا به این شواهد، فکر می‌کنید چه کسی مقصر است؟"

"بنا به این تغییرات در شرکت، آیا شما نگران هستید؟"

"بنا به این قانون جدید، ما چه کارهایی باید انجام دهیم؟"

"بنا به این تحلیل علمی، آینده محیط زیست را چگونه می‌بینید؟"

Journal Prompts

بنا به این تجربیاتی که در سال گذشته داشتم، تصمیم گرفتم که...

بنا به این واقعیت که دنیا در حال تغییر است، من فکر می‌کنم...

بنا به این دلایلی که برای مهاجرت دارم، احساس می‌کنم...

بنا به این اهدافی که برای زندگی‌ام تعیین کرده‌ام، باید...

بنا به این کتابی که اخیراً خواندم، دیدگاه من نسبت به زندگی...

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

Yes, they are very similar, but 'بنا به این' is slightly more formal and emphasizes the specific 'this' (این) that serves as the foundation for the conclusion. In most cases, you can use them interchangeably in formal writing.

No, it would sound very strange and overly formal. Use 'پس' or 'برای همین' instead when talking to friends.

It is very common to use a semicolon before it if it is connecting two independent clauses within one sentence. If it starts a new sentence, a period is used.

They are essentially the same. 'به' and 'بر' are prepositions. 'بنا بر این' is more traditional and often written as one word 'بنابراین', while 'بنا به این' is more common in modern administrative Persian.

Yes, you can start a sentence with it to connect it to the previous sentence. For example: 'هوا سرد است. بنا به این، ما بیرون نمی‌رویم.'

The word 'Bana' is Arabic, but the construction 'Bana be in' is a Persian grammatical structure using that Arabic loanword.

It is pronounced 'Ba-na-be-in'. Make sure to keep the 'a' in 'Bana' short and clear, and the 'be' should be a quick 'e' sound.

No, it is a Persian construction. However, the root word 'Bana' (to build) appears frequently in the Quran in different forms.

It is considered B2 (Upper Intermediate) because it belongs to the formal/academic register of the language.

Yes, but that changes the grammar. 'بنا به این که' means 'due to the fact that' and must be followed by a full clause (subject and verb).