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A2 determiner 12 min read

जितना

jitna
Examples
Explanation जितना in your Level:
At the A1 level, you should think of जितना (jitnā) as a way to say 'as much as.' Even though it is considered an A2 word, you will see it in very simple phrases like 'jitnā pānī' (as much water). At this stage, just focus on the idea that it describes an amount. You don't need to worry about complex grammar yet. Just remember that if you are talking about 'money' (paisa), you say 'jitnā paisa.' If you are talking about 'sugar' (chīnī), you say 'जितनी चीनी' (jitnī chīnī). It’s like a measuring cup in word form. You use it when you want to tell someone to take some of something, but you don't have a specific number in mind. It's a very helpful word for being polite when offering food or drinks. You might hear 'जितना चाहिए' (jitnā chāhiye), which means 'as much as needed.' Try to notice it when people are talking about things you can't easily count, like love, water, or time. It is the first step in learning how to compare things in Hindi. Without this word, it's hard to explain that two things are equal in size or amount. So, at A1, just see it as a 'quantity linker.'
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At the A2 level, you begin to use जितना (jitnā) in full sentences, especially with its partner word उतना (utnā). This is the 'relative-correlative' structure. You should learn that jitnā starts the description, and utnā finishes it. For example: 'जितना खाओगे, उतना बढ़ोगे' (As much as you eat, that much you will grow). You also need to be very careful with gender agreement now. Masculine singular is jitnā, feminine is jitnī, and masculine plural is jitne. You will use this word to describe your daily routine, like how much time you spend studying or how many friends you have. It's also very useful for shopping. You can ask for 'जितने सेब' (as many apples) as are in a bag. At this level, you are moving beyond just naming things to describing the relationship between them. You will also start to see it in common phrases like 'जितना जल्दी हो सके' (as quickly as possible). This is a key word for making your Hindi sound more natural and less like a list of simple facts. It allows you to express proportions, which is a big part of everyday conversation.
By the B1 level, you should be comfortable using जितना (jitnā) to express more abstract concepts and complex comparisons. You will use it to talk about emotions, efforts, and hypothetical situations. For example, 'जितनी मेहनत उसने की, उतनी किसी ने नहीं की' (As much hard work as he did, nobody else did). You should also understand how to use it in the 'The more... the more...' construction. This is very common in B1 level discussions about self-improvement, work, and social issues. You'll notice that jitnā can also be used to mean 'to the extent that.' You might say, 'जितना मुझे पता है...' (As far as I know...). This is a vital phrase for expressing your opinion while acknowledging that you might not know everything. You should also be able to use the plural form जितने (jitne) with countable nouns in more complex settings, such as 'जितने भी लोग वहाँ थे...' (As many people as were there...). At B1, you are expected to not make mistakes with gender agreement (jitnā/jitnī/jitne) and to use the correlative utnā consistently to create balanced, sophisticated sentences. This word becomes a tool for logic and reasoning in your speech.
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At the B2 level, जितना (jitnā) is used with nuance and in idiomatic expressions. You will encounter it in literature and formal news reports where the comparison might be quite long and separated by other clauses. You should understand how jitnā can be used to set boundaries or define the scope of an argument. For example, 'जितना यह सच है कि... उतना ही यह भी सच है कि...' (As much as it is true that... it is equally true that...). This is a high-level way of balancing two different points of view. You will also see it used in literature to create vivid imagery or to express philosophical limits. You should be able to switch between jitnā and more formal synonyms like 'जिस मात्रा में' depending on the context. Your understanding of the word should extend to its use in sarcasm or emphasis. For example, 'जितना तुम जानते हो, उतना तो कोई बच्चा भी जानता है' (As much as you know, even a child knows that much). At this stage, jitnā is not just a vocabulary word; it's a structural element that you use to build persuasive and nuanced arguments in both speaking and writing. You should also be aware of its role in complex conditional sentences.
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At the C1 level, your use of जितना (jitnā) should be flawless and highly contextual. You will use it to handle subtle distinctions in meaning and to structure formal academic or professional discourse. You might use it to discuss proportional relationships in economics or sociology, such as 'जितना निवेश बढ़ेगा, उतनी ही अर्थव्यवस्था मजबूत होगी' (The more investment increases, the stronger the economy will become). You should also be familiar with its use in classical Hindi poetry and older texts, where the grammar might be slightly different but the core meaning remains. At this level, you can use jitnā to create rhetorical effects, using repetition or specific placements to emphasize a point. You should also understand the subtle difference between jitnā and its variants in different Hindi dialects, even if you only use the standard form yourself. Your mastery of the word allows you to express the finest shades of 'degree' and 'extent,' making your communication precise and sophisticated. You can use it to qualify your statements with extreme precision, such as 'जितना संभव हो सके, उतने ही संसाधनों का उपयोग करें' (Use only as many resources as is absolutely possible).
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At the C2 level, you have a near-native grasp of जितना (jitnā). You can use it in any register, from the most casual slang to the most formal legal or philosophical text. You understand its deep history and its relationship with Sanskrit roots. You can use it to play with language, perhaps using it in puns or complex wordplay. You are fully comfortable with how jitnā functions in the most complex sentence structures, including those with multiple nested clauses. You can identify and use archaic or highly regional forms of the word for stylistic effect. In a professional setting, you can use it to draft documents where the exact 'extent' of a right or obligation must be defined. You also have an intuitive sense of when to omit the correlative utnā for stylistic brevity without losing grammatical clarity, a skill that only very advanced learners and native speakers possess. Jitnā is now an invisible but essential part of your linguistic toolkit, allowing you to express the infinite variations of quantity and quality in the human experience with total confidence and precision.
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Examples

The Hindi word जितना (jitnā) is a fundamental relative determiner and adjective that translates most commonly to 'as much as' or 'as many as' in English. It is the cornerstone of comparative logic in the Hindi language, allowing speakers to establish a relationship between two quantities, qualities, or volumes. Unlike English, which often uses a single word for different contexts, Hindi speakers must be mindful that jitnā is gender and number sensitive. It changes to jitnī for feminine nouns and jitne for masculine plural nouns. This word is not just about counting; it is about establishing a limit or a standard based on something else. When you use jitnā, you are setting up a scale. It is almost always paired with its correlative partner, utnā (that much), to complete the thought, though in casual conversation, the second half is sometimes implied.

Quantity Comparison
Used to compare the amount of a substance, such as water, love, or effort. For example, 'Drink as much water as you need.'

तुम्हें जितना खाना चाहिए, उतना खाओ। (Eat as much as you want/need.)

In daily life, you will encounter this word in almost every interaction involving measurement or preference. Whether you are at a grocery store (asking for as many apples as are ripe) or in a professional setting (discussing as much progress as has been made), jitnā provides the necessary linguistic bridge. It is also deeply embedded in Hindi proverbs and philosophical outlooks, often used to describe the balance of karma or the limits of human capability. For instance, the famous saying 'Jitnī lambī chādar, utne pair phailāo' (Stretch your legs only as much as your blanket allows) uses the feminine form jitnī to match 'chādar' (blanket) and the plural jitne to match 'pair' (feet), teaching the value of living within one's means.

Intensity and Degree
It is used to describe the degree of an emotion or action. 'He is as smart as he is kind.'

मेरे पास जितना समय है, मैं उसका उपयोग करूँगा। (I will use as much time as I have.)

Furthermore, jitnā is essential for expressing equality. When you say someone is 'as tall as' someone else, or 'as fast as' a car, you are using the logic of jitnā. It transforms a simple statement of fact into a dynamic comparison. In modern Hindi, especially in urban areas, you might hear it used in conjunction with English words, such as 'जितना possible हो' (as much as is possible), showing its versatility in code-switching. Understanding this word is a major step toward reaching the A2 and B1 levels of Hindi proficiency because it moves the learner from simple sentences to complex, relative clauses.

Relative Clauses
It acts as a relative pronoun/adjective that introduces a subordinate clause, which is then completed by a main clause starting with 'utnā'.

वहाँ जितने लोग थे, सब खुश थे। (As many people as were there, everyone was happy.)

आप जितनी मेहनत करेंगे, उतना ही फल मिलेगा। (The more effort you put in, the more results you will get.)

Mastering जितना (jitnā) requires an understanding of its grammatical agreement and its relationship with the correlative utnā. In Hindi, relative and correlative pairs are the standard way to build comparative sentences. Think of it as a 'see-saw' where jitnā sits on one side and utnā sits on the other. If you increase the weight on the jitnā side, the utnā side responds accordingly. The basic structure is: [Jitnā + Noun/Action] ... [Utnā + Result/Noun].

Masculine Singular Agreement
Use 'jitnā' with masculine singular nouns like 'paisa' (money), 'pānī' (water), or 'dūdh' (milk).

ग्लास में जितना पानी है, पी लो। (Drink as much water as is in the glass.)

When dealing with feminine nouns, the word changes its ending to 'ī'. This is non-negotiable in standard Hindi. If you are talking about 'shakti' (power), 'mehnat' (hard work), or 'chīnī' (sugar - which is feminine in Hindi), you must use jitnī. Failure to do so is one of the most common mistakes for English speakers, as 'as much as' does not change in English. For plural masculine nouns like 'log' (people), 'phal' (fruits), or 'din' (days), the form becomes jitne.

Feminine Agreement
Use 'jitnī' for feminine nouns. Example: 'Jitnī jaldi ho sake' (As quickly as possible).

तुम्हें जितनी मदद चाहिए, माँग लो। (Ask for as much help as you need.)

Another crucial aspect is the position of jitnā. It usually precedes the noun it modifies. However, in more poetic or emphatic speech, it can follow the noun, though this is rare in daily conversation. When using it to compare two different things, the structure remains consistent. For example, 'I have as much money as you have' becomes 'Mere paas utnā paisa hai jitnā tumhāre paas'. Notice how the 'utnā' can come first in some sentence structures, but the 'jitnā' always introduces the reference point.

Masculine Plural Agreement
Use 'jitne' for countable masculine plural items. Example: 'Jitne log, utnī bātein' (As many people, as many opinions/talks).

वहाँ जितने बच्चे थे, सब खेल रहे थे। (As many children as were there, all were playing.)

Finally, consider the use of jitnā in negative sentences. 'I don't have as much as you' would be 'Mere paas utnā nahīñ hai jitnā tumhāre paas'. The word jitnā remains the anchor for the comparison. It is also used frequently in 'The more... the more' constructions. 'Jitnā paṛhoge, utnā sīkhoge' (The more you read, the more you will learn). This shows that jitnā isn't just about static amounts, but also about proportional growth and change.

जितना हो सके, उतनी कोशिश करो। (Try as much as possible.)

If you walk through a bustling market in Delhi or Mumbai, जितना (jitnā) will be one of the most frequent words hitting your ears. Shopkeepers and customers use it constantly during negotiations. 'Bhaiya, jitnā thīk lage utnā de do' (Brother, give as much as feels right/fair) is a common refrain in street bargaining. It is a word of negotiation, balance, and boundary-setting. In the kitchen, an Indian mother might tell her child, 'Jitnī bhūkh ho, utnā hī lenā' (Take only as much as you are hungry for), emphasizing the cultural value of not wasting food.

In the Marketplace
Used to specify quantities of produce or to negotiate prices based on volume.

आपको जितना किलो चाहिए, बता दीजिये। (Tell me how many kilos you need.)

In Bollywood movies and Hindi songs, jitnā is used to express the boundlessness of love or the depth of sorrow. Lyrics like 'Jitnā rādhā roī... ' (As much as Radha cried...) or 'Jitnā mard ko dard nahīñ hotā' (As much as a man doesn't feel pain - a famous trope) use the word to create emotional scales. It is a tool for hyperbole and poetic comparison. When you hear it in music, it often sets the stage for a dramatic contrast in the next line of the song.

In Cinema and Music
Used to quantify abstract emotions like love, pain, or longing in a poetic manner.

मैं आपसे जितना प्यार करता हूँ, कह नहीं सकता। (I cannot say how much I love you.)

In news broadcasts and political speeches, jitnā is used to discuss statistics and comparisons. A news anchor might say, 'Jitnī bárish pichle sāl huī thī, usse kahīñ zyādā is sāl huī' (This year it rained much more than it did last year). Here, it serves as a precise tool for comparative reporting. Even in the tech-savvy corridors of Bangalore, you'll hear developers say, 'Jitnā bandwidth available hai...' (As much bandwidth as is available...), showing how this ancient word seamlessly integrates with modern concepts.

In News and Data
Used to compare year-over-year data, growth rates, and geographical statistics.

शहर में जितने भी अस्पताल हैं, सब भरे हुए हैं। (As many hospitals as there are in the city, all are full.)

For learners of Hindi, the most frequent pitfall when using जितना (jitnā) is failing to match its gender and number with the noun it modifies. English speakers are conditioned to use a static 'as much as' or 'as many as', so the transition to a variable word is difficult. Many students use 'jitnā' for everything, but saying 'jitnā rotī' instead of 'jitnī rotī' sounds jarring to a native speaker. Remember: Hindi nouns have gender, and your determiners must respect that.

Gender Mismatch
Using the masculine 'jitnā' for feminine nouns like 'shakti' (power) or 'bhasha' (language).

Incorrect: जितना चीनी चाहिए? (Incorrect gender for 'sugar')

Correct: जितनी चीनी चाहिए? (Sugar is feminine in Hindi)

Another common error is forgetting the correlative utnā. While in English we can say 'I'll eat as much as I want,' in Hindi, the structure usually requires 'I will eat [utnā] as much as [jitnā] I want.' Skipping the 'utnā' can sometimes make the sentence feel incomplete or grammatically 'naked.' While colloquial speech allows for some dropping of correlatives, as a learner, you should aim to use the full pair to ensure clarity and grammatical correctness.

Dropping the Correlative
Leaving out 'utnā' or 'utnī' in complex comparative sentences, which can lead to confusion about the main clause.

Incorrect: जितना काम किया, थक गया। (Lacks the correlative balance)

Correct: जितना काम किया, उतना थक गया। (As much as I worked, that much I got tired.)

Learners also often confuse jitnā with kitnā (how much). Remember that kitnā is for questions, while jitnā is for relative statements. You use kitnā when you don't know the answer, and jitnā when you are using one amount to define another. Mixing these up will turn your statement into a question or vice versa. For example, 'Kitnā pānī hai?' is 'How much water is there?', but 'Jitnā pānī hai...' is 'The amount of water that is there...'

Relative vs. Interrogative
Confusing 'jitnā' (relative) with 'kitnā' (question word).

Incorrect: मुझे पता नहीं कि कितना खाना बचा है। (Wait, this is actually okay, but using 'jitnā' here changes the meaning to 'the amount that is left'.)

To truly understand जितना (jitnā), it is helpful to look at its linguistic cousins. In Hindi, there is a whole family of words based on the 'relative-correlative-interrogative-demonstrative' pattern. These include itnā (this much), utnā (that much), kitnā (how much), and jitnā (as much as). Understanding how these interact allows you to navigate quantities with precision.

Jitnā vs. Kitnā
'Jitnā' is relative (as much as), while 'Kitnā' is interrogative (how much?). Example: 'Jitnā chāho' (As much as you want) vs. 'Kitnā chāhiye?' (How much do you need?).
Jitnā vs. Itnā
'Itnā' refers to a quantity being pointed at or currently discussed (this much). Example: 'Itnā kām mat karo' (Don't do this much work).

Sometimes, you might want to use a more formal or specific alternative to jitnā. In formal Hindi or Sanskritized contexts, you might see words like 'yathā' (as, according to). For instance, 'yathāshakti' means 'according to one's power/ability,' which is a more compact way of saying 'jitnī shakti ho.' However, in 99% of daily conversations, jitnā is the preferred and most natural choice.

जितना vs. जैसा: जितना refers to quantity/amount, while 'जैसा' (jaisā) refers to quality/manner. Don't use 'jitnā' when you mean 'like' or 'as' in terms of style.

Another word often confused with jitnā is kaī (several) or bahut (many/much). While bahut just means 'a lot,' jitnā specifically links that 'lot' to a condition. 'Bahut pānī' is just 'a lot of water,' but 'Jitnā pānī' is 'the amount of water that...'. This distinction is vital for logical sentence construction. If you want to say 'He has a lot of money,' you use 'bahut.' If you want to say 'He has as much money as the King,' you must use jitnā.

Jitnā vs. Bahut
'Bahut' is an absolute quantity (much/many). 'Jitnā' is a relative quantity (as much as).

मेरे पास जितना ज्ञान है, मैं बाँटूँगा। (Whatever amount of knowledge I have, I will share.)

In summary, while there are formal alternatives like 'yathā' or 'jis mātrā meñ' (in the quantity that), jitnā remains the most versatile and essential word for expressing relative quantity in Hindi. By comparing it with 'kitnā', 'itnā', and 'utnā', you can see the logical grid of the Hindi language and how it organizes the world into relative and absolute measures.

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Examples by Level

1

जितना पानी चाहिए?

As much water needed?

'Jitnā' agrees with 'pānī' (masculine singular).

2

जितनी चीनी?

As much sugar?

'Jitnī' agrees with 'chīnī' (feminine).

3

जितने लोग यहाँ हैं।

As many people as are here.

'Jitne' agrees with 'log' (masculine plural).

4

जितना काम है, करो।

Do as much work as there is.

'Jitnā' modifies 'kām' (masculine singular).

5

जितनी जल्दी हो सके।

As quickly as possible.

'Jitnī' is used with 'jaldī' (feminine).

6

जितने पैसे हैं, दे दो।

Give as much money as you have.

'Paisa' is often used in plural 'paise' in Hindi.

7

जितना बड़ा घर।

As big a house.

'Jitnā' modifies the adjective 'baṛā'.

8

जितना दूध पी लो।

Drink as much milk.

'Dūdh' is masculine singular.

1

जितना तुम खाओगे, उतना मैं भी खाऊँगा।

As much as you eat, I will also eat that much.

Classic 'Jitnā... Utnā' correlative structure.

2

जितनी मेहनत करोगे, उतने अच्छे अंक आएँगे।

The more hard work you do, the better marks you will get.

'Jitnī' matches 'mehnat' (fem), 'utne' matches 'ank' (masc plural).

3

जितने फल चाहिए, ले लो।

Take as many fruits as you want.

'Jitne' matches 'phal' (masculine plural).

4

जितना समय तुम्हारे पास है, उतना मेरे पास नहीं।

I don't have as much time as you have.

Comparison of 'samay' (masculine singular).

5

जितनी दूर तुम जाओगे, उतनी दूर मैं भी।

As far as you go, I will go too.

'Dūr' (distance) is feminine in this context.

6

जितना बड़ा शहर, उतनी ज़्यादा भीड़।

The bigger the city, the more the crowd.

Proportional comparison.

7

जितने कपड़े धोने हैं, यहाँ रख दो।

Put as many clothes as need washing here.

'Kapṛe' is masculine plural.

8

जितनी ठंडी चाय है, उतनी मुझे पसंद नहीं।

I don't like tea as cold as this is.

Comparison of quality/state.

1

जितना मुझे पता है, वह कल नहीं आएगा।

As far as I know, he won't come tomorrow.

Idiomatic use to express limited knowledge.

2

जितनी जल्दी तुम काम खत्म करोगे, उतनी जल्दी घर जाओगे।

The sooner you finish the work, the sooner you'll go home.

Using 'jitnī' with 'jaldī' for time-based comparison.

3

जितने भी लोग वहाँ थे, सब हैरान रह गए।

As many people as were there, everyone was surprised.

Use of 'bhi' for emphasis ('जितने भी').

4

जितना ज़्यादा तुम पढ़ोगे, उतना ही तुम सीखोगे।

The more you read, the more you will learn.

Proportional growth using 'jitnā... utnā'.

5

जितनी खुशी मुझे आज है, उतनी पहले कभी नहीं हुई।

I have never been as happy as I am today.

Comparing current emotion with past states.

6

जितना पैसा उसने कमाया, उतना उसने दान भी किया।

As much money as he earned, he also donated that much.

Balanced sentence structure.

7

जितने सवाल तुम्हारे मन में हैं, पूछ लो।

Ask as many questions as you have in your mind.

'Sawāl' is masculine plural.

8

जितनी अच्छी यह फिल्म है, उतनी वह नहीं थी।

That film wasn't as good as this one is.

Comparative quality of feminine 'film'.

1

जितना गहरा समुद्र है, उतने ही गहरे उसके राज़ हैं।

As deep as the sea is, just as deep are its secrets.

Poetic comparison of depth.

2

जितनी तेज़ी से तकनीक बदल रही है, उतनी तेज़ी से हम नहीं।

We are not changing as fast as technology is.

Comparing rates of change.

3

जितने संसाधन हमारे पास हैं, हमें उनका सही उपयोग करना चाहिए।

Whatever resources we have, we should use them correctly.

'Sansādhan' is masculine plural.

4

जितनी मुश्किल यह समस्या दिखती है, उतनी है नहीं।

This problem is not as difficult as it looks.

Contrasting appearance vs. reality.

5

जितना संभव हो सके, प्रदूषण को कम करें।

Reduce pollution as much as possible.

Standard phrase for possibility.

6

जितने अवसर उसे मिले, उसने सबका फायदा उठाया।

As many opportunities as he got, he took advantage of them all.

'Avasar' is masculine plural.

7

जितनी सादगी उनके जीवन में है, उतनी ही उनके विचारों में भी।

As much simplicity as there is in their life, there is in their thoughts too.

Abstract comparison of qualities.

8

जितना समय आप अभ्यास में बिताएंगे, उतने ही आप कुशल बनेंगे।

The more time you spend in practice, the more skilled you will become.

Proportional skill development.

1

जितना यह सिद्धांत वैज्ञानिक है, उतना ही यह दार्शनिक भी है।

As much as this theory is scientific, it is equally philosophical.

High-level academic comparison.

2

जितनी व्यापक उनकी पहुँच है, उतने ही गहरे उनके प्रभाव हैं।

As broad as their reach is, just as deep are their influences.

Formal analysis of influence.

3

जितने भी तर्क दिए गए, उनमें से कोई भी पर्याप्त नहीं था।

Of all the arguments that were given, none were sufficient.

Use of 'जितने भी' to encompass a whole set.

4

जितना अधिक हम ब्रह्मांड के बारे में जानते हैं, उतना ही हम अपनी अज्ञानता को समझते हैं।

The more we know about the universe, the more we understand our ignorance.

Philosophical proportional paradox.

5

जितनी जटिल यह कानूनी प्रक्रिया है, उतनी ही यह आवश्यक भी है।

As complex as this legal process is, it is equally necessary.

Formal justification using comparison.

6

जितने भी ऐतिहासिक साक्ष्य मिले हैं, वे इस बात की पुष्टि करते हैं।

Whatever historical evidence has been found confirms this fact.

Academic use for evidence.

7

जितनी गहराई से आप विषय का अध्ययन करेंगे, उतने ही नए आयाम खुलेंगे।

The more deeply you study the subject, the more new dimensions will open up.

Advanced metaphor for learning.

8

जितना सम्मान उन्हें मिला, वे उसके पूर्णतः पात्र थे।

They were fully deserving of as much respect as they received.

Formal statement of merit.

1

जितना यह सत्य निर्विवाद है, उतना ही इसका कार्यान्वयन चुनौतीपूर्ण।

As much as this truth is indisputable, its implementation is equally challenging.

Omission of 'hai' (is) for high-level rhetorical style.

2

जितनी सूक्ष्मता से उन्होंने विश्लेषण किया, वह अकल्पनीय है।

The precision with which they analyzed is unimaginable.

Using 'jitnī' to quantify the quality of an action.

3

जितने भी संभव विकल्प हो सकते थे, उन पर विचार किया जा चुका है।

All possible options that could have existed have already been considered.

Complex passive structure with 'jitne bhi'.

4

जितना बड़ा त्याग, उतना ही महान उसका फल।

The greater the sacrifice, the greater its fruit/result.

Aphoristic style using parallel comparative structures.

5

जितनी प्रखर उनकी बुद्धि थी, उतनी ही विनम्र उनकी वाणी।

As sharp as their intellect was, just as humble was their speech.

Classical literary balance.

6

जितना भी प्रयास किया जाए, कुछ घाव कभी नहीं भरते।

No matter how much effort is made, some wounds never heal.

Using 'jitnā bhi' for 'no matter how much'.

7

जितने भी चराचर जगत के प्राणी हैं, सब एक ही सूत्र से जुड़े हैं।

As many beings as there are in the animate and inanimate world, all are connected by one thread.

High philosophical/Sanskritized Hindi.

8

जितनी भी बाधाएं आएं, हमारा संकल्प नहीं डिगेगा।

No matter how many obstacles come, our resolve will not waver.

Using 'jitnī bhi' for resilience.

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