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더구나

B1 adverb #3,500 most common 13 min read

더구나

deoguna Top 3,500

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips 더구나 in 30 Seconds

Explanation 더구나 in your Level:

At the A1 level, '더구나' might be a bit challenging because it is a connective word used to link complex ideas. However, you can think of it as a 'super AND.' While '그리고' is used to simply list things (like 'I like apples and I like milk'), '더구나' is used when the second thing you are saying is even more important or surprising. For example, if you say 'The bus was late,' and then you want to add 'and it was raining too!', you could use '더구나' to show that the rain made the late bus even worse. At this level, just focus on recognizing that when you see '더구나,' the speaker is adding more information that goes in the same direction (good + good or bad + bad). It helps you understand that the speaker is trying to emphasize a point. Don't worry about using it in every sentence yet; just try to spot it in stories or simple news clips. It's a sign that the story is getting more intense!

For A2 learners, '더구나' becomes a useful tool for making your sentences sound more connected. Instead of just saying short, choppy sentences, you can use '더구나' to bridge them. For example, instead of 'The food is delicious. The price is cheap,' you can say 'The food is delicious. Moreover (더구나), the price is cheap.' This shows you are starting to think about how ideas relate to each other. You will often hear this word in weather reports or when people are complaining about something. It's almost always used to add a 'bonus' piece of information. A key tip for A2 learners is to notice that '더구나' is very similar to '게다가,' which you might have learned already. You can use them almost the same way, but '더구나' sounds just a little bit more formal and emphatic. Try using it when you want to give a second reason for something you like or dislike. It will make your Korean sound much more natural and less like a beginner.

At the B1 level, you should be moving beyond simple addition and starting to use '더구나' to build logical arguments or more descriptive narratives. This is the level where you learn that '더구나' isn't just 'and'—it's a rhetorical device. It signals that the speaker is providing additional evidence to support a claim. For instance, if you are arguing why a certain movie is great, you might say, 'The acting was superb. Furthermore (더구나), the cinematography was breathtaking.' This usage shows that you can organize your thoughts hierarchically. You should also start pairing '더구나' with other grammatical structures like '-까지' (even) or connective endings like '-ㄴ데/은데.' For example, '길이 막히는데 더구나 사고까지 났어요' (The road is blocked, and on top of that, there's even been an accident). This level of complexity is exactly what is expected in B1 speaking and writing tasks. It shows you can handle more than just the basic facts of a situation and can express the relationship between those facts.

By the B2 level, you should be able to distinguish the subtle nuances between '더구나,' '게다가,' and '더욱이.' You should recognize that '더구나' often carries a sense of 'as if that weren't enough' or 'to make matters worse/better.' It's frequently used in persuasive writing and formal discussions to stack points in a way that leads the listener to a specific conclusion. At this level, you should be comfortable using '더구나' in various registers, from polite conversation to more formal written reports. You should also be aware of the 'polarity' of the word—it's rarely used to connect a positive point with a negative one. Instead, it reinforces the existing tone of the discourse. If you are writing an essay for the TOPIK II exam, using '더구나' correctly will help you achieve a higher score in the 'cohesion' and 'vocabulary' categories. It demonstrates that you can use advanced adverbs to create a sophisticated flow of information and that you understand the pragmatic weight that certain words carry in Korean communication.

At the C1 level, your understanding of '더구나' should be deeply intuitive. You recognize it as a tool for rhetorical emphasis and narrative pacing. In C1-level texts, '더구나' might be used to introduce a point that is not just additional, but fundamentally changes the gravity of the situation. You should be able to use it in complex debates to dismiss an opposing view or to provide the 'final blow' in a series of arguments. For example, in a political or social discussion, you might list several problems with a proposal and then use '더구나' to introduce the most critical flaw, thereby making your argument nearly impossible to refute. At this level, you also understand the literary value of the word. In fiction, it can be used to build a sense of cumulative pressure or escalating emotion. You are also expected to recognize when '더구나' is used ironically or for specific stylistic effects. Your usage should be flawless, appearing in the correct position with the appropriate accompanying particles and verb endings to create a seamless, professional-sounding discourse.

For C2 learners, '더구나' is a masterstroke in the art of Korean rhetoric. You understand its historical development and its place within the broader system of Korean conjunctive adverbs. You can use it with surgical precision to manage the flow of information in highly technical or academic contexts. In C2-level proficiency, you don't just use '더구나' to add information; you use it to control the listener's focus and to build a compelling narrative arc. You are also aware of how '더구나' interacts with very formal or archaic structures that might appear in classical literature or high-level legal and philosophical texts. Your ability to switch between '더구나,' '더욱이,' and '하물며' based on the exact shade of meaning and the desired level of formality is a hallmark of your near-native fluency. You can analyze why an author chose '더구나' over another synonym in a specific literary context, understanding the rhythmic and emotional implications of that choice. At this level, the word is not a vocabulary item to be learned, but a versatile instrument to be played with nuance and sophistication.

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

더구나 in 30 Seconds

더구나 is a conjunctive adverb meaning 'moreover' or 'besides,' used to add a stronger or more significant point to a previous statement.
It typically maintains the same emotional 'polarity' (positive/negative) as the preceding clause, reinforcing the speaker's overall tone or argument.
While similar to '게다가,' 더구나 often sounds slightly more emphatic or formal, making it suitable for both speech and structured writing.
It is frequently paired with emphatic particles like '-까지' or connective endings like '-ㄴ데' to create a smooth and persuasive flow of ideas.

The Korean adverb 더구나 (deoguna) is a powerful connective tool used to add a layer of information that reinforces or intensifies a previous statement. In English, it is most closely translated as 'besides,' 'moreover,' 'furthermore,' or 'on top of that.' It functions as a conjunctive adverb, meaning it typically appears at the beginning of a sentence or clause to link it to the preceding context. What makes 더구나 unique is its inherent ability to heighten the emotional or logical weight of the second point. It is not just adding information; it is adding significant information that often makes the first point seem even more valid or extreme.

Semantic Function: The primary role of 더구나 is additive. It signals to the listener that the speaker has another reason, fact, or circumstance that compounds the current situation. It is frequently used when the speaker is listing reasons for a decision, expressing frustration about a worsening situation, or emphasizing a positive turn of events.
Nuance of Intensity: Unlike the more neutral '그리고' (and), 더구나 suggests that the second fact is even more noteworthy than the first. If you are complaining about the cold and mention it is snowing, 더구나 implies that the snow makes the cold significantly harder to bear.

날씨가 추운데 더구나 바람까지 세게 불어요.
Translation: The weather is cold, and furthermore, the wind is blowing hard.

In social contexts, 더구나 is often employed in persuasive speech. When someone is trying to convince another person of a specific viewpoint, they will provide a strong reason and then follow up with 더구나 to deliver the 'knockout' argument. For example, 'The price is high, and 더구나 the quality is poor.' This structure makes the conclusion (not to buy the product) feel inevitable.

그는 공부를 잘해요. 더구나 성격도 아주 좋아요.
Translation: He is good at studying. Moreover, his personality is very good as well.

Register and Tone: In professional settings, such as business presentations or news reporting, 더구나 helps organize complex information into a logical hierarchy. It shows the listener that the speaker has thought through multiple layers of an issue. In personal settings, it can express empathy or shared frustration, such as when discussing a difficult situation that has just gotten worse.

길이 막히는데 더구나 사고까지 났어요.
Translation: The road is blocked, and moreover, an accident has occurred.

Understanding 더구나 requires recognizing that it functions as a bridge. It bridges a known fact to a new, often more significant fact. If you are learning Korean at a B1 level, mastering 더구나 will significantly improve your ability to tell stories and explain your reasoning in a way that sounds sophisticated and fluid. It moves you away from simple 'Subject-Object-Verb' sentences into the realm of complex, connected discourse.

그 영화는 재미없어요. 더구나 너무 길어요.
Translation: That movie is not interesting. Furthermore, it is too long.

음식이 맛없어요. 더구나 비싸기까지 해요.
Translation: The food is tasteless. Moreover, it is even expensive.

Common Contexts: You will encounter 더구나 in literature when an author is describing a character's deepening despair or increasing joy. In news broadcasts, it is used to list multiple factors contributing to an economic trend or a social issue. In everyday life, it is perfect for explaining why you are late (traffic + rain) or why you like a certain celebrity (talent + kindness).

Using 더구나 correctly involves understanding its placement and the grammatical environment it thrives in. As an adverb, it enjoys some flexibility, but its most common position is at the start of a second sentence that adds to the first. It can also appear in the middle of a sentence, particularly after a comma or a connective ending like -ㄴ데/은데 or -고. Mastering these patterns is key to achieving a natural Korean flow.

Pattern 1: The Sentence Starter: This is the simplest way to use 더구나. State a fact, end the sentence, and then start the next sentence with 더구나 to add more weight. This creates a clear, rhythmic progression of ideas. Example: '한국어는 어려워요. 더구나 문법이 복잡해요.' (Korean is difficult. Moreover, the grammar is complex.)
Pattern 2: Mid-Sentence Connection: You can use 더구나 immediately after a clausal connective. This is very common in spoken Korean because it allows the speaker to keep talking without a full stop. Example: '비가 오는데 더구나 바람도 불어요.' (It is raining, and on top of that, the wind is blowing.)

그는 아주 똑똑해요. 더구나 매우 겸손하기까지 하죠.
Translation: He is very smart. Furthermore, he is even very humble.

A very common stylistic choice is to pair 더구나 with the particle -까지 (even/to the point of). This combination emphasizes that the second point is the 'limit' or the 'final straw.' It creates a sense of 'not only A, but even B.' For example, instead of just saying '더구나 돈이 없어요,' saying '더구나 돈까지 없어요' adds a much stronger sense of despair or emphasis.

일이 많은데 더구나 몸도 아파요.
Translation: I have a lot of work, and moreover, my body hurts (I am sick).

Verb Endings with 더구나: While 더구나 doesn't require a specific verb ending, it is frequently found with emphatic endings like -거든요 (you see/because), -잖아요 (you know), or -네요 (expressing surprise/realization). These endings complement the additive nature of the adverb by providing further explanation or emotional color.

집이 멀어요. 더구나 교통도 불편하거든요.
Translation: The house is far. Furthermore, the transportation is inconvenient, you see.

In written Korean, 더구나 is a staple of argumentative essays (논설문). It helps the writer stack evidence. For example, 'First, this policy will save money. Second, it will improve efficiency. 더구나, it will protect the environment.' This logical stacking is essential for high-level writing tasks like the TOPIK exam. It shows that you can connect ideas logically and progressively.

이 옷은 예뻐요. 더구나 가격도 저렴해요.
Translation: These clothes are pretty. Moreover, the price is also cheap.

사람이 많아요. 더구나 날씨도 너무 더워요.
Translation: There are many people. Furthermore, the weather is also too hot.

Finally, remember that 더구나 is usually followed by a clause that either explains a reason or describes a state. It is rarely used before a command or a suggestion. You wouldn't typically say 'It's raining, moreover go home.' Instead, you'd say 'It's raining, moreover I have no umbrella, so I should go home.' The adverb sets the stage for the final conclusion.

While 더구나 might seem like a word found only in textbooks, it is actually deeply embedded in various layers of Korean life. From the dramatic dialogue of K-dramas to the structured arguments in news debates, 더구나 serves as a vital linguistic tool for emphasis and connection. Understanding its real-world application will help you recognize the emotional 'peak' of a conversation.

In K-Dramas and Movies: In dramas, 더구나 is often used during high-tension scenes. Imagine a protagonist confronting a villain. They might list the villain's crimes: 'You lied to me! You stole my company! 더구나, you hurt my family!' Here, 더구나 acts as the emotional crescendo, introducing the most unforgivable act. It signals to the audience that the situation has reached a point of no return.
In News and Journalism: News anchors and reporters use 더구나 to present multifaceted problems. If reporting on an economic downturn, they might say, 'Inflation is rising. 더구나, unemployment rates are also increasing.' This usage helps the viewer understand that the situation is complex and that multiple factors are compounding the issue. It provides a sense of logical progression and gravity.

'경기가 안 좋습니다. 더구나 물가까지 오르고 있습니다.'
Context: A news report about the economy.

In daily life, you'll hear 더구나 when people are venting or sharing experiences. A friend might tell you about a bad date: 'The person was late. 더구나, they didn't even apologize!' The use of 더구나 here highlights the lack of apology as the most frustrating part of the experience. It invites the listener to share in the speaker's indignation.

'시험이 어려웠어요. 더구나 시간도 부족했어요.'
Context: Students discussing a recent exam.

In Literature and Essays: Korean literature utilizes 더구나 to build atmosphere. An author might describe a dark forest: 'The trees were thick. 더구나, a heavy mist covered the ground.' This builds a sense of mystery and foreboding. In essays, it is the 'glue' that holds arguments together, moving from a general observation to a specific, more impactful piece of evidence.

'산길은 험했습니다. 더구나 안개까지 자욱했습니다.'
Context: A descriptive passage in a novel.

Finally, 더구나 is common in customer reviews. A reviewer might praise a cafe: 'The coffee is great. 더구나, the staff are so kind!' Or criticize a hotel: 'The room was small. 더구나, the air conditioner didn't work.' In these contexts, 더구나 helps the reader quickly identify the key strengths or weaknesses of a service or product. It acts as a highlighter for the most important additional details.

'배송이 빨라요. 더구나 포장도 아주 꼼꼼해요.'
Context: An online shopping review.

By paying attention to 더구나 in these various contexts, you will gain a deeper appreciation for how Korean speakers layer their thoughts and emotions. It is more than just a conjunction; it is a signal of emphasis, logic, and narrative progression.

While 더구나 is a versatile word, English speakers often encounter a few common pitfalls when trying to integrate it into their Korean. These mistakes usually stem from confusing it with other conjunctions or misjudging the 'weight' of the information being added. Let's look at the most frequent errors and how to avoid them.

Confusing it with '그런데' (But/By the way): The most common mistake is using 더구나 to introduce a contrasting idea. Remember, 더구나 is additive, not contrastive. If you say 'The food is cheap, 더구나 it tastes bad,' it sounds very strange in Korean because 'cheap' is usually positive and 'tastes bad' is negative. You should use '그런데' or '하지만' for contrast. 더구나 should be used like 'The food is cheap, and 더구나 the portion is huge!'
Overusing it for Simple Addition: Sometimes learners use 더구나 when a simple '그리고' (and) or '-고' would suffice. 더구나 carries weight and emphasis. If you are just listing items on a grocery list ('I bought apples, and 더구나 I bought milk'), it sounds overly dramatic. Save 더구나 for when the second item adds significant meaning or surprise to the first.

사과를 샀어요. 더구나 우유도 샀어요.
사과를 샀어요. 그리고 우유도 샀어요.
Explanation: Use '그리고' for simple lists; '더구나' is for emphasis.

Another subtle mistake is forgetting to match the formality of the sentence. While 더구나 is used in both spoken and written Korean, using it in a very slang-heavy, informal conversation might sound a bit stiff. In those cases, '거기다가' or '게다가' might feel more natural. Conversely, in a very formal essay, 더욱이 might sometimes be a more academic choice than 더구나, though both are acceptable.

그는 노래를 잘해요. 더구나 춤도 잘 춰요.
Correct: Both are positive talents being added together.

Placement Errors: While 더구나 is an adverb, placing it at the very end of a sentence is grammatically incorrect. It must precede the information it is adding. It is also rare to see it used in isolation (e.g., answering '더구나' to a question). It always needs context to 'add' to.

바람이 불어요, 더구나.
더구나 바람도 불어요.
Explanation: Adverbs like '더구나' should appear before the phrase they modify.

Finally, be careful not to use 더구나 when the second point actually diminishes the first. For example, 'He is rich, 더구나 he is stingy.' In English, we might say 'Moreover, he's stingy,' but in Korean, this would usually require a contrastive conjunction because being rich is generally seen as positive while being stingy is negative. Use 더구나 when you are 'piling on' the same kind of information (positive + positive or negative + negative).

Korean has several words that mean 'moreover' or 'besides,' and choosing the right one can make your Korean sound much more natural. While 더구나 is a fantastic all-rounder, understanding its 'siblings' will help you fine-tune your expression based on the context and your desired level of formality.

게다가 (Gedaga): This is the most common alternative to 더구나. It is slightly more informal and used very frequently in daily conversation. If 더구나 feels like 'furthermore,' 게다가 feels like 'plus' or 'on top of that.' They are often interchangeable, but 게다가 is more versatile across different levels of speech.
더욱이 (Deougi): This is a more formal and literary version of 더구나. You will see it often in books, newspapers, and academic papers. It emphasizes the 'even more' aspect (from the root '더욱'). If you are writing a formal report, 더욱이 is an excellent choice to show your proficiency.

그는 성실하다. 더욱이 책임감도 강하다.
Context: A formal recommendation letter.

For those looking for even more nuance, there are other structures that function similarly but have different grammatical roots. Understanding these will help you avoid repetitive language in your writing and speaking.

뿐만 아니라 (Ppun-man anira): This literally means 'not only [A] but also [B].' While 더구나 is an adverb that starts a new point, 뿐만 아니라 is a grammatical structure that connects two nouns or clauses directly. It's very useful for creating complex, single-sentence descriptions. Example: '그는 똑똑할 뿐만 아니라 친절해요' (He is not only smart but also kind).
하물며 (Hamulmyeo): This is a much stronger and more rhetorical word, often translated as 'how much more' or 'let alone.' It's used when the first point is so obvious that the second point must also be true. Example: 'Animals love their children, 하물며 humans should too.' This is more advanced and formal than 더구나.

작은 일도 힘든데 하물며 큰 일은 어떻겠어요?
Translation: Even small tasks are hard, how much more so would big tasks be?

In summary, while 더구나 is a powerful tool for adding emphasis, don't be afraid to experiment with its synonyms. Using 게다가 in a casual conversation will make you sound more like a native, while using 더욱이 in a formal setting will impress your listeners with your vocabulary depth. Each word has its place in the rich tapestry of the Korean language.

날씨가 맑아요. 게다가 바람도 시원해요.
Casual use: The weather is clear. Plus, the wind is cool.

How Formal Is It?

Fun Fact

While '-구나' is now mostly used as an exclamatory ending (e.g., '예쁘구나!'), its presence in '더구나' shows how emotional or emphatic suffixes can merge with root words to create new functional parts of speech.

Pronunciation Guide

UK /dʌ.ɡu.na/

US /dʌ.ɡu.na/

In Korean, stress is generally equal across syllables, but a slight emphasis can be placed on the first syllable '더' for rhetorical effect.

Rhymes With

바구니 (baguni - basket) 어머니 (eomeoni - mother) 누구나 (nuguna - anyone) 어디나 (eodina - anywhere) 언제나 (eonjena - always) 주머니 (jumeoni - pocket) 할머니 (halmeoni - grandmother) 캐나다 (kaenada - Canada)

Common Errors

Pronouncing '더' like '도' (do). It should be an open 'eo' sound.
Pronouncing '구' like '규' (gyu). It should be a simple 'u' (oo) sound.
Aspirating the 'd' too much like a 't'. It should be a soft 'd'.
Making the 'n' sound too nasal like 'ng'.
Rushing the word so it sounds like two syllables instead of three.

Difficulty Rating

Reading 3/5

Easy to recognize in texts as a transition word.

Writing 4/5

Requires understanding of logical flow and polarity.

Speaking 4/5

Needs practice to use with natural intonation and pairing particles.

Listening 3/5

Usually clearly enunciated as it starts a new point.

What to Learn Next

Prerequisites

더 (more) 그리고 (and) 하지만 (but) 게다가 (besides) 그런데 (by the way/but)

Learn Next

더욱이 (moreover - formal) 하물며 (how much more) 뿐만 아니라 (not only but also) 설상가상 (to make matters worse) 금상첨화 (to make matters better)

Advanced

거기다가 (on top of that) 동시에 (simultaneously) 아울러 (along with) 나아가 (furthermore/moving forward) 덧붙여 (in addition)

Grammar to Know

-까지 (Even/To the point of)

비가 오는데 더구나 바람까지 불어요.

-ㄴ데/은데 (Connective ending)

길이 막히는데 더구나 사고까지 났어요.

-도 (Also/Too)

공부가 힘들어요. 더구나 숙제도 많아요.

-어서/아서 (Reason/Cause)

더구나 날씨가 추워서 감기에 걸렸어요.

-거든요 (Emphatic explanation)

더구나 내일이 시험이거든요.

Examples by Level

비가 와요. 더구나 바람도 불어요.

It's raining. Moreover, the wind is blowing.

더구나 starts the second sentence to add more information.

이 사과는 싸요. 더구나 아주 달아요.

This apple is cheap. Furthermore, it is very sweet.

Used to add a positive point to another positive point.

그는 키가 커요. 더구나 멋있어요.

He is tall. Moreover, he is cool/handsome.

Adds a descriptive adjective to another.

공부가 힘들어요. 더구나 숙제도 많아요.

Studying is hard. Furthermore, there is a lot of homework.

Adds a negative point to another negative point.

배가 고파요. 더구나 돈이 없어요.

I am hungry. Moreover, I have no money.

Connects two unfortunate situations.

방이 좁아요. 더구나 어두워요.

The room is small. Furthermore, it is dark.

Reinforces the negative description of the room.

길이 막혀요. 더구나 버스가 안 와요.

The road is blocked. Moreover, the bus is not coming.

Adds frustration to a situation.

꽃이 예뻐요. 더구나 향기도 좋아요.

The flowers are pretty. Furthermore, the scent is good.

Adds a sensory detail to a visual one.

한국 음식은 맛있어요. 더구나 건강에도 좋아요.

Korean food is delicious. Moreover, it is good for health.

Connecting two positive attributes of a subject.

어제는 피곤했어요. 더구나 잠도 못 잤어요.

Yesterday I was tired. Furthermore, I couldn't even sleep.

Shows a worsening state of tiredness.

그 영화는 너무 길어요. 더구나 내용도 어려워요.

That movie is too long. Moreover, the content is difficult.

Lists reasons why a movie might be hard to watch.

이 가방은 가벼워요. 더구나 디자인도 예뻐요.

This bag is light. Furthermore, the design is also pretty.

Adding a positive aesthetic point to a functional one.

시험이 어려웠어요. 더구나 시간도 부족했어요.

The exam was difficult. Moreover, I also ran out of time.

Commonly used to explain a poor result.

그는 노래를 잘해요. 더구나 춤도 잘 춰요.

He is good at singing. Furthermore, he is also good at dancing.

Adding a second talent to the first.

날씨가 더워요. 더구나 습도도 높아요.

The weather is hot. Moreover, the humidity is also high.

Describing a compound weather condition.

식당이 멀어요. 더구나 길도 복잡해요.

The restaurant is far. Furthermore, the way there is complicated.

Explaining why it is hard to reach a destination.

이곳은 경치가 아주 좋아요. 더구나 공기도 맑아서 산책하기에 최고예요.

The scenery here is very good. Moreover, the air is clear, so it's the best for taking a walk.

Using 더구나 to introduce a more detailed reason.

그 배우는 연기력이 뛰어나요. 더구나 인성도 좋기로 유명하죠.

That actor has outstanding acting skills. Furthermore, they are famous for having a good personality.

Adding a character trait to a professional skill.

노트북이 고장 났어요. 더구나 중요한 자료를 아직 백업하지 못했어요.

The laptop is broken. Moreover, I haven't backed up important data yet.

Shows the severity of a problem.

그는 외국어를 세 개나 할 수 있어요. 더구나 발음도 아주 자연스러워요.

He can speak three foreign languages. Furthermore, his pronunciation is very natural.

Emphasizing the quality of a skill.

감기에 걸렸어요. 더구나 내일이 중요한 면접일이라서 걱정이에요.

I caught a cold. Moreover, I'm worried because tomorrow is an important interview day.

Connecting a physical state to a situational worry.

이 책은 내용이 아주 유익해요. 더구나 설명이 쉬워서 이해하기 좋아요.

This book's content is very informative. Furthermore, the explanation is easy, so it's good for understanding.

Adding a functional benefit to a content benefit.

주말이라 사람이 많아요. 더구나 오늘은 축제까지 열려서 아주 복잡해요.

It's the weekend, so there are many people. Moreover, a festival is being held today, so it's very crowded.

Using 더구나 with -까지 for maximum emphasis.

회사가 집에서 가까워요. 더구나 연봉도 높아서 아주 만족스러워요.

The company is close to home. Furthermore, the salary is also high, so I am very satisfied.

Combining two major job satisfactions.

그 정책은 경제적으로 큰 손실을 초래할 수 있습니다. 더구나 사회적 갈등을 야기할 우려도 큽니다.

That policy could cause significant economic losses. Furthermore, there is a high risk of it causing social conflict.

Formal usage in an argumentative context.

신제품은 기능이 다양해졌습니다. 더구나 디자인 면에서도 혁신적인 변화를 시도했습니다.

The new product has more diverse functions. Moreover, it attempted innovative changes in terms of design as well.

Professional usage in marketing or product reviews.

그 도시는 교통 체증이 심각합니다. 더구나 주차 공간도 턱없이 부족한 실정입니다.

That city has serious traffic congestion. Furthermore, the parking space is also severely lacking.

Describing a systemic urban problem.

그는 이미 충분한 자격을 갖추고 있습니다. 더구나 실무 경험까지 풍부하니 금상첨화지요.

He already has sufficient qualifications. Furthermore, since he even has rich practical experience, it's the icing on the cake.

Adding a decisive factor to a strong base.

이번 사건은 진상 규명이 어렵습니다. 더구나 목격자조차 나타나지 않고 있어 수사에 난항을 겪고 있습니다.

It is difficult to uncover the truth of this incident. Moreover, as not even a witness is appearing, the investigation is facing difficulties.

Formal journalistic or legal context.

그 나라는 천연자원이 풍부합니다. 더구나 최근에는 기술력까지 확보하여 경제 성장이 빠릅니다.

That country is rich in natural resources. Furthermore, by securing technological power recently, its economic growth is fast.

Explaining economic trends with multiple factors.

그의 주장은 논리적으로 타당합니다. 더구나 실제 사례를 바탕으로 하고 있어 설득력이 높습니다.

His argument is logically valid. Moreover, because it is based on actual cases, it is highly persuasive.

Evaluating the strength of an argument.

환경 오염이 날로 심각해지고 있습니다. 더구나 기후 변화로 인한 재해까지 빈번해지고 있어 대책이 시급합니다.

Environmental pollution is becoming more serious day by day. Furthermore, as disasters due to climate change are becoming frequent, measures are urgent.

Discussing urgent global issues.

인간의 욕망은 끝이 없습니다. 더구나 현대 사회의 물질만능주의는 이러한 욕망을 더욱 부추기고 있습니다.

Human desire is endless. Furthermore, the materialism of modern society is further fueling these desires.

Abstract and philosophical usage.

고전 문학은 시대를 초월하는 가치를 지닙니다. 더구나 당대의 사회상을 생생하게 반영하고 있어 역사적 사료로서의 가치도 큽니다.

Classical literature possesses values that transcend time. Moreover, because it vividly reflects the social aspects of the era, its value as historical data is also great.

Academic and literary analysis.

그 기업은 이미 시장 점유율 1위를 기록하고 있습니다. 더구나 끊임없는 연구 개발을 통해 경쟁사와의 격차를 벌리고 있습니다.

That company already records the number one market share. Furthermore, through continuous research and development, it is widening the gap with competitors.

Strategic business analysis.

전통문화의 계승은 민족의 정체성을 유지하는 데 필수적입니다. 더구나 이는 현대 예술의 새로운 영감이 되기도 합니다.

The succession of traditional culture is essential for maintaining national identity. Moreover, this also becomes a new inspiration for modern art.

Cultural and artistic discourse.

인공지능 기술은 우리 삶에 많은 편의를 제공합니다. 더구나 이는 인간의 지적 한계를 극복하는 데에도 큰 기여를 할 것입니다.

Artificial intelligence technology provides much convenience to our lives. Furthermore, this will also make a great contribution to overcoming human intellectual limits.

Speculative and technological discourse.

그 저자의 문체는 매우 간결하면서도 힘이 있습니다. 더구나 독자의 상상력을 자극하는 묘사가 탁월합니다.

The author's style is very concise yet powerful. Moreover, the descriptions that stimulate the reader's imagination are excellent.

Literary criticism and appreciation.

민주주의의 핵심은 시민의 자발적인 참여에 있습니다. 더구나 정보 통신 기술의 발달은 이러한 참여를 더욱 용이하게 만들었습니다.

The core of democracy lies in the voluntary participation of citizens. Furthermore, the development of information and communication technology has made such participation even easier.

Political science and sociological context.

예술은 인간의 내면세계를 표현하는 수단입니다. 더구나 이는 타인과의 정서적 교감을 가능하게 하는 보편적인 언어이기도 합니다.

Art is a means of expressing the human inner world. Moreover, it is also a universal language that enables emotional communion with others.

Deep philosophical observation on art.

본 연구의 결과는 기존 학설을 뒤집는 획기적인 발견이라 할 수 있습니다. 더구나 이는 향후 관련 분야의 연구 방향을 완전히 재정립할 것으로 기대됩니다.

The results of this study can be called a groundbreaking discovery that overturns existing theories. Furthermore, this is expected to completely redefine the direction of future research in related fields.

High-level academic research reporting.

언어는 단순한 소통의 도구를 넘어 사고의 틀을 형성합니다. 더구나 특정 언어의 소멸은 그 언어에 담긴 독특한 세계관의 상실을 의미하기도 합니다.

Language goes beyond a simple tool for communication and forms the framework of thought. Moreover, the extinction of a specific language also means the loss of the unique worldview contained within it.

Linguistic and anthropological discourse.

국가 간의 갈등은 자국의 이익만을 우선시하는 태도에서 비롯됩니다. 더구나 역사적 앙금까지 겹칠 경우 해결의 실마리를 찾기는 더욱 어려워집니다.

Conflicts between nations stem from an attitude of prioritizing only one's own interests. Furthermore, when historical grudges also overlap, finding a clue to a solution becomes even more difficult.

International relations and geopolitical analysis.

현대인의 고독은 사회적 단절에서 기인하는 경우가 많습니다. 더구나 디지털 기기에 대한 의존도가 높아짐에 따라 대면 접촉의 기회는 더욱 줄어들고 있습니다.

The loneliness of modern people often originates from social disconnection. Moreover, as the dependence on digital devices increases, opportunities for face-to-face contact are further decreasing.

Sociological analysis of modern life.

법치주의의 근간은 법 앞의 평등에 있습니다. 더구나 사법부의 독립성이 보장되지 않는다면 진정한 법치주의는 실현될 수 없습니다.

The foundation of the rule of law lies in equality before the law. Furthermore, if the independence of the judiciary is not guaranteed, true rule of law cannot be realized.

Legal and political philosophy.

기초 과학에 대한 투자는 국가의 장기적인 경쟁력을 좌우합니다. 더구나 이는 응용 기술의 발전을 견인하는 원동력이 된다는 점에서도 그 중요성이 큽니다.

Investment in basic science determines a nation's long-term competitiveness. Moreover, its importance is also great in that it becomes the driving force that leads the development of applied technology.

Economic and scientific policy discourse.

윤리적 소비는 단순히 개인의 선택을 넘어 사회적 책임을 실천하는 행위입니다. 더구나 이는 기업의 경영 방식에도 긍정적인 변화를 유도할 수 있습니다.

Ethical consumption goes beyond simple individual choice and is an act of practicing social responsibility. Furthermore, this can also induce positive changes in corporate management methods.

Economic ethics and social responsibility discourse.

인간 소외 현상은 기술 문명의 발달이 가져온 어두운 이면입니다. 더구나 자본주의의 무한 경쟁 체제는 이러한 소외를 더욱 심화시키고 있습니다.

The phenomenon of human alienation is a dark side brought about by the development of technological civilization. Moreover, the infinite competition system of capitalism is further deepening this alienation.

Critical social theory and philosophy.

Common Collocations

더구나 ~까지

더구나 ~ㄴ데/은데

더구나 ~도

더구나 ~어서/아서

더구나 ~니까/으니까

더구나 ~거든요

더구나 ~잖아요

더구나 ~는 바람에

더구나 ~는 덕분에

더구나 ~을 정도로

Common Phrases

더구나 요즘 같은 때에

— Especially in times like these. Used to emphasize a situation in the current social context.

취직하기 힘들죠. 더구나 요즘 같은 때에는 더 그래요.

더구나 그것도 모자라

— As if that weren't enough. Used when a situation is already bad/good and gets even more so.

지각을 했어요. 더구나 그것도 모자라 지갑까지 두고 왔어요.

더구나 아시다시피

— Moreover, as you know. Used to introduce an additional point that the listener is aware of.

예산이 부족합니다. 더구나 아시다시피 물가도 올랐잖아요.

더구나 이 상황에서

— Furthermore, in this situation. Used to highlight the difficulty of a current circumstance.

일이 너무 많아요. 더구나 이 상황에서 누가 도와주겠어요?

더구나 말할 것도 없이

— Moreover, it goes without saying. Used for points that are extremely obvious.

그는 친절해요. 더구나 실력은 말할 것도 없지요.

더구나 그뿐만이 아니라

— Furthermore, not only that. Used to transition to a even more significant point.

그는 부자예요. 더구나 그뿐만이 아니라 명예도 얻었죠.

더구나 하필이면

— Moreover, of all things/times. Used when something happens at the worst possible moment.

차가 고장 났어요. 더구나 하필이면 비가 오는 날에 말이에요.

더구나 다행히도

— Furthermore, fortunately. Used when adding a second positive turn of events.

사고가 났지만 다치지 않았어요. 더구나 다행히도 보험 처리가 잘 됐어요.

더구나 안타깝게도

— Furthermore, unfortunately. Used when adding a second negative turn of events.

기회를 놓쳤어요. 더구나 안타깝게도 다시는 기회가 없을 것 같아요.

더구나 무엇보다도

— Moreover, above all. Used to introduce the most important additional point.

이 차는 안전해요. 더구나 무엇보다도 연비가 아주 좋아요.

Often Confused With

더구나 vs 그래서

그래서 shows a result, while 더구나 adds an additional reason or fact.

더구나 vs 그러나

그러나 shows contrast, while 더구나 shows addition in the same direction.

더구나 vs 그런데

그런데 can show contrast or change the topic, whereas 더구나 strictly adds to the current topic.

Idioms & Expressions

"설상가상 (雪上加霜)"

— Frost on top of snow. Used for a series of unfortunate events.

길이 막히는데 더구나 비까지 오니 그야말로 설상가상이다.

Formal/Idiomatic

"금상첨화 (錦上添花)"

— Adding flowers to silk. Used for a series of very good events.

음식도 맛있는데 더구나 경치까지 좋으니 금상첨화다.

Formal/Idiomatic

"엎친 데 덮친 격"

— Like being knocked down and then stepped on. Similar to 'misfortunes never come singly.'

감기에 걸렸는데 더구나 배탈까지 났으니 엎친 데 덮친 격이다.

Neutral/Spoken

"불난 집에 부채질하다"

— Fanning the flames of a house on fire. To make a bad situation worse.

그는 이미 화가 났는데, 더구나 비웃기까지 해서 불난 집에 부채질을 했다.

Neutral/Spoken

"가는 날이 장날"

— The day you go happens to be the market day. Used when things happen unexpectedly when you arrive somewhere.

백화점에 갔는데 더구나 휴일이라니, 정말 가는 날이 장날이다.

Neutral/Spoken

"하늘이 무너져도 솟아날 구멍이 있다"

— Even if the sky falls, there is a hole to spring out of. There is always a way out.

상황이 어렵지만 더구나 도와주는 사람도 있으니 솟아날 구멍이 있을 거예요.

Neutral/Spoken

"천재일우 (千載一遇)"

— A once-in-a-thousand-years opportunity.

이런 기회는 드물어요. 더구나 당신에게 온 것은 천재일우의 기회입니다.

Formal/Idiomatic

"일석이조 (一石二鳥)"

— Killing two birds with one stone.

운동도 하고 경치도 보니 더구나 일석이조의 효과가 있네요.

Neutral/Idiomatic

"산 넘어 산"

— Mountain after mountain. One problem after another.

하나를 해결하면 더구나 또 다른 문제가 생기니 정말 산 넘어 산이다.

Neutral/Spoken

"다다익선 (多多益善)"

— The more, the better.

도와주는 사람은 많을수록 좋죠. 더구나 전문가라면 다다익선입니다.

Formal/Idiomatic

Easily Confused

더구나 vs 게다가

Both mean 'moreover' and are used similarly.

게다가 is more common in casual speech; 더구나 is slightly more emphatic and formal.

게다가 비가 와요 (Casual) vs 더구나 비까지 내려요 (More emphatic).

더구나 vs 더욱이

Both mean 'moreover' and share the root '더' (more).

더욱이 is more literary and formal, found mostly in writing.

더욱이 그는 정직하다 (Formal writing).

더구나 vs 하물며

Both are used to add information.

하물며 is used for rhetorical 'how much more' comparisons, not just simple addition.

하물며 사람은 어떻겠느냐? (Rhetorical question).

더구나 vs 아울러

Both add information.

아울러 means 'along with' and is used in formal announcements to link two actions or items.

건강에 유의하십시오. 아울러 행복하시길 바랍니다 (Announcement).

더구나 vs 덧붙여

Both mean 'in addition.'

덧붙여 literally means 'adding to,' often used to introduce a minor extra detail.

덧붙여 말씀드리자면... (Adding a comment).

Sentence Patterns

A. 더구나 B-도 ~해요.

방이 좁아요. 더구나 어둡기도 해요.

A-ㄴ데/은데 더구나 B-까지 ~해요.

날씨가 더운데 더구나 습하기까지 해요.

A. 더구나 B-기 때문에 ~해요.

길이 막혀요. 더구나 사고가 났기 때문에 더 늦을 거예요.

A. 더구나 B-라는 점에서도 ~해요.

이 계획은 유익해요. 더구나 비용이 적게 든다는 점에서도 좋아요.

A. 더구나 B-함으로써 C-를 유발해요.

인플레이션이 심해요. 더구나 금리를 인상함으로써 소비를 위축시키고 있어요.

A. 더구나 B-한다는 사실은 C-를 시사해요.

환경이 파괴되고 있어요. 더구나 멸종 위기종이 늘어난다는 사실은 심각성을 시사해요.

A-고 더구나 B-해서 ~해요.

배가 아프고 더구나 열까지 나서 병원에 갔어요.

A. 더구나 B-하기까지 하니 C-예요.

그는 똑똑하고 더구나 성실하기까지 하니 정말 완벽해요.

Word Family

게다가 (besides)

하물며 (how much more)

더하다 (to add/increase)

더욱더 (more and more)

더욱이나 (even more so)

How to Use It

frequency

Commonly used in both written and spoken Korean, especially when providing explanations or building arguments.

Common Mistakes

Using '더구나' for contrast (like 'but'). → Using '하지만' or '그런데'.
더구나 is only for adding information in the same direction, not for showing opposites.
Using '더구나' at the end of a sentence. → Place it at the start of the clause it modifies.
As a conjunctive adverb, it must precede the information it introduces.
Using '더구나' for simple grocery lists. → Using '그리고'.
더구나 carries rhetorical weight. Using it for mundane lists sounds overly dramatic or strange.
Confusing '더구나' with '그래서' (therefore). → Use '그래서' for results and '더구나' for additional reasons.
더구나 doesn't show cause-and-effect; it shows addition.
Mismatching formality levels. → Use '게다가' for casual talk and '더욱이' for formal writing.
While 더구나 is versatile, using it in very slang-heavy talk can feel a bit out of place.

Tips

Pairing with Connectives

Try using '더구나' after the connective ending '-ㄴ데/은데'. It creates a very natural flow in spoken Korean, like '바쁜데 더구나 일까지 생겼네' (I'm busy, and on top of that, more work came up).

Maintain Polarity

Always ensure the fact you add with '더구나' has the same 'good' or 'bad' vibe as the first fact. Mixing them (e.g., 'He's rich, moreover he's mean') sounds awkward.

Use with -까지

For maximum impact, use '더구나' with the particle '-까지' on the following noun. It emphasizes that the added fact is the 'final straw' or the most impressive point.

Logical Stacking

In writing, use '더구나' to introduce your most persuasive reason. List minor reasons first, then use '더구나' for the big one at the end.

Emphatic Pausing

When speaking, a tiny pause after '더구나' helps signal to the listener that an important additional point is coming. It adds dramatic weight.

Identify Tone

Pay attention to the speaker's tone. If they sound annoyed, '더구나' is likely introducing a second problem. If they sound happy, it's a second benefit.

Avoid Overuse

Don't use '더구나' for every 'and.' Use it only when the second point is worth emphasizing. For simple lists, stick to '그리고'.

TOPIK Writing

Using '더구나' or '더욱이' in your TOPIK II essay will help you earn points for 'connective variety' and 'logical organization'.

Empathy Building

In conversation, if a friend is complaining, you can use '더구나' to add another reason why their situation is hard. It shows you really understand their struggle.

The 'More' Root

Always link '더구나' back to '더' (more). It is the 'more' word for adding 'moreover' to your sentences.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of 'Deo' (더) as 'DO more.' When you use '더구나' (Deo-gu-na), you are DOING more to explain your point. 'Deo-gu-na' = 'Do go on' (and add more)!

Visual Association

Imagine a person stacking heavy boxes. Each box is a new fact. As they add a particularly heavy box on top, they say '더구나!' to show how much more weight it adds.

Word Web

더 (More) 게다가 (Besides) 더욱이 (Moreover) 추가 (Addition) 강조 (Emphasis) 연결 (Connection) 이유 (Reason) 상황 (Situation)

Challenge

Try to tell a story about a very lucky or very unlucky day. Use '더구나' at least three times to add more good or bad things to the story.

Word Origin

The word '더구나' is a combination of the adverb '더' (meaning 'more') and the archaic or stylistic connective suffix '-구나'. Over time, it solidified into a single conjunctive adverb used to add emphasis.

Original meaning: Originally, it likely meant something like 'And more, indeed!' or 'It is even more so!'

Korean (Native word)

Cultural Context

There are no major sensitivities, but avoid using it to connect a positive fact with a negative one, as it can sound confusing or sarcastic.

English speakers often use 'plus' or 'also' in casual speech. '더구나' is like a more sophisticated version of these, closer to 'furthermore' in a debate.

Commonly heard in K-drama monologues when characters list grievances. Used in Korean news editorials to criticize or support government policies. A staple word in TOPIK (Test of Proficiency in Korean) writing prompts.

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Complaining about a situation

더구나 ~까지
더구나 하필이면
더구나 어이가 없게도
더구나 설상가상으로

Praising someone or something

더구나 ~기도 하고
더구나 금상첨화로
더구나 말할 것도 없이
더구나 아주 ~해요

Explaining reasons

더구나 ~니까/으니까
더구나 ~어서/아서
더구나 ~는 바람에
더구나 ~기 때문에

Formal Reports/News

더구나 최근에는
더구나 사회적으로
더구나 경제적으로
더구나 전문가들의 의견에 따르면

Storytelling/Narrative

더구나 갑자기
더구나 그날은
더구나 아무도 모르게
더구나 믿기 힘들겠지만

Conversation Starters

"요즘 날씨가 너무 변덕스럽지 않아요? 더구나 미세먼지까지 심해서 걱정이에요."

"이 근처에 맛있는 식당이 있다면서요? 더구나 가격도 저렴하다고 들었어요."

"한국어 공부하는 거 어때요? 더구나 문법이 좀 어렵지 않나요?"

"어제 본 영화 정말 감동적이었어요. 더구나 음악이 너무 좋더라고요."

"새로 나온 휴대폰 성능이 정말 좋네요. 더구나 카메라 기능이 대단해요."

Journal Prompts

오늘 하루 중 가장 힘들었던 일은 무엇인가요? 더구나 그 상황을 더 힘들게 만든 것이 있었나요?

내가 가장 좋아하는 계절에 대해 써보세요. 더구나 그 계절만의 특별한 매력은 무엇인가요?

최근에 배운 새로운 기술이나 지식이 있나요? 더구나 그것이 왜 유용하다고 생각하나요?

가장 기억에 남는 여행지에 대해 설명해보세요. 더구나 그곳에서 겪은 특별한 경험은 무엇인가요?

자신의 장점 두 가지를 써보세요. 첫 번째 장점, 그리고 더구나 두 번째 장점은 무엇인가요?

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

No, '더구나' is an adverb that must precede the information it adds. You should use it at the start of a clause or sentence. For example, '더구나 비가 와요' (Moreover, it's raining) is correct, but '비가 와요, 더구나' is not.

No, it can be used for both positive and negative situations. However, it should match the tone of the previous sentence. 'He is smart, and 더구나 he is handsome' (positive) is fine. 'He is sick, and 더구나 he lost his job' (negative) is also fine.

They are very similar and often interchangeable. '게다가' is more common in everyday spoken Korean, while '더구나' is slightly more emphatic and can sound a bit more formal or dramatic.

Yes, pairing '더구나' with the particle '-도' (also) is very common and sounds very natural. For example: '더구나 돈도 없어요' (Moreover, I also have no money).

Yes, this is a very common combination used for strong emphasis. '더구나 비까지 와요' means 'Moreover, it's even raining,' which sounds much stronger than just using '그리고'.

Yes, it is frequently used in essays and reports to add supporting evidence. However, in extremely formal academic papers, '더욱이' might be preferred.

No, '더구나' is an adverb and does not change its form. It remains the same regardless of whether you are talking about the past, present, or future.

Generally, no. It needs a previous context to 'add' to. You wouldn't walk up to someone and say '더구나...' without having said something first.

Yes, 'besides' is a very close translation. Just like 'besides,' '더구나' adds an extra reason or fact that supports the main point.

Pronounce it as 'deoguna'. The 'eo' is like the 'u' in 'bus', the 'gu' is like 'goo', and 'na' is like 'nah'. Keep the syllables relatively even in length.