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A2 conjunction 12 min read

~그리고

-geurigo
Examples
Explanation ~그리고 in your Level:
At the absolute beginner level (A1), learners are introduced to 그리고 as one of their very first vocabulary words, primarily functioning as the direct translation for the English word 'and'. However, even at this early stage, a crucial distinction is taught: while English uses 'and' to connect everything from apples and oranges to complete sentences, Korean reserves 그리고 almost exclusively for connecting full sentences or providing a sequential transition. Beginners learn to construct simple, declarative sentences, place a period, and then start their next thought with 그리고. For example, a student might say, '저는 학생입니다. 그리고 미국 사람입니다.' (I am a student. And I am an American). This usage allows learners to string together basic facts about themselves, their surroundings, and their daily routines without needing to understand complex grammatical conjugations or embedded clauses. It serves as a vital crutch, enabling continuous, albeit slightly disjointed, communication. Teachers at this level often emphasize the pronunciation, ensuring students say 'geu-ri-go' clearly, and caution them against the common mistake of using it to connect nouns like '사과 그리고 바나나' (apple and banana), steering them instead towards particles like 하고 or 와/과. Mastery at the A1 level simply means recognizing the word, understanding its meaning as a sentence starter, and successfully using it to link two independent, simple thoughts.
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As learners progress to the A2 level, their understanding and application of 그리고 become more nuanced, particularly regarding chronological sequencing. At this stage, students are learning past and future tenses, and they begin to narrate events. 그리고 becomes the primary tool for saying 'and then'. A typical A2 narrative might sound like: '어제 친구를 만났어요. 그리고 같이 영화를 봤어요.' (Yesterday I met a friend. And then we watched a movie together). This is a critical step in developing conversational skills, as it allows learners to tell simple stories and recount their day. Furthermore, A2 learners begin to understand the limitations of overusing 그리고. They are introduced to the conjunctive verb ending -고 (-go), which performs the same function but connects clauses within a single sentence (e.g., '친구를 만나고 영화를 봤어요'). The A2 learner starts to balance the use of the standalone conjunction 그리고 for emphasis or clarity against the more fluid embedded -고 ending. They also learn to ensure that tense and politeness levels match across the sentences connected by 그리고, recognizing that it acts as a hard boundary between two fully formed grammatical structures. This level marks the transition from merely listing facts to actually structuring a basic narrative flow.
At the B1 intermediate level, the usage of 그리고 expands beyond simple addition and sequential storytelling into the realm of discourse management. Learners start to use it to manage the flow of conversation, often employing it as a filler word or a pause mechanism while they formulate more complex thoughts. It is common to hear a B1 speaker say '그리고... 음...' (And... um...) to hold their turn in a conversation. Additionally, B1 learners use 그리고 to add supplementary or reinforcing information to an argument or description, moving beyond simple chronological events. For example: '이 스마트폰은 디자인이 예뻐요. 그리고 카메라 성능도 아주 좋아요.' (This smartphone has a pretty design. And the camera performance is also very good). At this stage, learners are expected to have largely abandoned the beginner mistake of connecting nouns with 그리고 and should be comfortably using it alongside a wider variety of conjunctions like 그래서 (so), 그러나 (but), and 그러면 (then). The B1 learner understands that while -고 is preferred for smooth clause connection, 그리고 remains a powerful tool for pacing, emphasis, and clearly separating distinct but related ideas in both spoken and written Korean.
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Reaching the B2 upper-intermediate level implies a strong command of Korean syntax, where 그리고 is used with deliberate stylistic intent rather than out of grammatical necessity. B2 learners are adept at using complex sentence structures and embedded clauses, meaning they don't *need* to rely on 그리고 to connect basic thoughts. When they do use it, it is often to create a specific rhetorical effect, such as emphasizing the weight of an additional point in a persuasive essay or presentation. They understand the subtle differences between 그리고, 게다가 (moreover), and 또한 (furthermore), choosing the most appropriate word based on the desired level of formality and the specific nuance of the addition. In spoken Korean, B2 learners use the colloquial pronunciation ('그리구') naturally in informal settings while maintaining the crisp standard pronunciation in formal contexts. They also use it effectively to transition between major topics in a longer discourse, signaling to the listener that a new, yet related, subject is being introduced. The B2 learner's use of 그리고 is characterized by precision, appropriateness to the register, and a clear understanding of its role in structuring complex, multi-paragraph arguments or extended conversational turns.
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At the C1 advanced level, the use of 그리고 is highly sophisticated and deeply integrated into a native-like command of discourse. C1 speakers rarely use it for simple sequential narratives, as they possess a vast array of advanced grammatical structures (-으며, -거니와, -는 데다가) that connect ideas more elegantly. Instead, 그리고 is utilized strategically for pacing and dramatic effect in high-level communication. In formal writing, such as academic papers or professional reports, it might be used to introduce a concluding, heavily weighted piece of evidence that stands apart from a preceding list. In public speaking or debating, a C1 speaker might pause, say '그리고,' and deliver a critical point, using the conjunction to command attention and create anticipation. Furthermore, C1 learners are fully attuned to the pragmatic functions of the word in spontaneous speech, using it seamlessly as a discourse marker to navigate complex social interactions, manage interruptions, or gently steer a conversation back on track. Their usage reflects a deep understanding of the rhythm, intonation, and cultural nuances of Korean communication, making their application of this basic conjunction indistinguishable from that of an educated native speaker.
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At the C2 mastery level, the understanding of 그리고 transcends grammatical rules and enters the domain of linguistic intuition and literary appreciation. C2 speakers can analyze and manipulate the word's usage to achieve specific emotional or aesthetic outcomes. They understand how authors use 그리고 in literature to manipulate pacing—perhaps using a series of short sentences starting with 그리고 to create a sense of breathlessness, urgency, or childlike simplicity, or conversely, using it to isolate a profound thought. In their own expression, C2 speakers wield the conjunction with absolute precision, knowing exactly when a hard stop and a new sentence beginning with 그리고 is more impactful than a fluidly connected complex sentence. They can engage in metalinguistic discussions about its etymology (from 그리하다 + -고) and how its historical evolution influences its modern pragmatic uses. At this level, 그리고 is not just a tool for connection; it is a brushstroke in the art of Korean rhetoric, used consciously and masterfully to shape the tone, rhythm, and ultimate impact of both spoken and written discourse across any conceivable context or register.
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Examples
When embarking on the journey of learning the Korean language, one of the most fundamental and frequently encountered conjunctions is 그리고. This versatile word primarily translates to 'and' or 'and then' in English, serving as a crucial bridge between sentences, ideas, and chronological events. Unlike the English 'and', which fluidly connects nouns, adjectives, verbs, and independent clauses with equal ease, the Korean 그리고 operates under a slightly different set of syntactic and pragmatic rules that learners must master to achieve fluency. Primarily, 그리고 is used at the beginning of a sentence to connect it to the preceding one. It establishes a sequential or additive relationship, indicating that the information to follow is an extension, a continuation, or a subsequent event to what has just been stated. Understanding this distinction is vital because Korean has specific particles like 와/과, (이)랑, and 하고 specifically designed for connecting nouns within a sentence, whereas 그리고 is the preferred tool for linking broader thoughts and complete sentences.
Sentence Connector
그리고 is predominantly used to start a new sentence, linking its entire meaning to the previous sentence.

저는 밥을 먹었습니다. 그리고 커피를 마셨습니다.

The usage of 그리고 extends beyond mere addition; it often implies a chronological sequence, effectively meaning 'and then'. When narrating a story or recounting the events of a day, native speakers frequently rely on 그리고 to guide the listener through the timeline of actions. For instance, if you want to say 'I woke up, and then I went to school', you would use 그리고 to separate the two distinct actions, providing a natural pause and flow to the narrative.
Chronological Sequence
It indicates that the action in the second sentence happened after the action in the first sentence.

친구가 집에 왔어요. 그리고 우리는 영화를 봤어요.

Furthermore, 그리고 can be employed to add supplementary information that reinforces or expands upon a point just made. In formal writing, presentations, and speeches, it acts as a transitional device that helps maintain the cohesion and coherence of the discourse. It signals to the audience that the speaker is not introducing a contrasting idea (which would require a word like 그러나 or 하지만) or a concluding remark (which would require 그래서 or 따라서), but rather continuing on the same logical path.
Supplementary Addition
Used to add more details or parallel information to strengthen the current topic of conversation.

이 책은 아주 유익합니다. 그리고 가격도 저렴합니다.

날씨가 춥습니다. 그리고 눈이 내립니다.

저는 학생입니다. 그리고 서울에 삽니다.

In summary, mastering 그리고 is an absolute necessity for any Korean learner aiming to construct coherent paragraphs and engage in extended conversations. By clearly distinguishing its role as a sentence connector from the noun-connecting particles, and by recognizing its dual function as both a simple additive conjunction and a chronological marker, learners can significantly enhance the natural flow and clarity of their spoken and written Korean. It is a foundational building block that supports the architecture of complex linguistic expression in the Korean language.
Using 그리고 correctly in sentences requires an understanding of Korean sentence structure and the specific contexts in which this conjunction thrives. As established, 그리고 is primarily a sentence-initial conjunction. This means you will almost always find it immediately following a period, starting a brand new thought that links back to the previous one. When you formulate a sentence, you complete your first thought entirely, conjugate the verb appropriately, end the sentence, and then begin the next sentence with 그리고. This creates a distinct, rhythmic pause in both speech and writing.
Basic Sentence Structure
[Sentence 1]. 그리고 [Sentence 2]. This is the most standard and foolproof way to utilize the conjunction.

오늘은 월요일입니다. 그리고 내일은 화요일입니다.

One of the most common ways learners transition to more advanced Korean is by learning how to combine sentences using verb endings rather than standalone conjunctions. For instance, the verb ending -고 (-go) serves the exact same additive function as 그리고 but physically attaches to the stem of the verb in the first clause, merging two sentences into one. Understanding the relationship between -고 and 그리고 is crucial. While -고 makes speech faster and writing more concise, 그리고 is used when the speaker wants to emphasize the separation of the two actions, provide a dramatic pause, or simply when the first sentence is too long and complex to comfortably merge with another.
Compared to -고
Use 그리고 for emphasis or after a long sentence; use -고 attached to a verb stem for fluid, connected clauses.

숙제를 다 했어요. 그리고 잤어요. (Emphasis on sequence)

Another important usage note involves tense and politeness levels. Because 그리고 starts a new sentence, the sentence that follows it must independently maintain the appropriate tense and politeness level. If you are recounting a story in the past tense to a person older than you (using the polite -아요/어요 form), both the sentence before 그리고 and the sentence after it must reflect this. However, when using the -고 connector, only the final verb of the combined sentence dictates the tense and politeness, making 그리고 slightly more repetitive in its grammatical requirements but easier for beginners to manage as they construct one independent thought at a time.
Tense Agreement
Each sentence separated by 그리고 must be fully conjugated for tense and politeness.

어제 도서관에 갔습니다. 그리고 책을 빌렸습니다.

피자를 주문할게요. 그리고 콜라도 주세요.

방을 청소하세요. 그리고 설거지도 부탁해요.

Practicing these structures diligently will ensure that your usage of 그리고 is not only grammatically correct but also stylistically appropriate for the context of your communication, whether you are writing a formal essay or chatting casually with friends.
The conjunction 그리고 is ubiquitous in the Korean language, permeating almost every facet of daily communication, media, and literature. Its flexibility and fundamental role in connecting ideas mean that you will encounter it constantly, regardless of the context. One of the most common places you will hear 그리고 is in everyday storytelling and conversational recounting. When friends meet and share what they did over the weekend, 그리고 is the glue that holds their narrative together. It allows the speaker to pace their story, providing natural breaks for the listener to process the information. In these informal settings, you will often hear it pronounced slightly differently; native speakers frequently soften the final vowel, making it sound more like '그리구' (geurigu). This phonetic shift is incredibly common in casual speech and adds a colloquial, relaxed flavor to the conversation.
Casual Storytelling
Used extensively when recounting personal experiences or daily events to friends and family.

어제 쇼핑했어요. 그리고 맛있는 것도 먹었어요.

Moving from the informal to the formal, 그리고 is a staple in news broadcasts, documentaries, and academic lectures. In these environments, clarity and logical progression are paramount. News anchors use 그리고 to transition smoothly between related news items or to add crucial supplementary details to a developing story. In academic or professional presentations, speakers utilize it to introduce the next point in their argument or to list a series of related facts. The pronunciation in these contexts remains strictly standard ('그리고'), reflecting the formal register of the communication.
Formal Presentations
Acts as a clear, professional transition between major points in a lecture or news report.

첫 번째 문제는 해결되었습니다. 그리고 두 번째 문제도 곧 해결될 것입니다.

Another fascinating area where 그리고 is frequently heard is as a conversational filler. Just as English speakers use 'and um...' or 'and then like...' when they are searching for the right words, Korean speakers often drag out the word, saying '그리고오...' (geurigooo...). This usage is incredibly common in unscripted interviews, reality television shows, and spontaneous daily interactions. It serves a dual purpose: it signals that the speaker has not finished their thought and wishes to hold the floor, while simultaneously buying them a few crucial seconds to formulate their next sentence.
Conversational Filler
Elongated to hold the speaker's turn while thinking of what to say next.

저는 음악을 좋아해요. 그리고... 음... 영화도 좋아해요.

이 식당은 김치찌개가 맛있어요. 그리고 불고기도 훌륭해요.

회의를 시작하겠습니다. 그리고 자료를 배포하겠습니다.

In written literature, such as novels and poetry, 그리고 is used strategically to control pacing. Authors might use it to slow down the reader's progression through a scene, isolating actions to highlight their individual significance. In children's books, it is heavily relied upon because it breaks down complex narratives into easily digestible, independent sentences, making it a cornerstone of early literacy in Korean. By paying attention to these diverse contexts, learners can develop a rich, nuanced appreciation for how 그리고 functions dynamically within the living language.
While 그리고 is one of the first conjunctions Korean learners are taught, its apparent simplicity masks several common pitfalls that can immediately mark a speaker as non-native. The most prevalent mistake among English speakers is attempting to use 그리고 exactly like the English word 'and' to connect nouns within a single sentence. In English, it is perfectly natural to say 'I like apples and bananas.' A direct, word-for-word translation might lead a beginner to say '저는 사과 그리고 바나나를 좋아해요.' While a Korean speaker would understand this, it sounds incredibly awkward and stilted. Korean has specific particles designed for this exact purpose: 와/과, (이)랑, and 하고. These particles attach directly to the nouns, creating a smooth, natural flow. 그리고 should be reserved primarily for connecting complete sentences or independent clauses.
Noun Connection Error
Using 그리고 to list nouns instead of the appropriate noun-connecting particles (와/과, 하고, 이랑).

[Incorrect Use] 고양이 그리고 개를 키워요. -> [Correct] 고양이와 개를 키워요.

Another widespread issue is the overreliance on 그리고 in writing and speech, leading to a choppy, immature style. Beginners often construct paragraphs by writing a short sentence, adding a period, writing 그리고, and then writing another short sentence. This 'staccato' rhythm is typical of beginner-level Korean. To sound more natural and fluent, learners must transition to using conjunctive verb endings like -고 (for simple addition or sequence) and -아서/어서 (for sequential actions with a logical or causal link). For example, instead of saying '아침을 먹었어요. 그리고 학교에 갔어요.' (I ate breakfast. And I went to school.), it is much more natural to combine them: '아침을 먹고 학교에 갔어요.' (I ate breakfast and went to school.).
Overuse in Sequence
Starting too many consecutive sentences with 그리고 instead of using embedded clause connectors.

[Better Flow] 숙제를 하고 잤어요. (Instead of 숙제를 했어요. 그리고 잤어요.)

A third, more subtle mistake involves confusing the logical flow when using 그리고. Because it simply means 'and' or 'and then', it does not imply any causal relationship (because/so) or contrast (but/however). Sometimes learners use 그리고 when they actually mean 그래서 (so/therefore). For example, saying '비가 왔어요. 그리고 집에 있었어요.' (It rained. And I stayed home.) is grammatically correct but lacks the logical connection that '비가 와서 집에 있었어요.' (It rained, so I stayed home.) provides. Using the wrong conjunction can make the narrative feel disjointed and confusing to a native speaker who is expecting a logical progression of thought.
Logical Mismatch
Using 그리고 when a causal (그래서) or contrasting (그러나) conjunction is logically required.

[Incorrect Logic] 피곤했어요. 그리고 일찍 잤어요. -> [Correct Logic] 피곤했어요. 그래서 일찍 잤어요.

한국어를 공부해요. 그리고 영어를 공부해요.

밥을 먹었습니다. 그리고 양치질을 했습니다.

By actively avoiding these common errors—connecting nouns incorrectly, overusing it to the detriment of flow, and misapplying it in logical sequences—learners can rapidly elevate their Korean from sounding like a direct translation of English to a natural, idiomatically correct expression of their thoughts.
To achieve true proficiency and stylistic variety in Korean, learners must expand their repertoire beyond the basic 그리고. While it is a dependable workhorse, several similar words and grammatical structures offer more nuanced, precise, or fluid ways to express addition and sequence. The most direct and essential alternative is the conjunctive verb ending -고 (-go). As discussed previously, -고 attaches directly to the stem of a verb or adjective, merging two independent clauses into a single, cohesive sentence. This is the primary tool for creating a natural, flowing narrative in both spoken and written Korean. While 그리고 creates a hard stop and a pause, -고 propels the sentence forward without interruption.
The -고 Ending
The embedded clause equivalent of 그리고. It is essential for natural, fluent sentence construction, avoiding the staccato effect of repeated sentence-initial conjunctions.

밥을 먹고 물을 마셨어요.

When the goal is to emphasize that additional information is being provided—often translating more closely to 'moreover', 'furthermore', or 'in addition'—the word 게다가 (gedaga) is an excellent alternative. 게다가 is used when the second sentence adds weight or builds upon the argument or situation presented in the first sentence. It carries a slightly more formal or emphatic tone than a simple 그리고 and is frequently used in persuasive writing or when listing compounding factors, whether positive or negative.
게다가 (Moreover)
Used to add compounding information, emphasizing that the new fact makes the situation even more significant.

비가 많이 와요. 게다가 바람도 불어요.

Another useful alternative is 또 (tto) or 또한 (ttohan), which translate to 'also', 'again', or 'furthermore'. 또 is very common in spoken Korean and can be used interchangeably with 그리고 in many contexts where addition is the primary function, though it emphasizes the 'also' aspect more strongly. 또한 is the more formal, written equivalent of 또. While 그리고 simply connects, 또/또한 explicitly highlights the parallel nature of the added information.
또 / 또한 (Also / Furthermore)
Emphasizes the addition of similar or parallel information. 또 is conversational; 또한 is formal.

그는 똑똑합니다. 또한 성실합니다.

사과를 샀어요. 또 포도도 샀어요.

저는 수영을 좋아합니다. 그리고 등산도 즐깁니다.

Finally, for sequential actions where the first action is a necessary prerequisite for the second (e.g., 'I opened the door and went inside'), the verb ending -아서/어서 (-aseo/eoseo) is preferred over 그리고 or -고. This structure tightly binds the two actions, indicating that they are part of a continuous, logical sequence. Understanding when to use -고, -아서/어서, 게다가, and 또 instead of relying solely on 그리고 is a major milestone in mastering Korean syntax and expressing complex thoughts with native-like precision.
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Examples by Level

1

저는 사과를 좋아합니다. 그리고 바나나도 좋아합니다.

I like apples. And I also like bananas.

Basic additive use connecting two simple declarative sentences.

2

이것은 책입니다. 그리고 저것은 펜입니다.

This is a book. And that is a pen.

Connecting two simple identification sentences.

3

오늘 학교에 갑니다. 그리고 공부를 합니다.

I am going to school today. And I will study.

Basic sequential action in the present/future tense.

4

날씨가 좋습니다. 그리고 따뜻합니다.

The weather is good. And it is warm.

Connecting two descriptive sentences about the same topic.

5

저는 미국 사람입니다. 그리고 제 친구는 한국 사람입니다.

I am American. And my friend is Korean.

Adding related information about a different subject.

6

밥을 먹습니다. 그리고 물을 마십니다.

I eat rice. And I drink water.

Simple chronological actions.

7

아버지는 회사원입니다. 그리고 어머니는 선생님입니다.

My father is an office worker. And my mother is a teacher.

Listing occupations of family members.

8

안녕하세요. 그리고 반갑습니다.

Hello. And nice to meet you.

Connecting two common greeting phrases.

1

어제 도서관에 갔어요. 그리고 책을 많이 읽었어요.

I went to the library yesterday. And I read many books.

Sequential actions in the past tense.

2

주말에 청소를 했어요. 그리고 빨래도 했어요.

I cleaned on the weekend. And I also did the laundry.

Adding supplementary actions in the past tense.

3

먼저 숙제를 하세요. 그리고 텔레비전을 보세요.

Do your homework first. And then watch television.

Connecting an imperative sentence with a sequential imperative.

4

이 식당은 음식이 맛있어요. 그리고 가격이 싸요.

This restaurant's food is delicious. And the price is cheap.

Adding positive attributes to describe a place.

5

아침에 일찍 일어났어요. 그리고 운동을 했어요.

I woke up early in the morning. And I exercised.

Narrating a morning routine chronologically.

6

내일 부산에 갈 거예요. 그리고 바다를 볼 거예요.

I will go to Busan tomorrow. And I will see the ocean.

Sequential plans in the future tense.

7

한국어를 열심히 공부해요. 그리고 한국 노래도 들어요.

I study Korean hard. And I also listen to Korean songs.

Adding related habitual actions.

8

시장에서 과일을 샀어요. 그리고 야채도 샀어요.

I bought fruit at the market. And I bought vegetables too.

Listing items purchased using separate sentences.

1

그 영화는 스토리가 감동적이었어요. 그리고 배우들의 연기도 훌륭했습니다.

That movie's story was touching. And the actors' performances were also excellent.

Adding complex descriptive clauses to review media.

2

회의에서 새로운 프로젝트를 제안했습니다. 그리고 팀원들의 의견을 들었습니다.

I proposed a new project at the meeting. And I listened to the team members' opinions.

Narrating professional, sequential events.

3

비가 너무 많이 와서 등산을 취소했어요. 그리고 집에서 쉬기로 했어요.

It rained too much so we canceled the hike. And we decided to rest at home.

Connecting a causal sentence to a subsequent decision.

4

이 소프트웨어는 사용하기 쉽습니다. 그리고 보안성도 매우 뛰어납니다.

This software is easy to use. And its security is also very outstanding.

Listing technical benefits in a formal tone.

5

저는 여행을 좋아해요. 그리고... 음... 사진 찍는 것도 좋아해요.

I like traveling. And... um... I also like taking pictures.

Using 그리고 as a conversational filler while thinking.

6

먼저 재료를 준비해 주세요. 그리고 냄비에 물을 끓이세요.

Please prepare the ingredients first. And then boil water in the pot.

Providing step-by-step instructions.

7

그분은 친절하고 따뜻한 사람입니다. 그리고 항상 남을 도와줍니다.

That person is kind and warm. And they always help others.

Expanding on a character description.

8

어제는 하루 종일 바빴어요. 그리고 오늘 아침에도 일찍 출근해야 했어요.

Yesterday I was busy all day. And this morning I had to go to work early too.

Connecting related states across different timeframes.

1

이 정책은 경제 성장을 촉진할 것입니다. 그리고 일자리 창출에도 기여할 것입니다.

This policy will promote economic growth. And it will also contribute to job creation.

Formal presentation of additive benefits in a professional context.

2

그는 자신의 실수를 인정했습니다. 그리고 진심으로 사과하는 모습을 보였습니다.

He acknowledged his mistake. And he showed a sincere apology.

Connecting sequential actions with emotional weight.

3

현대 사회는 빠르게 변화하고 있습니다. 그리고 우리는 그 변화에 적응해야 합니다.

Modern society is changing rapidly. And we must adapt to that change.

Connecting a broad observation to a necessary subsequent action.

4

환경 오염 문제는 심각합니다. 그리고 이를 해결하기 위한 국제적인 협력이 필수적입니다.

The problem of environmental pollution is serious. And international cooperation is essential to solve it.

Linking a problem statement to a proposed solution.

5

프로젝트 마감일이 얼마 남지 않았습니다. 그리고 예산도 부족한 상황입니다.

There is not much time left until the project deadline. And the budget is also tight.

Adding compounding negative factors to describe a situation.

6

그녀는 뛰어난 피아니스트입니다. 그리고 동시에 재능 있는 작곡가이기도 합니다.

She is an outstanding pianist. And at the same time, she is a talented composer.

Using 그리고 alongside '동시에' (at the same time) for emphasis.

7

연구 결과는 우리의 가설을 뒷받침합니다. 그리고 추가적인 연구의 필요성을 제시합니다.

The research results support our hypothesis. And they suggest the need for further research.

Academic usage connecting findings to future implications.

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