पास करना
पास करना in 30 Seconds
- Pass an exam or test.
- Achieve a satisfactory result.
- Succeed in academic evaluations.
- Move forward after a test.
- Core Meaning
- The Hindi verb phrase 'पास करना' (pās karnā) directly translates to 'to pass' in English, specifically in the context of successfully completing an examination, test, or a specific stage in a process. It signifies achieving a satisfactory result that allows one to move forward.
- Academic Context
- In educational settings, 'पास करना' is the most common way to express success in exams. Students strive to 'पास करना' their final exams, entrance tests, or even individual subject tests. Teachers often use this phrase when discussing student performance. For instance, 'अगर तुम यह परीक्षा पास कर लोगे, तो तुम्हें अगली कक्षा में प्रमोट कर दिया जाएगा।' (Agar tum yeh pariksha pās kar loge, to tumhe agli kaksha mein promote kar diya jayega.) - 'If you pass this exam, you will be promoted to the next class.'
- Beyond Academics
- While most frequently used for academic tests, 'पास करना' can also extend to other situations where one needs to get through a difficult phase or requirement. For example, one might say they need to 'पास करना' a driving test to get a license, or 'पास करना' a medical check-up. It implies meeting a certain standard or requirement.
- Common Usage Scenarios
- You will hear this phrase frequently during exam seasons. Students discuss their preparation and hopes: 'मुझे उम्मीद है कि मैं गणित की परीक्षा पास कर लूँगा।' (Mujhe ummeed hai ki main ganit ki pariksha pās kar lunga.) - 'I hope I will pass the math exam.' Parents inquire about their children's progress: 'क्या राहुल ने इस साल अपनी परीक्षा पास कर ली?' (Kya Rahul ne is saal apni pariksha pās kar li?) - 'Did Rahul pass his exams this year?' Educational institutions announce results using this term: 'लगभग ९०% छात्र परीक्षा में पास हुए।' (Lagbhag 90% chhatra pariksha mein pās hue.) - 'Approximately 90% of students passed the exam.' It's a fundamental phrase for discussing academic achievement and progress in Hindi.
Students often worry if they will पास करना their upcoming board exams.
The driving instructor told me I need to पास करना the practical test to get my license.
- Figurative Use
- While less common, 'पास करना' can sometimes be used metaphorically to mean getting through a difficult or unpleasant period. For example, someone might say they are just trying to 'पास करना' this tough phase of their life. However, this usage is less frequent than its literal meaning concerning tests.
She managed to पास करना the challenging project deadline by working overtime.
- Basic Structure
- The verb 'करना' (karnā - to do) conjugates based on the subject and tense. 'पास' (pās) acts as a noun or adverbial here, meaning 'pass' or 'success'. The structure is generally: [Subject] + [Object/Test Name] + 'को' (ko) (optional, depending on the object) + 'पास करना' (pās karnā).
- Present Tense Examples
- In the simple present tense, referring to habitual actions or general truths: 'मैं परीक्षा पास करना चाहता हूँ।' (Main pariksha pās karnā chāhtā hoon.) - 'I want to pass the exam.' (masculine speaker). 'वह हमेशा अपनी कक्षा में प्रथम आती है और परीक्षा पास कर लेती है।' (Vah hamesha apni kaksha mein pratham aati hai aur pariksha pās kar leti hai.) - 'She always comes first in her class and passes the exams.' 'क्या तुम यह परीक्षा पास कर पाओगे?' (Kya tum yeh pariksha pās kar paoge?) - 'Will you be able to pass this exam?'
- Past Tense Examples
- To talk about a past event: 'मैंने कल अपनी ड्राइविंग टेस्ट पास कर ली।' (Maine kal apni driving test pās kar li.) - 'I passed my driving test yesterday.' 'हमारे सभी छात्रों ने वार्षिक परीक्षा सफलतापूर्वक पास की।' (Hamare sabhi chhatron ne varshik pariksha safaltapoorvak pās ki.) - 'All our students successfully passed the annual examination.' 'उसने मुश्किल से ही वह विषय पास किया।' (Usne mushkil se hi vah vishay pās kiya.) - 'He barely passed that subject.'
- Future Tense Examples
- When discussing future plans or predictions: 'अगर तुम मेहनत करोगे, तो परीक्षा ज़रूर पास करोगे।' (Agar tum mehnat karoge, to pariksha zarur pās karoge.) - 'If you work hard, you will definitely pass the exam.' 'हमें उम्मीद है कि यह नया नियम जल्द ही पास हो जाएगा।' (Hamein ummeed hai ki yeh naya niyam jald hi pās ho jayega.) - 'We hope this new rule will be passed soon.' (Here, 'पास हो जाएगा' implies approval or acceptance, a related but slightly different nuance.)
- Using with Modals
- Combine with modal verbs like 'सकना' (saknā - to be able to), 'चाहना' (chāhnā - to want), 'पड़ना' (paṛnā - to have to): 'मुझे अगले महीने अपनी फाइनल परीक्षा पास करनी है।' (Mujhe agle mahine apni final pariksha pās karni hai.) - 'I have to pass my final exam next month.' 'क्या तुम यह कठिन परीक्षा पास कर सकते हो?' (Kya tum yeh kathin pariksha pās kar sakte ho?) - 'Can you pass this difficult exam?'
The student worked hard to पास करना the entrance exam.
She hoped to पास करना her driving test on the first try.
- Educational Institutions
- This phrase is ubiquitous in schools, colleges, and universities. Announcements about results, discussions among students and teachers, and parent-teacher meetings are filled with 'पास करना'. For example, a school principal might say, 'हमारे स्कूल के ९५% छात्रों ने इस वर्ष मैट्रिक की परीक्षा पास की है।' (Hamare school ke 95% chhatron ne is varsh matric ki pariksha pās ki hai.) - '95% of our school's students have passed the matriculation exam this year.' Students themselves will often say, 'मुझे उम्मीद है कि मैं इस बार यह परीक्षा पास कर लूँगा।' (Mujhe ummeed hai ki main is baar yeh pariksha pās kar lunga.) - 'I hope I will pass this exam this time.'
- Family Conversations
- Parents are very keen on their children's academic progress. You'll hear them asking, 'क्या तुमने अपना टेस्ट पास कर लिया?' (Kya tumne apna test pās kar liya?) - 'Did you pass your test?' or expressing relief, 'भगवान का शुक्र है, उसने परीक्षा पास कर ली।' (Bhagwan ka shukr hai, usne pariksha pās kar li.) - 'Thank God, she passed the exam.' Siblings might also discuss their exam performance using this phrase.
- Driving Schools and Licensing Centers
- Obtaining a driver's license involves passing a test. Instructors and applicants frequently use 'पास करना'. An instructor might advise, 'आपको ट्रैफिक नियमों का अच्छी तरह पालन करना होगा ताकि आप टेस्ट पास कर सकें।' (Aapko traffic niyamon ka achhi tarah paalan karna hoga taaki aap test pās kar saken.) - 'You will have to follow traffic rules well so that you can pass the test.' Applicants often express their goal: 'मैं चाहता हूँ कि मैं पहली बार में ही यह ड्राइविंग टेस्ट पास कर लूँ।' (Main chahta hoon ki main pehli baar mein hi yeh driving test pās kar loon.) - 'I want to pass this driving test on the first attempt.'
- Job Interviews and Professional Settings
- While less direct, the concept of passing certain professional certifications or evaluations can be discussed using 'पास करना'. A candidate might mention, 'मैंने यह प्रोफेशनल सर्टिफिकेशन पास किया है।' (Maine yeh professional certification pās kiya hai.) - 'I have passed this professional certification.' It signifies meeting a professional standard.
- General Conversation
- In everyday chats, people might talk about past successes or future anxieties related to tests. 'मेरा दोस्त इंजीनियरिंग की परीक्षा पास नहीं कर सका।' (Mera dost engineering ki pariksha pās nahin kar saka.) - 'My friend could not pass the engineering exam.' This phrase is woven into the fabric of conversations about achievements and challenges.
During exam results day, you'll hear many students discussing who managed to पास करना their subjects.
The driving instructor congratulated the student for being able to पास करना the final road test.
- Confusing 'पास' with 'फेल' (Fail)
- The most direct mistake is to confuse 'पास करना' (to pass) with its opposite, 'फेल होना' (phel honā - to fail). While both relate to test results, they have opposite meanings. Learners might incorrectly use 'पास होना' for failing or vice versa. For example, saying 'मैं परीक्षा पास हो गया' when you mean 'I failed the exam' would be incorrect. The correct way to say 'I failed the exam' is 'मैं परीक्षा में फेल हो गया' (Main pariksha mein phel ho gaya).
- Incorrect Verb Conjugation
- The verb 'करना' needs to be conjugated correctly according to the subject and tense. Mistaking the conjugation can lead to grammatical errors. For instance, a female speaker should say 'परीक्षा पास कर ली' (pariksha pās kar li), not 'कर लिया' (kar liya). Similarly, for plural subjects, it would be 'कर लिया' (kar liya) or 'कर लीं' (kar lin) depending on gender. Using the infinitive 'पास करना' when a conjugated form is required is also a common error.
- Using 'पास' as a Verb Itself
- In English, 'pass' can sometimes function as a standalone verb. In Hindi, 'पास' itself is not typically used as a verb in this context. You always need the auxiliary verb 'करना' (karnā) to form the phrase 'पास करना'. Saying simply 'मैंने पास किया' (Maine pās kiya) without specifying what was passed (like an exam) might sound incomplete or be misinterpreted. It's always 'परीक्षा पास की' (pariksha pās ki) or similar.
- Misunderstanding 'पास' in Other Contexts
- The word 'पास' also means 'near' or 'close by' (e.g., 'मेरे पास आओ' - Mere pās āo - 'Come near me'). Learners might confuse this spatial meaning with the 'passing an exam' meaning, leading to nonsensical sentences. For example, trying to say 'I passed the exam' by using the spatial 'पास' would result in something like 'मैंने परीक्षा पास की' (Maine pariksha pās ki), which is correct, but if they were to say 'मैं परीक्षा के पास हूँ' (Main pariksha ke pās hoon), it would mean 'I am near the exam', not 'I passed the exam'.
- Overuse of 'सफलतापूर्वक' (Successfully)
- While 'सफलतापूर्वक पास करना' (safaltapoorvak pās karnā) is grammatically correct, it can sometimes be redundant because 'पास करना' already implies success. Overusing 'सफलतापूर्वक' might sound a bit unnatural or overly formal in casual conversation. It's often sufficient to simply say 'परीक्षा पास की' (pariksha pās ki).
Mistake: 'मैंने परीक्षा पास हो गया।' Correct: 'मैं परीक्षा पास कर गया।' or 'मैं परीक्षा में पास हो गया।'
Mistake: 'वह परीक्षा पास करती।' Correct: 'वह परीक्षा पास करती है।' (if present) or 'वह परीक्षा पास कर चुकी थी।' (if past perfect).
- उत्तीर्ण होना (uttīrṇ honā)
- This is a more formal and literary synonym for 'पास करना'. It also means 'to pass' an examination. While 'पास करना' is common in everyday speech, 'उत्तीर्ण होना' is often used in official announcements, academic reports, and formal writing. For example, 'सभी छात्रों को परीक्षा में उत्तीर्ण होने के लिए न्यूनतम अंक प्राप्त करने होंगे।' (Sabhi chhatron ko pariksha mein uttīrṇ hone ke liye nyoonatam ank prapt karne honge.) - 'All students will have to obtain minimum marks to pass the examination.'
- सफल होना (saphal honā)
- This phrase means 'to be successful' or 'to succeed'. While it can be used in the context of passing an exam, it's broader. You can 'सफल होना' in life, in a business, or in any endeavor. When used for exams, it implies achieving success, which usually means passing. Example: 'मुझे उम्मीद है कि मैं अपनी मेहनत से इस परीक्षा में सफल हो जाऊँगा।' (Mujhe ummeed hai ki main apni mehnat se is pariksha mein saphal ho jaunga.) - 'I hope I will be successful in this exam with my hard work.'
- पार करना (pār karnā)
- Literally, 'पार करना' means 'to cross' or 'to get across' (a river, a road, a barrier). It can sometimes be used metaphorically to mean getting through a difficult situation or a phase, similar to 'पास करना' in a figurative sense, but it's not typically used for academic tests. For example, 'यह मुश्किल समय पार करना होगा।' (Yeh mushkil samay pār karnā hoga.) - 'This difficult time will have to be overcome/crossed.' It implies overcoming an obstacle.
- निकालना (nikālnā)
- 'निकालना' primarily means 'to take out', 'to remove', or 'to extract'. However, in some colloquial contexts, especially in certain regions, it can be used to mean 'to pass' an exam, particularly a difficult one. For instance, 'उसने बड़ी मुश्किल से परीक्षा निकाली।' (Usne badi mushkil se pariksha nikali.) - 'He passed the exam with great difficulty.' This usage is less formal and might not be universally understood as 'passing an exam' as clearly as 'पास करना'.
- Comparison Table
-
Word Meaning Register Usage Context पास करना (pās karnā) To pass (an exam/test) Neutral/Informal Everyday conversation, students, parents उत्तीर्ण होना (uttīrṇ honā) To pass (an exam/test) Formal Official announcements, academic reports सफल होना (saphal honā) To be successful Neutral General success, can imply passing exams पार करना (pār karnā) To cross, overcome Neutral Overcoming difficulties, figurative use निकालना (nikālnā) To pass (colloquial) Informal/Colloquial Regional, implies passing with difficulty
For official purposes, 'उत्तीर्ण होना' is preferred over 'पास करना'.
'सफल होना' is a broader term than just passing an exam; it means achieving success in general.
How Formal Is It?
Fun Fact
The word 'पास' itself can mean 'near' or 'close by' in Hindi as well, leading to potential confusion. For example, 'मेरे पास आओ' means 'Come near me'. The context clearly distinguishes between spatial proximity and academic success.
Pronunciation Guide
- Pronouncing 'पास' too short.
- Not stressing the syllables correctly.
- Using an English 'r' sound instead of a tapped Hindi 'r'.
- Incorrectly pronouncing the long 'aa' sound.
Difficulty Rating
The phrase itself is simple, but understanding its nuances and context requires basic reading comprehension. Recognizing it in sentences is generally straightforward for A2 learners.
What to Learn Next
Prerequisites
Learn Next
Advanced
Grammar to Know
Conjugation of 'करना' (karnā) in different tenses.
मैं पास करता हूँ (present), मैंने पास किया (past), मैं पास करूँगा (future).
Use of postpositions like 'को' (ko) with objects.
मैं परीक्षा को पास करना चाहता हूँ। (Optional 'को' here).
Formation of conditional sentences with 'अगर...तो' (agar...to).
अगर तुम मेहनत करोगे, तो पास हो जाओगे।
Use of modal verbs like 'सकना' (saknā) and 'चाहना' (chāhnā).
मैं पास कर सकता हूँ। (I can pass.) मैं पास करना चाहता हूँ। (I want to pass.)
Expressing obligation with 'होगा/होगी/होंगे' (hogā/hogī/honge) or 'पड़ेगा/पड़ेगी/पड़ेंगे' (paṛegā/paṛegī/paṛenge).
हमें पास होना होगा। (We will have to pass.)
Examples by Level
मैंने टेस्ट पास किया।
I passed the test.
Simple past tense, subject 'मैं' (I) implied by verb ending.
क्या तुम पास हो गए?
Did you pass?
Question form, referring to the listener ('तुम' - you).
वह परीक्षा पास करना चाहता है।
He wants to pass the exam.
Infinitive 'पास करना' used with the verb 'चाहता है' (wants).
हमें पास होना है।
We have to pass.
'होना है' indicates necessity or obligation.
यह मुश्किल था, पर मैंने पास किया।
It was difficult, but I passed.
Compound sentence with 'पर' (but).
क्या तुमने पास कर लिया?
Did you pass?
Past participle 'कर लिया' used with question word.
सब पास हो गए।
Everyone passed.
Plural subject 'सब' (everyone).
मैं पास हो जाऊँगा।
I will pass.
Future tense 'जाऊँगा' (will go/become).
मैंने कल अपनी ड्राइविंग टेस्ट पास कर ली।
I passed my driving test yesterday.
Past tense, feminine speaker implied by 'ली'.
अगर तुम मेहनत करोगे, तो परीक्षा पास कर लोगे।
If you work hard, you will pass the exam.
Conditional sentence using 'अगर...तो'.
क्या तुम यह परीक्षा पास कर सकते हो?
Can you pass this exam?
Modal verb 'सकते हो' (can you).
सभी छात्रों को यह परीक्षा पास करनी होगी।
All students will have to pass this exam.
Obligation using 'करनी होगी'.
मुझे उम्मीद है कि मैं यह परीक्षा पास कर लूँगा।
I hope I will pass this exam.
Expressing hope with 'उम्मीद है'.
उसने मुश्किल से ही वह विषय पास किया।
He barely passed that subject.
'मुश्किल से ही' means 'barely' or 'hardly'.
क्या तुमने अपना फाइनल एग्जाम पास कर लिया?
Did you pass your final exam?
Past participle 'कर लिया' used in a question.
लगभग ९०% छात्र परीक्षा में पास हुए।
Approximately 90% of students passed the exam.
Using a percentage with the plural verb 'हुए'.
यह सुनिश्चित करना महत्वपूर्ण है कि सभी छात्र परीक्षा पास कर सकें।
It is important to ensure that all students can pass the exam.
Using 'सुनिश्चित करना' (to ensure) and 'सकें' (can).
अगर तुम कड़ी मेहनत नहीं करोगे, तो यह परीक्षा पास करना बहुत मुश्किल होगा।
If you don't work hard, passing this exam will be very difficult.
Complex conditional sentence with infinitive phrase as subject.
विश्वविद्यालय ने नए नियम लागू किए हैं ताकि छात्र आसानी से परीक्षा पास कर सकें।
The university has implemented new rules so that students can pass the exam easily.
Using 'ताकि' (so that) and 'आसानी से' (easily).
बहुत से छात्र इस कठिन परीक्षा को पास करने के लिए अतिरिक्त कक्षाएं लेते हैं।
Many students take extra classes to pass this difficult exam.
Using 'के लिए' (for/in order to) with infinitive.
मुझे विश्वास है कि मैं इस बार अपनी मेहनत से परीक्षा पास कर जाऊँगा।
I am confident that I will pass this exam with my hard work this time.
Expressing confidence with 'विश्वास है'.
उसने पिछले साल अपनी मास्टर डिग्री की परीक्षा पास की।
She passed her master's degree examination last year.
Specifying the degree and past tense.
क्या तुम्हें लगता है कि तुम यह प्रवेश परीक्षा पास कर पाओगे?
Do you think you will be able to pass this entrance exam?
Using 'लगता है' (do you think) and future modal 'पाओगे'.
यह एक ऐसी परीक्षा है जिसे पास करने के लिए गहन अध्ययन की आवश्यकता होती है।
This is an exam that requires deep study to pass.
Relative clause structure 'जिसे पास करने के लिए'.
परीक्षा में उत्तीर्ण होने के लिए, छात्रों को न केवल सैद्धांतिक ज्ञान बल्कि व्यावहारिक कौशल का भी प्रदर्शन करना होता है।
To pass the examination, students must demonstrate not only theoretical knowledge but also practical skills.
Using formal 'उत्तीर्ण होना' and complex structure 'न केवल...बल्कि...भी'.
यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कि छात्र पूरी तरह से तैयार हैं, विश्वविद्यालय ने एक मॉक टेस्ट आयोजित करने का निर्णय लिया है, जिससे उन्हें परीक्षा पास करने में मदद मिलेगी।
To ensure that students are fully prepared, the university has decided to conduct a mock test, which will help them pass the exam.
Complex sentence with purpose clause and relative clause.
जिन छात्रों ने पिछले वर्ष की परीक्षा पास नहीं की थी, उन्हें इस बार बेहतर तैयारी के साथ फिर से प्रयास करना चाहिए।
Students who did not pass last year's exam should try again this time with better preparation.
Relative clause referring to past failure and advice for the future.
तकनीकी उन्नति के इस युग में, हमें लगातार सीखते रहना होगा ताकि हम भविष्य की परीक्षाओं को सफलतापूर्वक पास कर सकें।
In this era of technological advancement, we must continue learning so that we can successfully pass future examinations.
Using 'ताकि' for purpose and 'सफलतापूर्वक' with 'पास कर सकें'.
एक योग्य शिक्षक का कर्तव्य है कि वह न केवल पाठ्यक्रम पूरा कराए, बल्कि छात्रों को इस तरह मार्गदर्शन दे कि वे परीक्षा पास कर सकें।
It is the duty of a qualified teacher not only to complete the syllabus but also to guide students in such a way that they can pass the exam.
Complex structure with 'कर्तव्य है', 'न केवल...बल्कि...', and 'इस तरह...कि'.
यह एक ऐसी प्रतिष्ठित संस्था है जहाँ से परीक्षा पास करना एक बड़ी उपलब्धि मानी जाती है।
This is such a prestigious institution from where passing the examination is considered a great achievement.
Using 'प्रतिष्ठित' (prestigious) and passive voice construction.
यदि आप इस चुनौतीपूर्ण परीक्षा को पास करने का इरादा रखते हैं, तो आपको एक सुविचारित अध्ययन योजना बनानी होगी।
If you intend to pass this challenging examination, you will have to create a well-thought-out study plan.
Using 'यदि' (if), 'इरादा रखते हैं' (intend), and 'सुविचारित' (well-thought-out).
अधिकारियों ने घोषणा की कि नई शिक्षा नीति के तहत, सभी छात्रों को अगले शैक्षणिक वर्ष से पहले एक अनिवार्य परीक्षा पास करनी होगी।
The authorities announced that under the new education policy, all students will have to pass a mandatory exam before the next academic year.
Passive reporting verb 'घोषणा की' and future obligation.
प्राचीन काल से ही, शिक्षा का मुख्य उद्देश्य छात्रों को न केवल ज्ञान प्रदान करना रहा है, बल्कि उन्हें समाज की जटिलताओं को समझने और जीवन की परीक्षाओं को सफलतापूर्वक उत्तीर्ण करने के लिए तैयार करना भी रहा है।
Since ancient times, the primary objective of education has been not only to impart knowledge to students but also to prepare them to understand the complexities of society and successfully pass the tests of life.
Complex sentence with parallel structure using 'न केवल...बल्कि...भी' and formal vocabulary.
किसी भी राष्ट्र के आर्थिक विकास के लिए यह अनिवार्य है कि उसकी युवा पीढ़ी गुणवत्तापूर्ण शिक्षा प्राप्त करे और विभिन्न व्यावसायिक तथा अकादमिक परीक्षाओं को उत्तीर्ण करने में सक्षम हो।
For the economic development of any nation, it is imperative that its young generation receives quality education and is capable of passing various professional and academic examinations.
Formal vocabulary ('अनिवार्य', 'गुणवत्तापूर्ण', 'व्यावसायिक'), use of 'सक्षम हो' (be capable).
अक्सर, यह देखा गया है कि जो छात्र केवल परीक्षा पास करने के उद्देश्य से अध्ययन करते हैं, वे दीर्घकालिक ज्ञान और कौशल प्राप्त करने में असफल रहते हैं, जो भविष्य के लिए अधिक महत्वपूर्ण हैं।
Often, it is observed that students who study solely with the objective of passing exams fail to acquire long-term knowledge and skills, which are more important for the future.
Using 'अक्सर' (often), passive 'देखा गया है' (it is observed), and contrasting approaches to learning.
परीक्षा प्रणाली का पुनर्मूल्यांकन आवश्यक है ताकि यह सुनिश्चित किया जा सके कि यह केवल रटने की क्षमता का परीक्षण न करे, बल्कि आलोचनात्मक सोच और समस्या-समाधान जैसे महत्वपूर्ण कौशलों को भी बढ़ावा दे, जिससे छात्र भविष्य की चुनौतियों को पास कर सकें।
The examination system needs re-evaluation to ensure that it does not merely test rote memorization but also promotes critical thinking and problem-solving skills, enabling students to pass future challenges.
Complex sentence structure, formal vocabulary ('पुनर्मूल्यांकन', 'आलोचनात्मक सोच'), and figurative use of 'पास कर सकें' for challenges.
साहित्यिक कृतियों का अध्ययन हमें न केवल भाषा की बारीकियों से परिचित कराता है, बल्कि जीवन के विभिन्न पहलुओं को समझने और गहन बौद्धिक परीक्षाओं को पास करने की क्षमता भी विकसित करता है।
The study of literary works not only familiarizes us with the nuances of language but also develops the ability to understand various aspects of life and pass profound intellectual examinations.
Parallel structure with 'न केवल...बल्कि...', formal vocabulary ('कृतियों', 'बारीकियों', 'गहन बौद्धिक').
यह एक सर्वविदित तथ्य है कि किसी भी क्षेत्र में महारत हासिल करने के लिए, व्यक्ति को न केवल प्रारंभिक योग्यताओं को पास करना होता है, बल्कि निरंतर सीखने और अनुकूलन की प्रक्रिया से भी गुजरना पड़ता है।
It is a well-known fact that to achieve mastery in any field, one must not only pass initial qualifications but also undergo a process of continuous learning and adaptation.
'सर्वविदित तथ्य' (well-known fact), 'महारत हासिल करना' (achieve mastery), parallel structure.
आधुनिक शिक्षा प्रणाली का लक्ष्य केवल छात्रों को परीक्षा पास करने के लिए तैयार करना नहीं है, बल्कि उन्हें ऐसे नागरिक बनाना है जो समाज में सक्रिय रूप से योगदान दे सकें और जीवन की किसी भी अप्रत्याशित परीक्षा को सफलतापूर्वक पार कर सकें।
The goal of the modern education system is not just to prepare students to pass exams, but to make them citizens who can actively contribute to society and successfully overcome any unexpected challenges of life.
Contrasting goals ('केवल...नहीं, बल्कि...'), figurative use of 'परीक्षा को पार कर सकें'.
प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं की बढ़ती प्रतिस्पर्धा के इस दौर में, उम्मीदवारों को न केवल अपनी अकादमिक योग्यता साबित करनी होती है, बल्कि अपनी विश्लेषणात्मक और तार्किक क्षमता का भी प्रदर्शन करना होता है ताकि वे अंतिम चयन प्रक्रिया को पास कर सकें।
In this era of increasing competition in competitive exams, candidates must not only prove their academic qualifications but also demonstrate their analytical and logical abilities to pass the final selection process.
Complex sentence structure, formal vocabulary ('प्रतिस्पर्धा', 'विश्लेषणात्मक', 'तार्किक'), parallel structure.
ज्ञानार्जन की प्रक्रिया में, परीक्षाएँ केवल एक औपचारिकता नहीं हैं, बल्कि वे एक महत्वपूर्ण मापदंड हैं जो यह निर्धारित करते हैं कि कोई व्यक्ति किसी विशेष क्षेत्र में आवश्यक दक्षताओं को प्राप्त कर चुका है या नहीं, और इस प्रकार वह आगे की चुनौतियों का सामना करने के लिए सुसज्जित है या नहीं।
In the process of acquiring knowledge, examinations are not merely a formality, but a crucial criterion that determines whether an individual has attained the requisite competencies in a particular field, and thus whether they are equipped to face further challenges.
Highly formal vocabulary ('ज्ञानार्जन', 'औपचारिकता', 'मापदंड', 'दक्षताओं', 'सुसज्जित'), complex sentence structure, nuanced meaning of 'पास करना' implied in 'आवश्यक दक्षताओं को प्राप्त कर चुका है'.
अकादमिक जगत में, 'पास करना' एक बहुआयामी क्रिया है जो केवल परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण करने से कहीं अधिक अर्थ रखती है; यह उस बौद्धिक यात्रा को भी समाहित करती है जिसके माध्यम से छात्र अपनी समझ को परिष्कृत करते हैं और आलोचनात्मक विश्लेषण की क्षमता विकसित करते हैं, जो उन्हें जीवन की गहन परीक्षाओं में सफल होने के लिए तैयार करती है।
In the academic world, 'to pass' is a multifaceted verb that signifies more than just passing an examination; it also encompasses the intellectual journey through which students refine their understanding and develop critical analytical abilities, preparing them to succeed in the profound tests of life.
Abstract concepts ('बहुआयामी क्रिया', 'बौद्धिक यात्रा', 'परिष्कृत', 'आलोचनात्मक विश्लेषण'), nuanced interpretation of 'pass'.
परीक्षाओं को मात्र ज्ञान के मूल्यांकन के साधन के रूप में देखने की प्रवृत्ति, छात्रों को केवल अंक प्राप्त करने के लिए प्रेरित करती है, न कि वास्तविक समझ विकसित करने के लिए, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप वे 'पास' तो हो जाते हैं, परन्तु उनमें उस ज्ञान का व्यावहारिक अनुप्रयोग करने की क्षमता का अभाव रहता है।
The tendency to view examinations merely as a means of assessing knowledge incentivizes students to merely obtain marks, rather than developing genuine understanding, resulting in them 'passing' but lacking the ability to practically apply that knowledge.
Critique of current educational practices, nuanced use of 'पास हो जाते हैं' with implied limitation.
यह तर्क दिया जा सकता है कि वर्तमान परीक्षा प्रणालियाँ, चाहे वे कितनी भी परिष्कृत क्यों न हों, अंततः मानव बुद्धि की जटिलताओं और सृजनात्मकता को पूरी तरह से पकड़ने में असमर्थ हैं, और इसलिए, किसी व्यक्ति की वास्तविक क्षमता का पूर्ण मूल्यांकन केवल एक परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण करने से कहीं अधिक व्यापक होना चाहिए।
It can be argued that current examination systems, however sophisticated, are ultimately incapable of fully capturing the complexities and creativity of human intellect, and therefore, a comprehensive assessment of an individual's true potential must extend far beyond simply passing a single examination.
Sophisticated argumentation ('यह तर्क दिया जा सकता है'), abstract concepts ('मानव बुद्धि की जटिलताओं', 'सृजनात्मकता'), emphasis on comprehensive assessment.
शिक्षा के अंतिम लक्ष्य के रूप में 'पास करना' को परिभाषित करना, सीखने की प्रक्रिया के व्यापक दायरे को संकीर्ण कर देता है, क्योंकि यह ज्ञान की खोज, व्यक्तिगत विकास और आजीवन सीखने की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिकाओं को गौण बना देता है।
Defining 'to pass' as the ultimate goal of education narrows the broader scope of the learning process, as it relegates the crucial roles of knowledge exploration, personal growth, and lifelong learning to a secondary status.
Philosophical critique of educational goals, formal vocabulary ('ज्ञानार्जन', 'संकीर्ण', 'गौण').
कठिन परीक्षाओं को उत्तीर्ण करने की क्षमता अक्सर व्यक्ति के दृढ़ संकल्प, अनुशासित प्रयास और दबाव में शांत रहने की योग्यता का एक उत्कृष्ट संकेतक होती है, जो जीवन के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में सफलता के लिए आवश्यक गुण हैं।
The ability to pass difficult examinations is often an excellent indicator of an individual's determination, disciplined effort, and composure under pressure, qualities essential for success in various walks of life.
Elevated vocabulary ('दृढ़ संकल्प', 'अनुशासित प्रयास', 'शांत रहने की योग्यता', 'उत्कृष्ट संकेतक'), linking exam success to broader life skills.
यह एक विडंबना ही है कि शिक्षा प्रणाली, जिसका उद्देश्य छात्रों को जीवन की चुनौतियों का सामना करने के लिए तैयार करना है, स्वयं एक ऐसी परीक्षा बन जाती है जिसे पास करने के लिए छात्र अपनी स्वाभाविक जिज्ञासा और रचनात्मकता को दबाने पर विवश हो जाते हैं।
It is indeed ironic that the education system, which aims to prepare students to face life's challenges, itself becomes an examination that students are compelled to pass by suppressing their natural curiosity and creativity.
Use of irony ('विडंबना'), complex sentence structure, critique of educational systems.
अंतिम विश्लेषण में, किसी भी परीक्षा को पास करने की क्षमता केवल अकादमिक योग्यता का प्रमाण नहीं है, बल्कि यह उस व्यक्ति की समग्र परिपक्वता, अनुकूलनशीलता और जीवन के प्रति एक सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण का भी प्रतिबिंब है।
In final analysis, the ability to pass any examination is not merely a testament to academic prowess, but also a reflection of an individual's overall maturity, adaptability, and positive outlook towards life.
Formal concluding phrases ('अंतिम विश्लेषण में'), abstract qualities ('समग्र परिपक्वता', 'अनुकूलनशीलता', 'सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण').
Synonyms
Antonyms
Common Collocations
Common Phrases
— To pass an examination.
मैं इस बार परीक्षा पास करना चाहता हूँ। (I want to pass the exam this time.)
— To pass a test or quiz.
क्या तुमने आज का टेस्ट पास कर लिया? (Did you pass today's test?)
— To pass the driving test to get a license.
मुझे ड्राइविंग टेस्ट पास करना है। (I have to pass the driving test.)
— Hope of passing.
मेरी पास होने की उम्मीद बहुत कम है। (My hope of passing is very low.)
— To study in order to pass.
वह सिर्फ पास होने के लिए पढ़ रहा है। (He is studying just to pass.)
— Worry about passing.
मुझे परीक्षा पास करने की चिंता हो रही है। (I am worrying about passing the exam.)
— Goal of passing.
मेरा लक्ष्य इस परीक्षा को पास करना है। (My goal is to pass this exam.)
— Help in passing.
क्या तुम मुझे पास करने में मदद कर सकते हो? (Can you help me pass?)
Often Confused With
'पास' can mean 'near' or 'close by'. For example, 'मेरे पास आओ' (Come near me). It's crucial to distinguish this spatial meaning from the verb phrase 'पास करना' (to pass an exam) based on context.
While similar, 'पास होना' often implies the state of having passed or being passed, whereas 'पास करना' emphasizes the action of passing. However, they are often used interchangeably in casual speech.
Literally means 'to cross'. While it can be used figuratively for overcoming difficulties, it's not the standard term for passing exams.
Idioms & Expressions
— To help someone overcome a difficult situation or succeed, often metaphorically like guiding a boat across a river.
शिक्षक ने छात्रों की नैया पार लगाई। (The teacher helped the students overcome their difficulties.)
Informal/Figurative— To overcome the cycle of birth and death, to achieve spiritual liberation (a philosophical/religious idiom).
संतों का मानना है कि अच्छे कर्मों से भवसागर पार किया जा सकता है। (Saints believe that good deeds can help one cross the ocean of existence.)
Religious/Philosophical— To overcome a difficulty or a tough phase.
हमने मिलकर यह मुश्किल पार की। (We overcame this difficulty together.)
Neutral/Figurative— To cross a limit or boundary, often implying going too far.
उसकी बातों ने सारी सीमाएं पार कर दीं। (His words crossed all limits.)
Neutral/Figurative— To accomplish a very difficult task.
इस प्रोजेक्ट को समय पर पूरा करना एक पहाड़ पार करने जैसा था। (Completing this project on time was like climbing a mountain.)
Figurative— Literally to cross a river, but can figuratively mean to get past a significant obstacle.
हमें इस समस्या की नदी पार करनी होगी। (We have to cross the river of this problem.)
Figurative— To transgress or exceed a limit or boundary.
हमें कभी भी नैतिक सीमाओं को लांघना नहीं चाहिए। (We should never transgress moral boundaries.)
Formal/Figurative— To reach a destination or goal.
कड़ी मेहनत से ही मंज़िल तक पहुँचा जा सकता है। (Only through hard work can one reach the destination.)
Neutral/Figurative— To succeed in an endeavor.
वह अपने हर काम में सफल होता है। (He succeeds in everything he does.)
Neutral— To pass an examination (formal).
सभी विद्यार्थियों को परीक्षा में उत्तीर्ण होना अपेक्षित है। (All students are expected to pass the examination.)
FormalEasily Confused
Similar to the English 'pass', it's used for exams.
'पास करना' specifically refers to succeeding in an examination or test. It requires the verb 'करना' (to do) to form the complete action. It's distinct from the spatial meaning of 'पास' (near).
मैंने अपनी परीक्षा पास कर ली। (I passed my exam.) vs. मेरा घर स्कूल के पास है। (My house is near the school.)
Also means 'to pass' an exam.
'उत्तीर्ण होना' is a more formal and literary term, often used in official announcements or academic writing. 'पास करना' is more common in everyday conversation.
सभी छात्रों को परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण करनी होगी। (Formal) vs. मुझे उम्मीद है कि मैं परीक्षा पास कर लूँगा। (Informal)
It's the direct opposite of passing.
'फेल होना' means 'to fail' an exam, while 'पास करना' means 'to pass'. They represent opposite outcomes of an examination.
वह परीक्षा पास नहीं कर सका। (He could not pass the exam.) vs. वह परीक्षा में फेल हो गया। (He failed the exam.)
Implies success, which is the outcome of passing.
'सफल होना' means 'to be successful' in a broader sense, not limited to exams. One can be successful in business, life, or a project. 'पास करना' is specifically about exams.
वह अपने करियर में सफल हुआ। (He was successful in his career.) vs. उसने परीक्षा पास की। (He passed the exam.)
Can be used figuratively for overcoming obstacles.
'पार करना' literally means 'to cross' (like a river or road) and is used figuratively for overcoming challenges. It is not the standard term for passing academic tests.
हमें यह मुश्किल पार करनी होगी। (We have to overcome this difficulty.) vs. मैंने अपनी परीक्षा पास कर ली। (I passed my exam.)
Sentence Patterns
[Subject] + [Object] + पास किया/की।
मैंने टेस्ट पास किया।
क्या + [Subject] + पास हो गया/गई?
क्या तुम पास हो गए?
[Subject] + [Object] + पास करना चाहता/चाहती है।
वह परीक्षा पास करना चाहता है।
[Subject] + [Object] + पास कर लिया/ली।
उसने परीक्षा पास कर ली।
अगर + [Condition], तो + [Subject] + [Object] + पास कर लेगा/लेगी।
अगर तुम मेहनत करोगे, तो परीक्षा पास कर लोगे।
[Subject] + [Object] + पास करना + [Modal Verb: है/होगा/पड़ेगा].
हमें परीक्षा पास करनी है।
[Subject] + [Object] + को पास करने के लिए + [Action] + चाहिए।
परीक्षा पास करने के लिए, तुम्हें पढ़ना चाहिए।
यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कि + [Subject] + [Object] + पास कर सकें, ...
यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कि छात्र परीक्षा पास कर सकें, हमने अतिरिक्त कक्षाएं शुरू कीं।
Word Family
Nouns
Verbs
Related
How to Use It
Very high in contexts related to education and testing.
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Using 'पास' as a verb by itself.
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पास करना
In Hindi, 'पास' functions as a noun or adverb. To express the action of passing an exam, you must use the verb 'करना' (to do) with it, forming 'पास करना'. Saying 'मैंने पास किया' is incomplete or ambiguous.
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Incorrect conjugation of 'करना'.
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Depends on subject and tense (e.g., पास किया, पास करेगी, पास करना है).
The verb 'करना' must be conjugated according to the subject (I, you, he, she, we, they) and the tense (present, past, future). Forgetting to conjugate or conjugating incorrectly leads to grammatical errors.
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Confusing 'पास करना' (to pass) with 'पास होना' (to be passed/to pass - state).
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Both can be used, but 'पास करना' emphasizes the action.
While often used interchangeably, 'पास करना' highlights the active effort of passing, whereas 'पास होना' can refer to the state of having passed or being in a passed condition. For instance, 'मैंने परीक्षा पास कर ली' (I passed the exam - action) vs. 'मैं पास हो गया' (I have passed - state).
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Using 'पास करना' for spatial meaning 'near'.
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Use 'पास' alone with appropriate postpositions (e.g., 'मेरे पास', 'स्कूल के पास').
'पास' also means 'near' or 'close by'. Using 'पास करना' when you mean 'near' would create a nonsensical sentence. For example, 'मैंने स्कूल पास किया' means 'I passed the school' (figuratively, perhaps a milestone), not 'My school is near'. The correct way to say 'My school is near' is 'मेरा स्कूल पास है'.
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Overusing 'सफलतापूर्वक' (successfully).
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Often just 'पास करना' is sufficient.
While grammatically correct, adding 'सफलतापूर्वक' (successfully) to 'पास करना' can sometimes be redundant, as 'पास करना' inherently implies success. It might sound slightly unnatural in casual conversation.
Tips
Focus on the Vowel Sounds
The 'aa' sound in 'पास' and 'करना' is long, similar to the 'a' in 'father'. Ensure you hold this sound for the correct duration to pronounce it accurately.
Conjugate 'करना' Correctly
Remember that 'करना' is the verb that needs conjugation. Pay attention to the subject's gender and number, and the tense of the sentence when forming 'पास करना'.
Use 'उत्तीर्ण होना' Formally
For official documents, academic reports, or formal announcements, 'उत्तीर्ण होना' is a more appropriate and respectful synonym for 'पास करना'.
Create Visual Links
Imagine a student walking through a 'gate' (पास) to 'do' (करना) their exam successfully. Visual mnemonics can significantly aid memory retention.
Use in Sentences Daily
Try to incorporate 'पास करना' into your daily Hindi practice. Write sentences about your own academic goals or past experiences with tests.
Listen for Exam Discussions
When listening to Hindi conversations, especially around exam times, pay attention to how native speakers use 'पास करना' and its related phrases.
Learn Opposites
Knowing the opposite, 'फेल होना' (to fail), will help you understand the full spectrum of exam outcomes and use 'पास करना' more effectively.
Understand the Importance
Recognize that passing exams holds significant cultural importance in Hindi-speaking societies, often linked to career prospects and family pride.
Avoid Using 'पास' Alone
Remember that 'पास' needs 'करना' to form the verb for passing exams. Do not use 'पास' as a standalone verb in this context.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Imagine a student standing 'near' (पास) the 'passing' (पास करना) line of a race after finishing a tough exam. The 'doing' (करना) part is them actively completing the task.
Visual Association
Picture a student holding a diploma, smiling, with the word 'PASS' written in large, bold letters above their head. Below it, the Hindi word 'पास करना' is written, with 'पास' looking like a gate they've just walked through.
Word Web
Challenge
Try to use 'पास करना' in three different sentences describing your own or someone else's academic goals or past successes.
Word Origin
The word 'पास' (pās) is borrowed from Persian, where it means 'near', 'close', or 'by'. The verb 'करना' (karnā) is a native Indo-Aryan word meaning 'to do' or 'to make'. Together, 'पास करना' literally means 'to do near' or 'to make pass', evolving to mean 'to pass an exam'.
Original meaning: In Persian, 'pās' signifies proximity or closeness. The combination with 'karnā' transformed its meaning in Hindi.
Indo-Aryan (Hindi) with a loanword from Indo-Iranian (Persian)Cultural Context
The phrase is generally neutral and widely understood. However, the pressure associated with exams can make discussions about 'passing' or 'failing' sensitive for individuals who have experienced academic difficulties.
While 'pass' is commonly used in English-speaking contexts for exams, 'पास करना' is the native Hindi equivalent and is essential for fluent communication in Hindi-speaking environments.
Practice in Real Life
Real-World Contexts
Discussing exam results with friends or family.
- क्या तुमने पास कर लिया?
- मैं पास हो गया/गई।
- मुझे उम्मीद है कि मैं पास हो जाऊँगा।
- पास होने के लिए कितनी मेहनत करनी पड़ी!
Talking to a teacher or professor about academic performance.
- सर, क्या मैं यह परीक्षा पास कर सकता हूँ?
- मुझे पास होने के लिए कितने अंक चाहिए?
- मैं इस विषय को पास करने में कठिनाई महसूस कर रहा हूँ।
- शिक्षक ने कहा कि हमें मेहनत से पास करना चाहिए।
Preparing for a driving test.
- ड्राइविंग टेस्ट पास करना बहुत ज़रूरी है।
- क्या तुम पहली बार में पास कर पाओगे?
- मुझे टेस्ट पास करने के लिए और अभ्यास करना होगा।
- ड्राइविंग स्कूल हमें पास करने में मदद करता है।
Announcements or news related to educational institutions.
- स्कूल के ९०% छात्रों ने परीक्षा पास की।
- सभी को यह परीक्षा पास करनी होगी।
- यह परीक्षा पास करना एक बड़ी उपलब्धि है।
- नई नीति के तहत परीक्षा पास करना अनिवार्य है।
Reflecting on past academic achievements or failures.
- मुझे याद है जब मैंने पहली बार यह परीक्षा पास की थी।
- उस बार मैं परीक्षा पास नहीं कर पाया/पाई।
- उस परीक्षा को पास करने के लिए बहुत संघर्ष करना पड़ा।
- उसने आसानी से परीक्षा पास कर ली।
Conversation Starters
"What was the most challenging exam you had to pass?"
"Do you think it's harder to pass exams now than it was in the past?"
"What advice would you give someone who is struggling to pass their exams?"
"How important is it to pass exams for career success, in your opinion?"
"Tell me about a time you were very relieved to pass an exam."
Journal Prompts
Describe a time you felt immense pressure to pass an exam. What did you do to prepare, and how did you feel after receiving your results?
Reflect on the purpose of exams. Do they truly measure understanding, or are they just a hurdle to pass? Discuss your thoughts.
Imagine you are a teacher. What strategies would you implement to help your students pass their exams, focusing on genuine learning rather than just memorization?
Think about a skill you learned that wasn't necessarily tied to passing a formal exam. How did you acquire that skill, and how valuable has it been?
Write about your aspirations for the future. What exams or qualifications do you need to pass to achieve your goals?
Frequently Asked Questions
10 questionsThe most direct English translation of 'पास करना' when referring to tests or exams is 'to pass'. For example, 'मैं परीक्षा पास करना चाहता हूँ' translates to 'I want to pass the exam'.
While primarily used for exams and tests, 'पास करना' can sometimes be used figuratively to mean getting through a difficult situation or phase, but this is less common. For example, one might say they are trying to 'पास करना' a tough period in their life. However, its most frequent and standard usage is for academic or formal assessments.
'पास करना' is the common, everyday term for passing an exam. 'उत्तीर्ण होना' is a more formal and literary synonym, often used in official announcements, academic reports, or formal writing. Both mean 'to pass'.
No, in Hindi, 'पास' itself is not used as a verb for passing exams. You must use it with the verb 'करना' (karnā) to form the phrase 'पास करना'. Simply saying 'मैंने पास किया' without context might be ambiguous.
The conjugation depends on the tense, subject, and gender. The verb 'करना' is conjugated. For example: 'मैं पास करूँगा' (I will pass - masculine), 'वह पास कर गई' (She passed - feminine), 'हम पास कर रहे हैं' (We are passing).
The direct opposite of 'पास करना' is 'फेल होना' (phel honā), which means 'to fail' an exam. The formal opposite of 'उत्तीर्ण होना' is 'अनुत्तीर्ण होना' (anutīrṇ honā), also meaning 'to fail'.
Yes, 'पास करना' is commonly used for passing a driving test. For example, 'मुझे ड्राइविंग टेस्ट पास करना है।' (I have to pass the driving test.)
Yes, 'पास' also means 'near' or 'close by' in Hindi. For example, 'मेरे पास आओ' means 'Come near me'. Context is key to understanding which meaning is intended.
Common phrases include 'परीक्षा पास करना' (to pass an exam), 'टेस्ट पास करना' (to pass a test), 'पास करने की उम्मीद' (hope of passing), and 'पास कर लिया' (have passed).
You can associate it with the English word 'pass'. Imagine a student literally 'passing' a hurdle or a gate (represented by 'पास') by 'doing' (करना) the required work.
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Summary
The Hindi phrase 'पास करना' (pās karnā) is the direct equivalent of 'to pass' an exam or test in English. It signifies successfully meeting the required standard to move forward academically or professionally.
- Pass an exam or test.
- Achieve a satisfactory result.
- Succeed in academic evaluations.
- Move forward after a test.
Focus on the Vowel Sounds
The 'aa' sound in 'पास' and 'करना' is long, similar to the 'a' in 'father'. Ensure you hold this sound for the correct duration to pronounce it accurately.
Conjugate 'करना' Correctly
Remember that 'करना' is the verb that needs conjugation. Pay attention to the subject's gender and number, and the tense of the sentence when forming 'पास करना'.
Context is Key
The word 'पास' can mean 'near' or 'pass'. Always consider the context of the sentence to understand whether it refers to proximity or academic success.
Use 'उत्तीर्ण होना' Formally
For official documents, academic reports, or formal announcements, 'उत्तीर्ण होना' is a more appropriate and respectful synonym for 'पास करना'.
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आचार्य
B1A respected teacher, scholar, or professor.
आगे चलकर
B1At a later or subsequent time; in the future.
आकलन
B1The evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone.
आकलन करना
B1To assess; to evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of.
आँकना
B1To estimate or calculate the value, quantity, or extent of something.
आंकना
B1To assess, estimate, evaluate.
आंकड़ा
A2Data; facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis.
आँकड़े
B1Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis.
आँकड़ा
B1Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis; data.
आंकड़े
B1Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis.