Saying 'And' & 'With' (Casual)
하고 attached directly to a noun to mean 'and' or 'with' in spoken conversation.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use -하고 or -랑/이랑 to connect nouns or express 'with' in casual Korean conversation.
- Use -하고 for a neutral 'and' between nouns: 사과하고 배 (apples and pears).
- Use -랑 after vowels and -이랑 after consonants for 'with' or 'and': 친구랑 (with a friend).
- These particles are primarily for connecting nouns, not full sentences.
Overview
The Korean particle 하고 (hago) is a fundamental connector for nouns, functioning primarily as "and" or indicating accompaniment, meaning "with." For learners at the A1 CEFR level, mastering 하고 is crucial because it allows you to combine items, people, or concepts into coherent phrases. Unlike English conjunctions that stand alone, 하고 attaches directly to the preceding noun, forming a single grammatical unit. This agglutinative characteristic is central to Korean grammar.
Its versatility and straightforward application make it one of the most frequently encountered particles in spoken Korean, enabling you to list items, describe interactions, and connect various elements within your communication effectively. 하고 introduces a nuanced casualness appropriate for most daily interactions, positioning it as a practical choice for beginner learners seeking to form natural and fluent sentences. It acts as a cornerstone for expressing relationships between nouns right from the start of your language journey.
How This Grammar Works
하고 functions by establishing a conjunctive or associative relationship between two or more nouns. When it serves as "and," it implies that the listed nouns are considered together or as a combined entity. For instance, in 커피하고 빵 (keopi hago ppang), "coffee" and "bread" are presented as a single conceptual unit.하고 signifies "with," it denotes that the action of the verb is performed in the company of the noun it attaches to. For example, 친구하고 공부했어요 (chingu hago gongbu haesseoyo) clearly states "I studied with a friend." The particle itself carries no independent meaning; rather, it modifies the semantic link between the nouns it connects and the subsequent action or context.하고 is derived from the verb 하다 (hada, to do) combined with the connective ending -고. In its most literal sense, it once conveyed something akin to "doing and" or "saying and." However, in modern Korean grammar, 하고 has undergone grammaticalization, evolving into a distinct noun-connecting particle. For A1 learners, it is essential to treat 하고 as a standalone particle with its own function, separate from the conjugations of 하다.Formation Pattern
하고 is remarkably straightforward, offering a welcome simplicity for beginner learners. The particle 하고 attaches directly to a noun without any phonetic changes or considerations for whether the noun ends in a vowel or a consonant (i.e., whether it has a batchim). This consistency is a significant advantage, as it eliminates the need to memorize multiple forms, which is common with other Korean particles.
사과 (sagwa) | + | 하고 | 사과하고 | sagwa-hago | Apple and / With apple |
책 (chaek) | + | 하고 | 책하고 | chaek-hago | Book and / With book |
하고. The particle becomes an integral part of the word it modifies, reflecting a fundamental characteristic of Korean agglutinative grammar. For example, to say "juice and milk," you would combine 주스 (juseu) with 하고 and then 우유 (uyu) to get 주스하고 우유 (juseu hago uyu). Similarly, "Mom and Dad" is expressed as 엄마하고 아빠 (eomma hago appa), attaching 하고 directly to 엄마.
When To Use It
하고 is highly versatile and predominantly used in spoken Korean to connect two or more nouns or to indicate that an action is performed "with" someone. Its inherent level of formality makes it suitable for a broad range of everyday interactions, occupying a middle ground between the highly formal 와/과 and the extremely casual (이)랑.하고 to list items, concepts, or entities together. This is its most frequent application for beginners, allowing you to combine simple words into meaningful phrases.- Listing Inanimate Objects: This is common in shopping, ordering, or generally describing possessions.
저는 연필하고 지우개가 필요해요.(jeoneun yeonpil-hago jiugae-ga piryohaeyo.)- "I need a pencil and an eraser." (Casual polite
해체) 김치찌개하고 밥을 주문했습니다.(kimchijjigae-hago bab-eul jumunhaesseumnida.)- "I ordered Kimchi stew and rice." (Formal polite
합니다체) - Combining People/Groups: You can also connect multiple individuals or groups.
선생님하고 학생이 교실에 있어요.(seonsaengnim-hago haksaeng-i gyosil-e isseoyo.)- "The teacher and the student are in the classroom."
하고 is attached to a person-noun, it signifies that the person is accompanying you or is involved in an action alongside you. This usage is common in social and interactive contexts.- With a Companion: This implies a shared activity or presence.
주말에 친구하고 영화 봤어요.(jumal-e chingu-hago yeonghwa bwasseoyo.)- "I watched a movie with a friend on the weekend." (Casual polite
해체) 교수님하고 점심을 먹었습니다.(gyosunim-hago jeomsim-eul meogeosseumnida.)- "I ate lunch with the professor." (Formal polite
합니다체) - You'll often hear
같이(gachi), meaning "together," added for emphasis in these situations, although하고alone already implies accompaniment. For example,동생하고 같이 쇼핑했어요.(dongsaeng-hago gachi syoping-haesseoyo.) means "I went shopping together with my younger sibling."
하고 is a staple of everyday spoken Korean. It is generally appropriate for conversations with colleagues, acquaintances, and even some family members, unless a stricter formality (like 와/과) or extreme casualness ((이)랑) is explicitly required. It is polite enough for most general interactions while remaining natural and conversational.하고 as your default, safe choice when unsure, especially in most spoken contexts. It is rarely considered impolite or overly informal in casual or semi-formal settings.When Not To Use It
하고 is a versatile particle for connecting nouns and indicating accompaniment, its application is strictly limited to nouns. A common pitfall for beginner learners is attempting to extend its use beyond this grammatical boundary, leading to unnatural and incorrect Korean sentences. Understanding these limitations is as crucial as knowing when to use it.하고 cannot be used to link two verbs or two adjectives. Korean uses entirely different grammatical structures for connecting predicates (verbs and adjectives).- Incorrect:
저는 밥을 먹고하고 잤어요.(jeoneun bab-eul meokgohago jasseoyo.) - (Intended: "I ate rice and slept." – Incorrect use of
하고) - Correct (using the verb connector
-고):저는 밥을 먹고 잤어요.(jeoneun bab-eul meokgo jasseoyo.) - "I ate rice and slept."
하고 cannot connect descriptive states:- Incorrect:
날씨가 좋고하고 따뜻해요.(nalssiga johgohago ttatteuthaeyo.) - (Intended: "The weather is good and warm." – Incorrect use of
하고) - Correct (using the adjective connector
-고):날씨가 좋고 따뜻해요.(nalssiga johgo ttatteuthaeyo.) - "The weather is good and warm."
하고 is a word-level connector, not a sentence-level conjunction. To link two separate sentences or clauses, you must use a conjunction like 그리고 (geurigo, and then/and) or other sentence connectors. 하고 operates strictly within the confines of a single clause or phrase, joining nouns together.- Incorrect:
저는 학생이에요 하고 공부해요.(jeoneun haksaeng-ieyo hago gongbuhaeyo.) - (Intended: "I am a student and I study." – Incorrect)
- Correct (using
그리고):저는 학생이에요. 그리고 공부해요.(jeoneun haksaeng-ieyo. geurigo gongbuhaeyo.) - "I am a student. And then I study." (Or: "I am a student, and I study.")
하고 is suitable for most spoken scenarios, it generally sounds too informal for formal written documents, academic papers, news reports, or very official communications. In such contexts, the particle 와/과 (wa/gwa) is the preferred choice for connecting nouns, providing a more formal and academic tone. For example, a research paper would likely use 이론과 실제 (iron-gwa silje, "theory and practice") rather than 이론하고 실제 (iron-hago silje).Common Mistakes
하고. These mistakes often stem from direct translation from English or a misunderstanding of Korean particle rules. Recognizing and actively correcting these patterns will significantly improve your fluency and grammatical accuracy.하고 with a space.하고 is a particle that must attach directly to the noun it modifies, without any space. Think of it as an inseparable suffix.- Error:
책 하고 연필(chaek hago yeonpil) – (Incorrect space) - Correction:
책하고 연필(chaek-hago yeonpil) – "book and pencil."
하고 to Connect Verbs or Adjectives.하고 is exclusively for nouns. Attempting to connect actions or descriptions with 하고 creates an ungrammatical and awkward sentence. This is a persistent error because English uses "and" universally.- Error:
저는 요리하고하고 청소했어요.(jeoneun yori-hago-hago cheongso-haesseoyo.) - (Intended: "I cooked and cleaned." This is grammatically incorrect because
요리하다is a verb.) - Correction (using verb connector
-고):저는 요리하고 청소했어요.(jeoneun yori-hago cheongso-haesseoyo.) - "I cooked and cleaned." (Here,
-고attaches to the verb stem요리하-.)
하고 with Verb 하다's connective form.하고 is historically related to the verb 하다 (to do), in modern grammar, they function differently. Learners sometimes mistake the particle for a verb conjugation, especially when encountering the similar-sounding verb form 하고 (the present connective form of 하다, meaning "doing and" or "do and").- Particle
하고(connecting nouns):엄마하고 아빠(eomma-hago appa) – "Mom and Dad." (Here,하고connects two nouns.) - Verb
하다+ connective-고:숙제하고 게임했어요.(sukje-hago geim-haesseoyo.) – "I did homework and then played games." (Here,하고is from숙제하다+-고, where하다is the verb.)
하고 in Long Lists.하고 between every item in a long list (e.g., A하고 B하고 C하고 D), native speakers often use it only before the final item, or use commas for earlier items, for more natural flow. This mirrors how "and" is often used in English.- Less Natural:
사과하고 배하고 오렌지하고 바나나 주세요.(sagwa-hago bae-hago orenji-hago banana juseyo.) - More Natural:
사과, 배, 오렌지하고 바나나 주세요.(sagwa, bae, orenji-hago banana juseyo.) – "Please give me apples, pears, oranges, and bananas."
하고 means "with," it strongly implies companionship or shared activity with a living being (person or pet). It is not typically used for instrumentality (e.g., using a tool).- Incorrect:
저는 펜하고 공부했어요.(jeoneun pen-hago gongbu-haesseoyo.) - (Intended: "I studied with a pen." – This sounds like the pen was your study buddy, not a tool.)
- Correction (using
(으)로for instrumentality):저는 펜으로 공부했어요.(jeoneun pen-euro gongbu-haesseoyo.) - "I studied with a pen." (Here,
(으)로indicates the means or tool.)
하고 and make your Korean sound more authentic.Common Collocations
하고 frequently appears in set phrases and common combinations that you will encounter daily in Korean conversations and informal texts. Learning these collocations will not only reinforce your understanding of the particle but also equip you with ready-to-use expressions, helping you sound more natural.나하고 너(na-hago neo) – "Me and you / With me and you"- This is a fundamental phrase for expressing shared experiences or relationships. It is highly casual due to the use of
나(na, I/me) and너(neo, you), which are informal pronouns used among close friends or those younger than you. 나하고 너는 친구잖아.(na-hago neo-neun chingu-janha.) – "You and I are friends, aren't we?"
이거하고 저거(igeo-hago jeogeo) – "This and that"- Useful for pointing out or requesting multiple items, especially in shopping or conversational contexts where specific names are unknown or unnecessary. You might use this phrase when browsing a store.
이거하고 저거 보여주세요.(igeo-hago jeogeo boyeojuseyo.) – "Please show me this and that."
친구하고 같이(chingu-hago gachi) – "Together with a friend"- While
친구하고already implies "with a friend," adding같이(gachi), meaning "together," provides emphasis and is a very natural and common way to express shared activity. This redundancy is idiomatic in Korean. 주말에 친구하고 같이 놀아요.(jumal-e chingu-hago gachi norayo.) – "I hang out together with my friend on the weekend."
일하고 공부(il-hago gongbu) – "Work and study"- This collocation is often used to describe one's daily routine, priorities, or a combination of activities, especially when
일(il) refers to 'work' as a noun (e.g., job, task, not the verb "to work"). 요즘 일하고 공부만 해요.(yojeum il-hago gongbu-man haeyo.) – "These days, I only do work and study."
누구하고(nugu-hago) – "With whom / And who"- When combined with the interrogative pronoun
누구(nugu, who), it forms a common question asking about companionship or identifying other parties involved. 누구하고 영화 보러 갈 거예요?(nugu-hago yeonghwa boreo gal geoyeyo?) – "With whom are you going to watch a movie?"
하고 in typical conversational exchanges, allowing you to sound more natural and integrate 하고 into your Korean vocabulary effortlessly.Contrast With Similar Patterns
하고 with its closest counterparts.하고 vs. 와/과 (wa/gwa)와/과 is the more formal and literary equivalent of 하고. It also connects two or more nouns meaning "and" or "with." The choice between 와 and 과 depends on the final sound of the preceding noun, adhering to phonetic rules:와(wa): Used after a noun ending in a vowel. (e.g.,학교와hakgyo-wa – "school and")과(gwa): Used after a noun ending in a consonant. (e.g.,책과chaek-gwa – "book and")
하고 | 와/과 |하고) | Vowel: 와, Consonant: 과 |- Example (
하고):저는 엄마하고 아빠가 좋아요.(jeoneun eomma-hago appa-ga johayo.) – "I like Mom and Dad." (Casual, everyday interaction) - Example (
와/과):환경보호와 경제발전은 중요합니다.(hwan-gyeong-boho-wa gyeongje-baljeon-eun jungyohamnida.) – "Environmental protection and economic development are important." (Formal, academic, often found in speeches or reports)
하고 vs. (이)랑 ((i)rang)(이)랑 is the most casual and informal of the noun connectors, also meaning "and" or "with." Like 와/과, its form changes based on the preceding noun's final sound:랑(rang): Used after a noun ending in a vowel. (e.g.,나랑na-rang – "me and")이랑(irang): Used after a noun ending in a consonant. (e.g.,너랑neo-rang – "you and")
하고 | (이)랑 |하고) | Vowel: 랑, Consonant: 이랑 |- Example (
하고):선생님하고 이야기했어요.(seonsaengnim-hago iyagi-haesseoyo.) – "I talked with the teacher." (Politely casual, respectful) - Example (
(이)랑):내일 친구들이랑 술 마실 거야.(naeil chingu-deul-irang sul masil geoya.) – "I'm going to drink alcohol with my friends tomorrow." (Very casual, common among peers, informal sentence ending-(으)ㄹ 거야)
하고 vs. 그리고 (geurigo)그리고 is a conjunction meaning "and," "and then," or "also." The critical distinction is that 그리고 connects sentences or clauses, whereas 하고 connects nouns. 그리고 acts as a discourse connector, linking larger grammatical units.하고 | 그리고 |- Example (
하고):저는 책하고 펜을 샀어요.(jeoneun chaek-hago pen-eul sasseoyo.) – "I bought a book and a pen." (Connects nouns책and펜within a single clause.) - Example (
그리고):점심을 먹었어요. 그리고 영화를 봤어요.(jeomsim-eul meogeosseoyo. geurigo yeonghwa-reul bwasseoyo.) – "I ate lunch. And then I watched a movie." (Connects two complete actions/sentences.)
하고 is the safest and most broadly applicable choice for connecting nouns in spoken Korean.Quick FAQ
하고, clarifying points of confusion for beginner learners.하고 to connect verbs or adjectives?No, absolutely not. 하고 is strictly a noun-connecting particle. To connect verbs or adjectives, you must use specific verbal/adjectival connective endings. The most common for sequential actions or combined descriptions is -고 (go), which attaches directly to the verb or adjective stem. For example, to say "eat and sleep," you'd use 먹고 자요 (meok-go jayo), not 먹다하고 자다.
하고 change its form based on whether the preceding noun ends in a vowel or a consonant?No, it does not. 하고 is unique among common noun-connecting particles in that it has only one form. It attaches uniformly to any noun, regardless of whether it ends in a vowel (like 사과, sagwa) or a consonant (like 책, chaek). This consistency makes it particularly easy for beginners to use without worrying about batchim rules, unlike 와/과 or (이)랑.
하고 polite enough for all situations?하고 occupies a mid-level of formality, making it highly suitable for most casual to semi-formal spoken interactions. It is appropriate when speaking with acquaintances, colleagues, and many family members. However, for highly formal written contexts (e.g., academic papers, official reports, news articles), 와/과 (wa/gwa) is the preferred and more appropriate choice. For very intimate and casual conversations with close friends or children, (이)랑 ((i)rang) might be used instead, as it conveys a higher degree of familiarity.
하고 means "with," can I always add 같이 (gachi, together) for emphasis?Yes, when 하고 is used to indicate accompaniment with a person or animate being, adding 같이 (gachi) for emphasis is very natural and common. For example, 친구하고 같이 갔어요. (chingu-hago gachi gasseoyo, "I went together with a friend.") While 친구하고 갔어요 is already grammatically correct, 같이 reinforces the sense of shared action or companionship. However, 같이 cannot be used when 하고 simply means "and" for inanimate objects; it would sound illogical.
하고 after every item?While grammatically correct to place 하고 after every single item in a long list (e.g., A하고 B하고 C하고 D), it often sounds less natural and more repetitive in conversational Korean. Native speakers typically use 하고 only between the last two items in a list, or separate earlier items with commas, similar to how "and" is used in English. For instance, 사과, 배하고 오렌지 주세요. (sagwa, bae-hago orenji juseyo, "Please give me apples, pears, and oranges") is generally more common and flows better than repeating 하고 throughout the list.
하고 related to the verb 하다 (to do)?Historically and etymologically, yes, the particle 하고 is indeed derived from the verb 하다 (to do) and the conjunctive ending -고. It evolved from phrases meaning "doing and" or "saying and." However, in modern Korean grammar, it has undergone a process called grammaticalization, becoming a distinct noun-connecting particle. For practical purposes at the A1 level, and to avoid confusion, it is best to treat them as separate grammatical elements. Do not attempt to conjugate the particle 하고 as if it were a verb; its function is purely to connect nouns.
Noun Connection Particles
| Particle | Usage | Condition | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
하고
|
And
|
Any Noun
|
사과하고 배
|
|
랑
|
And/With
|
Vowel ending
|
사과랑
|
|
이랑
|
And/With
|
Consonant ending
|
책이랑
|
Meanings
These particles function as connectors between nouns, meaning 'and' or 'with' depending on the context.
Noun Conjunction
Connecting two nouns to mean 'and'.
“책하고 펜이 있어요.”
“엄마랑 아빠가 와요.”
Comitative
Indicating accompaniment, meaning 'with'.
“친구랑 영화를 봐요.”
“선생님이랑 이야기해요.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
하고
|
Noun + 하고
|
커피하고 차
|
|
랑
|
Noun(vowel) + 랑
|
우유랑 빵
|
|
이랑
|
Noun(cons) + 이랑
|
밥이랑 국
|
|
With
|
Noun + 랑/이랑
|
친구랑 가요
|
|
And
|
Noun + 하고
|
사과하고 배
|
|
Negative
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Formality Spectrum
친구와 식사합니다. (Dining)
친구하고 식사해요. (Dining)
친구랑 밥 먹어. (Dining)
친구랑 밥 먹음. (Dining)
Particle Connection Map
Neutral
- 하고 and
Casual
- 랑/이랑 and/with
Examples by Level
사과하고 배.
Apple and pear.
친구랑 가요.
I go with a friend.
책이랑 펜.
Book and pen.
엄마하고 나.
Mom and me.
커피랑 우유를 섞어요.
Mix coffee and milk.
누구랑 먹어요?
Who are you eating with?
가방하고 지갑.
Bag and wallet.
동생이랑 놀아요.
I play with my younger sibling.
선생님하고 상담했어요.
I had a consultation with the teacher.
어제 친구들이랑 파티했어요.
I had a party with friends yesterday.
이거랑 저거 주세요.
Please give me this and that.
한국어하고 영어를 공부해요.
I study Korean and English.
그분하고는 의견이 달라요.
My opinion is different from that person's.
가족이랑 시간을 보내는 게 중요해요.
It is important to spend time with family.
계획하고 실행은 달라요.
Planning and execution are different.
팀원들이랑 협력해야 합니다.
I must cooperate with team members.
그와는 예전부터 알고 지냈어요.
I have known him for a long time.
이론하고 실제는 괴리가 있죠.
There is a gap between theory and practice.
동료랑 갈등이 생겼어요.
I had a conflict with a colleague.
전통하고 현대의 조화.
Harmony of tradition and modernity.
그녀하고의 인연은 깊습니다.
My connection with her is deep.
과거랑 현재를 비교해 봅시다.
Let's compare the past and the present.
자연이랑 더불어 살아요.
I live in harmony with nature.
이상하고 현실 사이에서.
Between the ideal and the reality.
Easily Confused
Both mean 'and'.
Both used with people/places.
Both sound similar.
Common Mistakes
먹고랑
먹고
책랑
책이랑
사과이랑
사과랑
하고 가요
친구하고 가요
학교랑 가요
학교에 가요
하고 먹어요
같이 먹어요
사과랑 배랑
사과랑 배
그거랑은 달라요
그것과는 달라요
밥하고 먹어요
밥이랑 먹어요
친구하고 친구하고
친구들이랑
이론이랑 실제
이론과 실제
그랑 같이
그와 함께
자연하고의
자연과의
그녀랑의 만남
그녀와의 만남
Sentence Patterns
___하고 ___를 먹어요.
___랑 같이 가요.
___이랑 ___은 달라요.
___하고 ___의 조화.
Real World Usage
친구랑 밥 먹자!
김치찌개하고 밥 주세요.
오늘 친구랑 카페 감.
엄마랑 여행 가요.
팀원들이랑 회의했어요.
이거랑 저거 주세요.
The Magic Velcro
하고 is a piece of velcro stuck to the back of the first noun. It can't float in the air; it MUST stick to the word before it.Nouns Only Zone
먹다하고 자다 (Eat and sleep). 하고 is allergic to verbs. It only touches people, places, and things.Social Chameleon
하고 is the safest bet. It offends no one.Add 'Together'
같이 (gachi) after it. 친구하고 같이 갔어 (I went *together* with a friend) sounds super natural.Smart Tips
Use -하고 for a neutral tone.
Use -랑/이랑 to sound natural.
Avoid -랑/이랑.
If it ends in a consonant, add '이'.
Pronunciation
Linking
The 'ng' sound at the end of -랑/이랑 often links to the next vowel.
Rising
친구랑? ↑
Questioning who you are with.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Think of '랑' as 'long' (a long time with a friend).
Visual Association
Imagine a bridge connecting two islands. One side is '하고', the other is '랑/이랑'.
Rhyme
Vowel ends in 랑, consonant needs 이랑.
Story
I went to the store with my friend (친구랑). We bought bread and milk (빵이랑 우유). We ate them together (하고).
Word Web
Challenge
Write 3 sentences about what you ate today using these particles.
Cultural Notes
Using -랑/이랑 shows closeness. It is very common among friends.
The standard usage is very common in Seoul.
They might use -하고 more frequently in certain contexts.
These particles evolved from older Korean noun-connecting structures.
Conversation Starters
누구랑 왔어요?
뭐랑 뭐를 좋아해요?
친구랑 자주 만나요?
이론하고 실제 중 뭐가 중요해요?
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
사과___ 배
친구___ 가요.
Find and fix the mistake:
책랑 펜
엄마 / 가요 / 랑
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
우유___ 빵
밥___ 국
친구랑 가요.
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercises사과___ 배
친구___ 가요.
Find and fix the mistake:
책랑 펜
엄마 / 가요 / 랑
하고
우유___ 빵
밥___ 국
친구랑 가요.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesWhat would you say to a friend? 'Buy milk and bread.'
여권___ 비행기 표 주세요. (Passport and plane ticket, please.)
movie / I watched / and / popcorn / a
가다하고 오다 (Go and come)
How do you say 'Me and Mom' politely?
Match the vibe:
Select the correct translation:
삼겹살___ 소주 주세요. (Pork belly and soju please.)
형 하고 누나 (Brother and sister)
cat / dog / and / like / I
Context: Connecting two sentences 'The weather is good AND I am happy.'
Translate to Korean:
Score: /12
FAQ (8)
No, use -고 for verbs.
No, it is casual.
Use -이랑.
Yes, but it sounds formal.
Mostly, but -랑/이랑 is more casual.
No, just once between nouns.
Use -과/와 instead.
Use -랑/이랑.
Scaffolded Practice
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4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
y / con
Korean particles are suffixes, Spanish words are independent.
et / avec
Korean particles are attached to the noun.
und / mit
Korean particles are attached to the noun.
to / to
Korean has more variety in particles.
wa / ma'a
Arabic uses prefixes/independent words.
he / gen
Chinese uses independent words.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Related Grammar Rules
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Particle -조차: Not Even (Negative Extreme)
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Let Alone / Far From (커녕)
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