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B2 adverb 11 دقيقة للقراءة

respektive

أمثلة respektive في 30 ثانية
الشرح respektive in your Level:
At the A1 level, 'respektive' is a very advanced word that you likely won't use yourself, but you might see it on signs or in very simple official documents. Think of it as a fancy way to say 'and' or 'their.' Imagine you are at a train station and you see a sign that says 'Plattform 1 och 2 för tåg till Malmö respektive Göteborg.' This just means Platform 1 is for Malmö and Platform 2 is for Göteborg. At this stage, just recognize that it's a word used to match things up in a list. You don't need to worry about the grammar yet. Just remember: it helps you know which thing belongs to which person. It's like a matching game! If you have two friends, Anna and Bob, and they have a red and a blue bike, 'respektive' helps us know Anna has the red one and Bob has the blue one. It's a very organized word for a very organized language like Swedish. Don't be afraid if it looks long; it's just a tool for clarity.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
By the A2 level, you are starting to build more complex sentences. You might encounter 'respektive' when reading news for beginners (like '8 Sidor') or in instructions. It's useful to understand that 'respektive' acts like a bridge between two groups. For example, if you are talking about your parents' jobs, you could say: 'Min mamma och pappa är lärare respektive läkare.' This is a very clear way to say Mom is a teacher and Dad is a doctor. It's much shorter than saying two separate sentences! At A2, you should try to recognize this pattern: [Person A] och [Person B] är [Job A] respektive [Job B]. It makes your Swedish sound much more professional and less repetitive. You might also see it in possessive forms like 'sina respektive familjer' (their respective families). This just means each person's own family. It's a great word to help you avoid repeating the same words over and over again. Start noticing it in the texts you read, and you'll see it's actually quite common!
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the B1 level, you should begin to actively use 'respektive' in your writing, especially in more formal contexts like emails to a boss or school assignments. It is a key word for expressing 'respectively'—a concept that is very useful when you want to be precise. At this level, you should focus on the 'one-to-one mapping' rule. If you have two items in the first part of your sentence, you need two items in the second part to use 'respektive' correctly. For example: 'Vi bokade hotell i Stockholm respektive Oslo.' This tells the reader that you booked a hotel in both cities. You should also be careful not to confuse 'respektive' with 'respektfull.' Remember, 'respektive' is about logic and lists, while 'respektfull' is about feelings and manners. You might also use it to describe where people come from: 'Deltagarna kom från Sverige, Norge respektive Danmark.' This shows a clear, organized list. Using this word correctly will help you move from basic Swedish to a more intermediate level where you can handle more complex information.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the B2 level, 'respektive' should be a natural part of your vocabulary. You are now expected to use it in academic and professional settings with confidence. You should understand its nuances, such as its use as a conjunction meaning 'or' or 'as the case may be' in formal documents. For instance, in a contract, you might read: 'Hyresgästen respektive hyresvärden ansvarar för...' (The tenant or the landlord, as the case may be, is responsible for...). This is a more advanced usage that requires a good understanding of context. You should also be comfortable using 'respektive' with possessive pronouns like 'sina,' 'våra,' or 'deras.' For example: 'De båda företagen presenterade sina respektive strategier.' This indicates that each company had its own unique strategy. At this level, you should also be aware of the stylistic effect of the word; it adds a formal, authoritative tone to your writing. You can use it to structure complex data in reports, ensuring that your comparisons are always clear and logical. It's all about precision and professional flow.
At the C1 level, you have a sophisticated understanding of 'respektive' and can use it to create dense, information-rich sentences. You understand how it functions as a stylistic device to maintain a high register. You can use it not just for simple lists, but also to distinguish between subtle categories in academic or legal prose. For example, you might write about the 'manliga respektive kvinnliga perspektiven' in a sociological study. You are also aware of the historical context where 'respektive' could refer to a partner (though you probably won't use it that way yourself). You can distinguish between when to use 'respektive' and when to use alternatives like 'motsvarande,' 'inbördes,' or 'var för sig' to achieve the exact nuance you want. Your use of 'respektive' helps you avoid any ambiguity in complex arguments, which is essential for C1 level proficiency. You can also identify when the word is being used as a shorthand for 'and their corresponding,' allowing you to parse difficult legal or technical texts with ease. It's a tool for architectural precision in your language.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the C2 level, your mastery of 'respektive' is indistinguishable from that of an educated native speaker. You use it effortlessly in all its functions—as an adverb, a conjunction, and a modifier. You can employ it in highly specialized contexts, such as legal drafting or high-level academic research, where the precise mapping of terms is critical. You understand the rhythmic and stylistic role it plays in a sentence, using it to balance clauses and create a sense of formal elegance. You can also spot the rare instances where 'respektive' might be used ironically or in a slightly dated way. Your command of the word allows you to condense vast amounts of information into single, clear sentences without losing any clarity. You are also a master of the alternatives, knowing exactly when 'respektive' is the best choice and when it might sound too heavy. For a C2 speaker, 'respektive' is not just a word; it's a precision instrument used to navigate and construct the most complex structures of the Swedish language with total accuracy and style.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
أمثلة

respektive في 30 ثانية

  • Used to map items from two lists in order (respectively).
  • Common in formal, academic, and administrative Swedish writing.
  • Can mean 'their respective' when used with possessive pronouns like 'sina'.
  • Helps avoid ambiguity by clearly linking subjects to their corresponding objects.

The Swedish word respektive is a versatile and highly functional term that primarily translates to "respectively" or "their respective" in English. However, its usage in Swedish is arguably more frequent and flexible than its English counterpart, often serving as a precise linguistic tool to link two sets of information in a one-to-one mapping. At its core, respektive ensures that the reader or listener understands exactly which item in a second list corresponds to which item in the first list. It is a hallmark of formal, academic, and administrative Swedish, providing a level of clarity that prevents ambiguity in complex sentences. When you use respektive, you are essentially telling your audience: "Match the elements of Group A with the elements of Group B in the order they were presented."

Grammatical Function
In Swedish, respektive can function both as an adverb and as a conjunction/adjective-like modifier. It is most commonly used to clarify relationships between plural subjects and their corresponding objects or attributes.
Social Context
While you will certainly hear it in professional meetings or read it in newspapers like Dagens Nyheter, using it in a very casual setting—like at a bar with friends—might sound slightly stiff or overly precise. It belongs to the 'middle-to-high' register of the Swedish language.

Lärarna och eleverna gick till sina respektive klassrum.

Translation: The teachers and the students went to their respective classrooms (the teachers to theirs, the students to theirs).

Beyond the simple mapping of lists, respektive is also used to indicate alternatives or "as the case may be." For instance, in legal or technical documents, you might see it used to separate two conditions that apply to different entities. It acts as a logical operator that maintains order in the sentence's architecture. It is important to note that unlike the English "respectively," which often appears at the end of a sentence (e.g., "A and B did X and Y, respectively"), the Swedish respektive often precedes the noun it modifies or sits between the two items being compared. This placement is crucial for the flow of the Swedish sentence.

Vinsterna för 2022 och 2023 var 1 miljon respektive 2 miljoner kronor.

The 'Partner' Meaning
Interestingly, in some older or very formal contexts, respektive can also refer to someone's partner or spouse (similar to "and their respective [others]"), though this is becoming less common in modern spoken Swedish.

In summary, respektive is the glue of Swedish logic. It prevents the "cross-contamination" of ideas in a sentence. If you say "The boys and girls wore blue and red shirts," without a word like respektive, it might imply they all wore a mix of both. With respektive, the blue belongs to the boys and the red to the girls, clear as day. This word is an essential tool for any learner moving into the B2 level and beyond, as it allows for the construction of sophisticated, unambiguous Swedish prose.

Mastering the placement of respektive is key to sounding like a native speaker. Unlike English, where "respectively" is almost always an adverbial tag at the end of a clause, Swedish uses respektive in several syntactic positions. The most common pattern is using it as an adjective-like modifier before a noun. In this role, it often follows a possessive pronoun like sina or våra. This construction is incredibly efficient in Swedish, allowing you to condense what would be two or three sentences in other languages into one elegant statement.

Pattern 1: The Possessive Link
Structure: [Subject A & B] + [Verb] + [Possessive] + respektive + [Noun]. This indicates that A goes to A's thing and B goes to B's thing.

De båda länderna återkallade sina respektive ambassadörer.

Translation: Both countries recalled their respective ambassadors.

The second major pattern is the adverbial use between two values or objects. This is very common in reporting statistics, sports results, or technical specifications. Here, respektive acts almost like a mathematical operator. It connects two lists of equal length. If you have two subjects, you must have two objects or values separated by respektive to maintain the logical flow. If the lists are of unequal length, the sentence becomes nonsensical.

Pattern 2: The Numerical Mapping
Structure: [Item 1] och [Item 2] kostar [Price 1] respektive [Price 2]. This creates a direct correlation.

Biljetterna för vuxna och barn kostar 200 respektive 100 kronor.

A more advanced usage involves using respektive to distinguish between different categories in a single sentence. This is often seen in academic writing where a researcher might be comparing two groups across two different variables. It allows the writer to avoid repetitive phrasing like "Group A showed X, while Group B showed Y." Instead, they can say "Group A and B showed X respektive Y." This level of density is highly valued in Swedish professional writing.

Vi undersökte de manliga respektive kvinnliga deltagarnas reaktioner.

Finally, when using respektive with multiple nouns, ensure that the grammatical gender and number of any accompanying adjectives match the nouns they refer to. While respektive itself is invariant (it doesn't change form), the surrounding sentence must remain grammatically sound. Practice using it to split tasks among people: "Johan och Maria ansvarar för städning respektive matlagning." (Johan and Maria are responsible for cleaning and cooking, respectively).

In the landscape of the Swedish language, respektive is a word that thrives in environments where precision is paramount. You are most likely to encounter it in the world of myndighetssvenska (official/bureaucratic Swedish). If you are applying for a visa, reading a tax form from Skatteverket, or reviewing a contract, respektive will appear frequently to delineate responsibilities and conditions. It serves as a legal safeguard, ensuring that there is no confusion about which rule applies to which person or situation.

News and Media
News anchors on SVT or SR (Swedish Radio) use respektive when reporting on international relations or economic trends. For example, "The Prime Ministers of Sweden and Finland met with their respektive cabinets." This usage is standard in journalistic prose because it is concise and professional.

Rapporten visar hur inflationen påverkar hushållen i städerna respektive på landsbygden.

Translation: The report shows how inflation affects households in cities and in the countryside, respectively.

In the academic sphere, respektive is indispensable. Whether it's a student writing a thesis at Uppsala Universitet or a researcher publishing a paper in a scientific journal, the word is used to present comparative data. It allows for a structured presentation of findings where multiple variables are at play. If you listen to a lecture in Swedish, pay attention to how the professor uses respektive to organize their arguments. It acts as a mental signpost for the students, helping them map the information correctly in their notes.

In the workplace, you will hear respektive during project planning meetings. A project manager might say, "Vi måste se över budgeten för marknadsföring respektive produktutveckling." This tells the team that these two budgets are separate entities and will be reviewed individually. It is also common in sports commentary. When two teams play and their scores are announced, the announcer might say, "Malmö FF och AIK fick 3 respektive 1 poäng." This usage is so ingrained that Swedes often don't even realize how often they are using it.

Vänligen kontakta din respektive chef för godkännande.

While you might not use it while buying a hot dog at a korvkiosk, you will certainly need it to navigate any formal interaction in Sweden. It is a word that signals you are an educated, capable speaker of the language. If you are aiming for a job in a Swedish office, being able to use respektive correctly in your emails will significantly improve the professional impression you make.

One of the most frequent errors English speakers make when learning Swedish is confusing respektive with respektfull (respectful) or respektabel (respectable). Because they share the same Latin root, it is easy to assume they are interchangeable. However, respektive has nothing to do with the feeling of respect or admiration. It is purely a logical and relational term. Saying "Han var mycket respektive mot sin lärare" is a major grammatical error; it would sound like saying "He was very respectively toward his teacher."

Mistake 1: The 'False Friend' Trap
Confusing 'respektive' (respectively) with 'respektfull' (showing respect). Always use respektfull for behavior.

Fel: Han visade respektive beteende.
Rätt: Han visade respektfullt beteende.

Another common mistake involves the "mismatched lists" error. For respektive to function correctly, there must be a one-to-one correspondence. If you mention three people but only two items, using respektive creates a logical breakdown. For example, "Anna, Bo och Cecilia tog sina respektive två väskor" is confusing. Does it mean they took two bags each, or is there a missing third item? To avoid this, always ensure your groups are balanced before deploying this word.

Mistake 2: Mismatched Lists
Using the word when the number of subjects does not match the number of objects, leading to ambiguity.

Fel: De tre vännerna köpte en respektive glass.

Note: This sounds like three people shared one 'respective' ice cream, which is logically impossible.

Placement is also a hurdle. English speakers tend to put "respectively" at the very end of the sentence. While this is sometimes possible in Swedish, it is far more natural to place respektive between the items being listed or before the noun. If you put it at the end of a very long Swedish sentence, the connection to the subjects at the beginning might be lost. Swedish grammar prefers to keep the logical link closer to the items it describes.

Finally, avoid overusing respektive in informal speech. It can make you sound like a legal document or a textbook. In a casual conversation about what you and your friend ate for lunch, just use "och" (and). Save respektive for when the distinction really matters, such as when discussing different prices, different destinations, or different responsibilities. Overuse is a sign of a learner trying too hard to sound formal, which can actually detract from natural fluency.

While respektive is a powerful tool, it is not the only way to express correspondence in Swedish. Depending on the level of formality and the specific nuance you want to convey, several other words and phrases might be more appropriate. Understanding these alternatives will help you vary your language and avoid sounding repetitive in long pieces of writing.

Var och en / Var för sig
These phrases mean "each" or "separately." They are often used when you want to emphasize individual action rather than a mapped relationship between two lists. For example: "De gick hem var för sig" (They went home separately).

De bar sina väskor var för sig istället för att använda respektive vagn.

Another alternative is the word samt. While samt simply means "and" or "as well as," it is often used in formal lists where respektive might follow later to clarify the relationship. Samt is slightly more formal than och and is frequently used to avoid using och twice in the same sentence. For example: "Vi säljer äpplen och päron samt deras respektive juicer." (We sell apples and pears as well as their respective juices).

Inbördes
This word means "mutual" or "among themselves." It is used when the relationship is internal to a group. While respektive links two different groups, inbördes describes how members of one group relate to each other.

De redovisade sina inbördes förhållanden i rapporten.

In more casual speech, Swedes often just use the possessive pronoun sina or deras and let the context do the work. If you say "Barnen gick till sina rum," it is naturally understood that each child went to their own room. You don't *need* to say "sina respektive rum" unless you are in a situation where there might be confusion (for instance, if some children share rooms and others don't). Using respektive in every possible instance is a common trait of "translation Swedish"—where a learner is trying to map English structures too closely to Swedish.

Finally, consider the word motsvarande (corresponding). This is a very close synonym in many contexts, especially when talking about equivalents in different systems. For example: "En svensk 'fil.kand.' och dess motsvarande examen i USA." Here, motsvarande is better than respektive because it emphasizes the equivalence across different contexts rather than the mapping within a single sentence. Choosing between these words is a hallmark of C1/C2 level proficiency.

سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

أمثلة حسب المستوى

1

Bussen går till Malmö och Lund klockan 10 respektive 11.

The bus goes to Malmö and Lund at 10 and 11 respectively.

A1 learners should just see how the times match the cities.

2

De tog sina respektive väskor.

They took their respective bags.

Focus on the idea of 'their own'.

3

Kaffe och te kostar 20 respektive 15 kronor.

Coffee and tea cost 20 and 15 kronor respectively.

Simple price mapping.

4

Anna och Erik bor i Stockholm respektive Göteborg.

Anna and Erik live in Stockholm and Gothenburg respectively.

Mapping people to locations.

5

Här är nycklarna till bil 1 respektive bil 2.

Here are the keys to car 1 and car 2 respectively.

Using numbers to distinguish items.

6

Vi dricker juice respektive mjölk.

We drink juice and milk respectively.

Basic usage with nouns.

7

Måndag och tisdag jobbar jag 8 respektive 4 timmar.

Monday and Tuesday I work 8 and 4 hours respectively.

Mapping days to hours.

8

De gick till sina respektive rum.

They went to their respective rooms.

Common possessive structure.

1

Mina bröder är 10 respektive 12 år gamla.

My brothers are 10 and 12 years old respectively.

Using 'respektive' to clarify ages.

2

Vi beställde en pizza respektive en sallad.

We ordered a pizza and a salad respectively.

Distinguishing between two orders.

3

Tågen till Paris och Berlin avgår från spår 4 respektive 7.

The trains to Paris and Berlin depart from tracks 4 and 7 respectively.

Formal informational usage.

4

De flyttade till sina respektive nya lägenheter.

They moved to their respective new apartments.

Adding adjectives to the possessive structure.

5

Min katt och hund heter Luna respektive Max.

My cat and dog are named Luna and Max respectively.

Clarifying names of different pets.

6

Sverige och Norge har Stockholm respektive Oslo som huvudstäder.

Sweden and Norway have Stockholm and Oslo respectively as capitals.

Geographical facts mapping.

7

De röda och blå tröjorna kostar 100 respektive 150 kronor.

The red and blue sweaters cost 100 and 150 kronor respectively.

Mapping colors to prices.

8

Hon och han studerar ekonomi respektive juridik.

She and he study economics and law respectively.

Mapping subjects to people.

1

Projektet delas upp i en planerings- respektive en genomförandefas.

The project is divided into a planning and an implementation phase respectively.

Note the use of the hyphen in 'planerings-' for efficiency.

2

De båda sidorna presenterade sina respektive argument under debatten.

Both sides presented their respective arguments during the debate.

Formal debate context.

3

Vinsten ökade med 5 % respektive 8 % under de senaste två kvartalen.

Profit increased by 5% and 8% respectively during the last two quarters.

Statistical reporting.

4

Vänligen fyll i ditt förnamn respektive efternamn i dessa rutor.

Please fill in your first name and last name respectively in these boxes.

Administrative instructions.

5

Lärarna och eleverna gick till sina respektive klassrum efter rasten.

The teachers and students went to their respective classrooms after the break.

Clear separation of groups.

6

De två länderna återkallade sina respektive ambassadörer för konsultation.

The two countries recalled their respective ambassadors for consultation.

Political/Formal context.

7

Vi undersökte effekterna på kort respektive lång sikt.

We examined the effects in the short and long term respectively.

Analytical comparison.

8

Deltagarna delades in i grupp A respektive grupp B.

The participants were divided into group A and group B respectively.

Organizational usage.

1

Rapporten analyserar de ekonomiska konsekvenserna för städer respektive landsbygd.

The report analyzes the economic consequences for cities and rural areas respectively.

B2 level academic tone.

2

De två kemikalierna förvaras i behållare märkta 'giftigt' respektive 'brandfarligt'.

The two chemicals are stored in containers labeled 'toxic' and 'flammable' respectively.

Technical safety context.

3

Författaren och illustratören belönades för sin text respektive sina bilder.

The author and the illustrator were rewarded for their text and their pictures respectively.

Mapping contributions to creators.

4

Systemet stöder både Windows- respektive Mac-användare.

The system supports both Windows and Mac users respectively.

Technical compatibility.

5

Investeringarna i teknik respektive utbildning har gett goda resultat.

Investments in technology and education respectively have yielded good results.

Investment analysis.

6

De båda makarna behöll sina respektive efternamn efter bröllopet.

Both spouses kept their respective last names after the wedding.

Social/Legal context.

7

Vi måste beakta de etiska respektive juridiska aspekterna av frågan.

We must consider the ethical and legal aspects of the issue respectively.

Professional consideration.

8

Resultaten för kontrollgruppen respektive testgruppen presenteras i tabell 1.

The results for the control group and the test group respectively are presented in Table 1.

Scientific reporting.

1

Studien belyser hur diskursen kring miljö respektive ekonomi har förändrats över tid.

The study highlights how the discourse surrounding environment and economy respectively has changed over time.

Advanced sociological vocabulary.

2

De sökande bör ha erfarenhet av projektledning respektive strategisk planering.

Applicants should have experience in project management and strategic planning respectively.

Professional recruitment.

3

Det är viktigt att skilja på de faktiska händelserna respektive tolkningarna av dem.

It is important to distinguish between the actual events and the interpretations of them respectively.

Philosophical/Analytical distinction.

4

Läkemedlets effekt på blodtryck respektive puls studerades under sex månader.

The drug's effect on blood pressure and pulse respectively was studied for six months.

Clinical research.

5

De två teorierna betonar individens frihet respektive samhällets ansvar.

The two theories emphasize individual freedom and society's responsibility respectively.

Theoretical comparison.

6

Vi har analyserat de direkta respektive indirekta effekterna av skattereformen.

We have analyzed the direct and indirect effects of the tax reform respectively.

Economic analysis.

7

Konstnären utforskar teman som ensamhet respektive gemenskap i sina verk.

The artist explores themes of loneliness and community respectively in their works.

Artistic analysis.

8

De båda parterna förbinder sig att respektera sina respektive åtaganden.

Both parties commit to respecting their respective obligations.

Formal legal commitment.

1

I avhandlingen dekonstrueras föreställningar om det maskulina respektive feminina i 1800-talslitteraturen.

The thesis deconstructs notions of the masculine and feminine respectively in 19th-century literature.

High-level academic deconstruction.

2

Genom att kontrastera det ontologiska respektive det epistemologiska perspektivet når författaren en ny syntes.

By contrasting the ontological and epistemological perspectives respectively, the author reaches a new synthesis.

Philosophical terminology.

3

Lagstiftningen måste harmoniseras med avseende på de nationella respektive överstatliga intressena.

Legislation must be harmonized with regard to national and supranational interests respectively.

Legal/Political harmonization.

4

De båda intressenterna bevakade sina respektive rättmätiga anspråk under hela processen.

Both stakeholders guarded their respective legitimate claims throughout the process.

Formal stakeholder management.

5

Analysen påvisar en korrelation mellan socioekonomisk status respektive utbildningsnivå och hälsa.

The analysis demonstrates a correlation between socioeconomic status and education level respectively and health.

Complex statistical correlation.

6

Det föreligger en fundamental skillnad mellan den deskriptiva respektive den normativa ansatsen.

There is a fundamental difference between the descriptive and the normative approach respectively.

Methodological distinction.

7

Kritikerna och publiken hyllade regissörens vision respektive skådespelarnas prestationer.

The critics and the audience praised the director's vision and the actors' performances respectively.

Sophisticated artistic review.

8

Man bör noga överväga de kortsiktiga vinsterna respektive de långsiktiga riskerna med en sådan expansion.

One should carefully consider the short-term gains and the long-term risks respectively of such an expansion.

Strategic business deliberation.

تلازمات شائعة

sina respektive
första respektive andra
män respektive kvinnor
nuvarande respektive tidigare
vänster respektive höger
stad respektive landsbygd
positiva respektive negativa
teoretisk respektive praktisk
för- respektive nackdelar
in- respektive utresa

العبارات الشائعة

I respektive ordning

— In the order mentioned. Used to confirm a list's mapping.

Vänligen ställ upp i respektive ordning.

Sina respektive hem

— Their own homes. Very common when a group of people disperses.

Efter festen gick alla till sina respektive hem.

Föräldrar respektive barn

— Parents and children respectively. Often used in surveys or studies.

Frågorna var riktade till föräldrar respektive barn.

Vinst respektive förlust

— Profit and loss respectively. Common in financial contexts.

Företaget redovisade vinst respektive förlust för de två åren.

Höst- respektive vårterminen

— Autumn and spring semesters respectively.

Kurserna ges under höst- respektive vårterminen.

Statlig respektive kommunal

— State and municipal respectively. Common in political discussions.

Det finns statliga respektive kommunala skolor.

Manlig respektive kvinnlig

— Male and female respectively. Standard in gender-based research.

Vi jämförde manlig respektive kvinnlig representation.

Inom respektive område

— Within each respective field or area.

De är experter inom respektive område.

På kort respektive lång sikt

— In the short and long term respectively.

Vi måste planera på kort respektive lång sikt.

Från fall till fall respektive generellt

— Case by case and generally respectively.

Reglerna gäller från fall till fall respektive generellt.

تعبيرات اصطلاحية

"Var och en på sitt respektive håll"

— Each person in their own separate way or place. Used to describe people doing different things independently.

De fortsatte sina karriärer var och en på sitt respektive håll.

Formal/Neutral
سجّل مجاناً لرؤية جميع الأمثلة

محتوى ذو صلة

هذه الكلمة بلغات أخرى

respektive Danish
هل كان هذا مفيداً؟

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