总而言之 in 30 Seconds
- Concludes a discussion by summarizing main points.
- Means 'in short', 'to sum up', or 'in a word'.
- Formal phrase, used at the start of a concluding sentence.
- Helps to make communication clear and impactful.
The Chinese phrase 总而言之 (zǒng ér yán zhī) is a very useful concluding expression. It translates directly to 'in short,' 'in a word,' or 'to sum up.' This phrase is employed when you want to bring a discussion, explanation, or argument to a close by summarizing the main points or the overall conclusion in a concise manner. It signals to the listener or reader that you are about to deliver a final, overarching statement.
Think of it as the Chinese equivalent of saying 'bottom line is...' or 'the gist of it is...' in English. It's commonly used in both spoken and written Chinese, appearing in formal speeches, academic papers, business presentations, as well as in everyday conversations when someone wants to distill a complex idea into a simple takeaway. The structure itself, with '总 (zǒng)' meaning 'total' or 'overall,' and '而言 (ér yán)' meaning 'speaking of' or 'regarding,' points to its function of summarizing the entirety of what has been said.
Using 总而言之 effectively demonstrates your ability to synthesize information and present a clear, conclusive thought. It’s a sign of good rhetorical skill, allowing you to wrap up your points with confidence and clarity. Mastering this phrase will significantly enhance your ability to communicate in Chinese, especially when you need to provide a summary or a final verdict. It’s a versatile tool that helps in structuring your thoughts and making your communication more impactful and easy to follow. When you hear or read this phrase, you know that a summary or a concluding statement is imminent, and you should pay close attention to the sentence that follows.
- Key Function
- To summarize, conclude, or give a final statement after presenting information.
- Common Usage
- Appears at the beginning of a concluding sentence or paragraph.
- Implied Meaning
- The following statement is the most important takeaway or the overall conclusion.
经过详细的分析和讨论，总而言之，这个项目是可行的，但需要更多的资金支持。
这个夏天天气很热，有很多的雨，而且虫子很多，总而言之，这是一个不适合户外活动的季节。
总而言之 (zǒng ér yán zhī) is typically placed at the beginning of a sentence or a clause that serves as a summary or conclusion. It acts as a discourse marker, signaling a shift in the conversation or text towards a final statement. The phrase itself is quite formal, making it appropriate for written Chinese and more formal spoken contexts.
When constructing sentences with 总而言之, the structure usually involves presenting several points, arguments, or pieces of information first, and then using 总而言之 to introduce the overarching conclusion derived from those points. It's rarely used mid-sentence; its primary role is to initiate the concluding part.
Consider the flow: you might explain different aspects of a problem, weigh pros and cons, or detail various steps in a process. After you've laid out all the necessary information, you would then say, '总而言之, we should proceed with plan A.' This structure helps the listener or reader follow your line of reasoning and clearly identify the final outcome or recommendation. The phrase adds a sense of finality and authority to your concluding statement.
It's important to remember that 总而言之 is not just about brevity; it's about presenting the most critical takeaway. The statement that follows should indeed encapsulate the essence of what was discussed. For instance, if you've spent a long time discussing the benefits and drawbacks of a new software, your concluding sentence might start with 总而言之 and then state whether the company should adopt it or not, based on the preceding discussion. This makes your communication efficient and impactful.
- Placement
- Usually at the beginning of the concluding sentence or clause.
- Sentence Structure
- Information/Arguments -> 总而言之 -> Summary/Conclusion.
- Tone
- Formal, conclusive, and authoritative.
我们讨论了它的优点和缺点，分析了市场需求，总而言之，这款产品有很大的潜力。
他详细地介绍了历史背景、文化意义以及艺术价值，总而言之，这是一次非常宝贵的学习经历。
You'll encounter 总而言之 (zǒng ér yán zhī) in a variety of formal and semi-formal settings in Chinese. It's a staple in public speaking, such as political speeches, academic lectures, and formal presentations. When a speaker has presented a lot of data, arguments, or complex information, they will often use 总而言之 to bring it all together for the audience, making the main message clear and memorable.
In academic contexts, this phrase is frequently found in research papers, theses, and dissertations, typically in the conclusion sections. It's used to summarize the findings of the research or the overall argument of the paper. For example, a researcher might present various experimental results and then conclude with 总而言之, the hypothesis is supported by the data.
Business and professional environments also frequently use 总而言之. During meetings, project reviews, or annual reports, leaders or presenters will use it to summarize key decisions, outcomes, or strategic directions. It helps ensure that everyone in the room is on the same page and understands the core message or action plan. This phrase lends a professional and decisive tone to the conclusion.
Beyond formal settings, you might hear 总而言之 in more structured everyday conversations, especially when someone is explaining a complex personal experience or opinion. For instance, if someone is recounting a long and complicated travel experience, they might use 总而言之 to give a brief overview of whether they enjoyed the trip or not. It's a way to provide a concise takeaway from a lengthy narrative. It’s also common in news broadcasts and documentaries when summarizing events or complex issues.
- Formal Speeches
- Used by politicians, leaders, and public figures to summarize their points.
- Academic Writing
- Found in research papers, theses, and essays to conclude findings.
- Business Meetings
- Used to summarize decisions, progress, and future plans.
- News and Documentaries
- Used to provide concise summaries of events or issues.
在今天的报告中，我们分析了市场趋势、竞争对手的策略以及我们的优势，总而言之，我们需要加大在研发上的投入。
他讲述了自己创业的艰辛，包括资金的困难、团队的挑战和市场的压力，总而言之，这是一段充满学习和成长的经历。
One common mistake learners make with 总而言之 (zǒng ér yán zhī) is using it in informal or casual settings where a simpler phrase would be more appropriate. Because it sounds quite formal, using it when chatting with close friends about everyday matters might sound unnatural or overly academic.
Another mistake is placing it incorrectly within a sentence. As mentioned, 总而言之 is almost always used to introduce a concluding statement. Learners might sometimes try to insert it mid-discussion or as a transition between two unrelated points, which disrupts the flow and meaning.
A related error is using it without a clear preceding discussion or set of points to summarize. The phrase implies that a summary is needed because a substantial amount of information has been presented. If you use 总而言之 after only one or two simple sentences, it can sound abrupt or even redundant. The concluding statement that follows should genuinely reflect the essence of what was discussed prior.
Some learners might also confuse 总而言之 with phrases that mean 'briefly' or 'in passing.' While it does lead to a summary, its function is more about providing a definitive conclusion or overall assessment rather than just a quick mention. Ensure the statement following 总而言之 is a genuine summation of the key ideas or the final verdict.
- Informal Usage
- Avoid using it in very casual conversations with friends; opt for simpler concluding phrases.
- Incorrect Placement
- Always place it at the beginning of the concluding sentence or clause, not in the middle.
- Lack of Prior Context
- Use it only after presenting sufficient information to warrant a summary.
- Misunderstanding its Purpose
- Ensure the statement following it is a true summary, not just a brief mention.
错误用法：我和他聊了聊天，总而言之，他很高兴。
错误用法：我们需要准备报告，总而言之，然后开始会议。
While 总而言之 (zǒng ér yán zhī) is a strong and formal concluding phrase, there are several alternatives in Chinese that serve similar purposes, varying in formality and nuance.
- 1. 简而言之 (jiǎn ér yán zhī)
- Meaning: In a nutshell; briefly put.
Comparison: This is very similar to 总而言之, but often implies a slightly more concise summary. It's also formal, but perhaps slightly less weighty than 总而言之. It focuses more on brevity. - 2. 概括地说 (gài kuò de shuō)
- Meaning: Generally speaking; in general.
Comparison: This phrase is used to provide a general overview or a broad statement, often when specific details are being omitted. It's less about a final conclusion derived from specific points and more about making a general statement. It can be formal or neutral. - 3. 总之 (zǒng zhī)
- Meaning: In short; in conclusion; in any case.
Comparison: This is a more common and slightly less formal version of 总而言之. It's very versatile and can be used in both spoken and written Chinese to summarize. It's a good all-around alternative when you want to conclude. - 4. 一句话来说 (yī jù huà lái shuō)
- Meaning: In one sentence; to put it in a nutshell.
Comparison: This phrase emphasizes condensing the entire idea into a single sentence. It's often used when trying to simplify a complex issue very quickly. It can be used in both formal and informal contexts, but it strongly implies brevity. - 5. 归根结底 (guī gēn jié dǐ)
- Meaning: In the final analysis; in the last analysis; ultimately.
Comparison: This phrase is used to get to the root of a matter or to state the fundamental reason or truth behind something. It's more about revealing the underlying cause or principle rather than just summarizing points. It carries a strong sense of finality and is quite formal.
总而言之，我们需要一个全面的解决方案。
简而言之，这个计划是可行的。
总之，我们应该支持这个决定。
Examples by Level
天气不好，我不想出去，总而言之，我待在家里。
The weather is bad, I don't want to go out, in short, I'll stay at home.
这个菜有点咸，那个菜有点甜，总而言之，我都不太喜欢。
This dish is a bit salty, that dish is a bit sweet, in a word, I don't like them much.
他迟到了，他没带书，总而言之，他没准备好。
He was late, he didn't bring his book, to sum up, he wasn't prepared.
工作很多，时间很少，总而言之，我很忙。
There's a lot of work, there's little time, in short, I am very busy.
他没吃饭，他没喝水，总而言之，他很不舒服。
He didn't eat, he didn't drink, in short, he felt very unwell.
电影不好看，书不好读，总而言之，我不开心。
The movie wasn't good, the book wasn't easy to read, in a word, I wasn't happy.
路很远，天很黑，总而言之，回家很难。
The road is long, the sky is dark, in short, going home is difficult.
他很累，他很饿，总而言之，他需要休息。
He is tired, he is hungry, in short, he needs rest.
今天的会议讨论了预算问题和项目进度，总而言之，我们需要削减开支。
Today's meeting discussed budget issues and project progress. In short, we need to cut expenses.
Used to summarize a discussion.
他学习很努力，考试也考得好，总而言之，他是个优秀的学生。
He studies very hard, and his exams are good. In a word, he is an excellent student.
Used to give a final assessment based on evidence.
这个城市交通拥挤，空气污染严重，总而言之，生活在这里并不容易。
This city has crowded traffic and severe air pollution. To sum up, living here is not easy.
Used to summarize negative aspects of a situation.
她唱歌很好听，跳舞也很棒，总而言之，她非常有才华。
She sings beautifully and dances wonderfully. In short, she is very talented.
Used to summarize positive qualities.
我们尝试了很多方法，但都失败了，总而言之，这个问题很难解决。
We tried many methods, but they all failed. To sum up, this problem is difficult to solve.
Used to conclude after unsuccessful efforts.
他说话很风趣，待人很热情，总而言之，他是个受欢迎的人。
He speaks humorously and is very enthusiastic towards people. In a word, he is a popular person.
Used to summarize someone's social appeal.
冬天很冷，夏天很热，春天和秋天天气很好，总而言之，这个地方四季分明。
Winter is very cold, summer is very hot, spring and autumn have good weather. In short, this place has distinct four seasons.
Used to summarize a characteristic based on observations.
这本书内容丰富，语言优美，总而言之，这是一本值得推荐的好书。
This book is rich in content and beautifully written. To sum up, this is a highly recommended good book.
Used to give a final recommendation.
经过长时间的讨论，我们一致认为，总而言之，这个新的营销策略是我们需要立即实施的。
After a long discussion, we unanimously agreed that, in conclusion, this new marketing strategy is what we need to implement immediately.
Used to introduce a final decision after deliberation.
他详细地分析了全球经济形势，包括通货膨胀、利率变化和贸易摩擦，总而言之，未来的经济前景充满不确定性。
He analyzed the global economic situation in detail, including inflation, interest rate changes, and trade friction. To sum up, the future economic outlook is full of uncertainty.
Used to summarize a complex analysis.
这次旅行我们去了很多地方，看到了壮丽的风景，也品尝了当地的美食，总而言之，这是一次难忘的经历。
On this trip, we visited many places, saw magnificent scenery, and tasted local delicacies. In a word, this was an unforgettable experience.
Used to provide an overall positive evaluation of an experience.
作为一名学生，你不仅要认真学习课本知识，还要积极参与课外活动，锻炼身体，总而言之，全面发展才是最重要的。
As a student, you should not only study textbook knowledge diligently but also actively participate in extracurricular activities and exercise. In short, all-round development is the most important thing.
Used to give advice or a guiding principle.
尽管我们面临着资金短缺和技术难题，但团队的士气很高，创新能力也很强，总而言之，我们有信心克服这些挑战。
Although we face funding shortages and technical difficulties, the team's morale is high and their innovation capability is strong. To sum up, we are confident in overcoming these challenges.
Used to summarize a situation with both challenges and strengths, leading to a positive outlook.
这个博物馆收藏了大量的古代文物，展示了悠久的历史文化，总而言之，它是一个了解历史的绝佳场所。
This museum houses a large collection of ancient artifacts and showcases a long history and culture. In short, it is an excellent place to learn about history.
Used to provide a concluding recommendation or assessment of a place.
他解释了项目的每个细节，包括预算、时间表和预期成果，总而言之，这是一个非常周全的计划。
He explained every detail of the project, including the budget, timeline, and expected outcomes. To sum up, this is a very thorough plan.
Used to summarize a detailed explanation of a plan.
你必须同时考虑成本、效率和可持续性，总而言之，找到一个平衡点是关键。
You must consider cost, efficiency, and sustainability simultaneously. In a word, finding a balance is key.
Used to highlight a key takeaway or principle.
在分析了市场饱和度、消费者偏好以及竞争对手的策略后，总而言之，我们必须调整产品定位以适应新的市场环境。
After analyzing market saturation, consumer preferences, and competitors' strategies, in conclusion, we must adjust our product positioning to adapt to the new market environment.
Used in a business context to conclude a strategic analysis and propose a course of action.
他引用了多位哲学家的观点，探讨了自由意志的本质，总而言之，人类的自由选择受到多种内在和外在因素的制约。
He cited the views of several philosophers to discuss the nature of free will. To sum up, human free choice is constrained by various internal and external factors.
Used in an academic or philosophical discussion to summarize a complex argument.
尽管技术进步带来了便利，但我们也必须正视其潜在的负面影响，例如隐私泄露和信息茧房效应，总而言之，我们需要在享受科技的同时保持警惕。
Although technological advancements have brought convenience, we must also face their potential negative impacts, such as privacy leakage and the filter bubble effect. In short, we need to remain vigilant while enjoying technology.
Used to provide a balanced conclusion after discussing both pros and cons.
她回顾了自己职业生涯中的起伏，包括早期的挫折和后来的成功，总而言之，她认为坚持和学习是成功的关键。
She reviewed the ups and downs of her career, including early setbacks and later successes. To sum up, she believes perseverance and learning are key to success.
Used to summarize a personal narrative or reflection.
本次研讨会汇集了来自不同领域的专家，他们分享了前沿的研究成果和实践经验，总而言之，这次会议极大地促进了跨学科的交流与合作。
This seminar brought together experts from different fields who shared cutting-edge research findings and practical experiences. In conclusion, this conference greatly promoted interdisciplinary communication and cooperation.
Used to summarize the outcome and impact of an event.
我们必须认识到，环境的可持续发展不仅仅是政府的责任，更是每个公民的义务，总而言之，保护地球是我们共同的使命。
We must realize that the sustainable development of the environment is not just the responsibility of the government, but also the obligation of every citizen. In short, protecting the Earth is our common mission.
Used to emphasize a shared responsibility and a call to action.
在深入剖析了历史事件的根源及其深远影响后，总而言之，我们可以从中汲取宝贵的教训，以避免重蹈覆辙。
After deeply analyzing the roots of historical events and their profound impact, in conclusion, we can draw valuable lessons from them to avoid repeating mistakes.
Used to summarize historical analysis and its practical implications.
他提出的解决方案虽然有些激进，但考虑到了所有潜在的风险和长远利益，总而言之，这是目前最可行的选择。
Although the solution he proposed is somewhat radical, it considers all potential risks and long-term benefits. To sum up, this is the most feasible option at present.
Used to conclude a discussion on a proposed solution, acknowledging its nature while affirming its viability.
经过对现有文献的梳理和实证数据的分析，总而言之，本研究揭示了气候变化对区域生态系统可能产生的不可逆转的长期影响。
After organizing the existing literature and analyzing the empirical data, in conclusion, this study reveals the potentially irreversible long-term impacts of climate change on regional ecosystems.
Used in academic research to present the overarching conclusion of a study.
他通过一系列精心设计的实验，论证了某种特定基因在细胞分化过程中的关键调控作用，总而言之，该基因的异常表达可能导致多种遗传性疾病。
Through a series of meticulously designed experiments, he demonstrated the key regulatory role of a specific gene in the process of cell differentiation. To sum up, abnormal expression of this gene may lead to various genetic diseases.
Used in scientific discourse to summarize research findings and their implications.
在审视了当前社会存在的诸多不公现象后，总而言之，我们必须采取更积极主动的措施来促进社会公平和正义。
After examining the many injustices currently existing in society, in conclusion, we must take more proactive measures to promote social fairness and justice.
Used in social commentary or advocacy to summarize a critique and call for action.
他以犀利的笔触，剖析了现代社会人际关系的疏离与异化，总而言之，技术进步在带来便利的同时，也在某种程度上加剧了情感的隔阂。
With sharp prose, he analyzed the alienation and estrangement of interpersonal relationships in modern society. In short, while technological advancements bring convenience, they also, to some extent, exacerbate emotional barriers.
Used in literary or sociological analysis to provide a concluding synthesis.
此次文化交流活动不仅增进了双方的相互理解，也为未来的合作奠定了坚实的基础，总而言之，它是实现民心相通的有效途径。
This cultural exchange event not only enhanced mutual understanding between both sides but also laid a solid foundation for future cooperation. In conclusion, it is an effective way to achieve people-to-people connectivity.
Used to summarize the positive outcomes and significance of a cultural event.
尽管面临种种挑战，但我们必须坚持改革开放的正确方向，总而言之，这是实现国家繁荣富强的必由之路。
Despite facing various challenges, we must adhere to the correct direction of reform and opening up. In short, this is the only path to achieving national prosperity and strength.
Used in political or economic discourse to reiterate a core policy or strategy.
他通过对历史文献的细致考证，纠正了长期以来存在的学术误解，总而言之，他的研究为该领域的深入探讨提供了新的视角。
Through meticulous textual research of historical documents, he corrected long-standing academic misunderstandings. To sum up, his research provides a new perspective for in-depth exploration in this field.
Used in academic critique or review to summarize the contribution of a piece of research.
在权衡了各种可能的后果之后，总而言之，我们认为采取暂时性的限制措施是保护公共利益的必要之举。
After weighing all possible consequences, in conclusion, we believe that adopting temporary restrictive measures is a necessary step to protect the public interest.
Used in policy-making or legal contexts to justify a decision.
在对后现代主义思潮及其对艺术创作产生的深远影响进行了详尽的考察之后，总而言之，我们可以断言，艺术的边界已被极大地拓展，其定义也变得日益模糊。
After an exhaustive examination of postmodernist thought and its profound impact on artistic creation, in conclusion, we can assert that the boundaries of art have been greatly expanded, and its definition has become increasingly blurred.
Used in advanced art criticism or philosophy to summarize complex theoretical arguments.
他以其独特的叙事手法，将宏大的历史背景与个体命运的悲欢离合巧妙地融为一体，总而言之，这部作品深刻地反映了时代变迁下人性的复杂与挣扎。
With his unique narrative technique, he skillfully integrated the grand historical background with the joys and sorrows of individual destinies. In short, this work profoundly reflects the complexity and struggle of human nature amidst societal change.
Used in literary analysis to summarize the thematic depth and artistic merit of a work.
面对日益严峻的全球性挑战，如气候变化、资源枯竭和流行病蔓延，总而言之，唯有通过前所未有的国际合作与协同努力，人类文明方能得以延续。
Facing increasingly severe global challenges, such as climate change, resource depletion, and the spread of pandemics, in conclusion, only through unprecedented international cooperation and concerted efforts can human civilization endure.
Used in a grand, almost philosophical statement about humanity's future, emphasizing the necessity of global action.
他所提出的量子纠缠理论，不仅颠覆了传统物理学的时空观，更为探索宇宙的终极奥秘打开了新的大门，总而言之，这项理论的意义将是划时代的。
The theory of quantum entanglement he proposed not only subverted the traditional concept of spacetime in physics but also opened new doors for exploring the ultimate mysteries of the universe. In short, the significance of this theory will be epoch-making.
Used in advanced scientific discourse to summarize a groundbreaking theory and its far-reaching implications.
在考察了不同文化背景下关于“美”的多元表述后，总而言之，我们认识到美的本质并非固定不变，而是随着历史、社会及个体认知而不断演变的。
After examining the diverse expressions of 'beauty' across different cultural backgrounds, in conclusion, we recognize that the essence of beauty is not fixed but is constantly evolving with history, society, and individual perception.
Used in aesthetics or cultural studies to summarize the subjective and evolving nature of a concept.
他通过对历史文献的细致爬梳和考古发现的审慎解读，有力地证明了古代文明之间曾存在过广泛而深入的交流，总而言之，‘孤立发展’的论调已难以成立。
Through meticulous sifting of historical documents and cautious interpretation of archaeological findings, he has strongly proven that there was extensive and deep exchange between ancient civilizations. In short, the argument of 'isolated development' can no longer stand.
Used in historical research to decisively refute a long-held theory based on evidence.
在审视了后殖民主义文学的诸多流派及其对西方叙事的解构之后，总而言之，我们可以看到一种对主体性重塑和身份认同探索的持续努力。
After examining the various schools of postcolonial literature and their deconstruction of Western narratives, in conclusion, we can see a continuous effort towards reshaping subjectivity and exploring identity.
Used in literary theory or postcolonial studies to summarize a key theme or movement.
他以其近乎苛刻的艺术标准，对创作的每一个细节都力求完美，总而言之，他的作品是其精湛技艺与深刻思想的完美结合。
With his almost exacting artistic standards, he strives for perfection in every detail of his creations. In short, his works are a perfect fusion of his exquisite craftsmanship and profound thought.
Used in art or critique to summarize the exceptional quality of an artist's work.
Common Collocations
Common Phrases
— In conclusion, we need to...
总而言之，我们需要一个更有效的沟通策略来解决这个问题。
— In short, I think...
总而言之，我认为这次会议的成果超出了预期。
— To sum up, this is a...
总而言之，这是一个非常具有挑战性的项目，但也是一个难得的机会。
— In a word, we can...
总而言之，我们可以通过合作来克服这些困难。
— In conclusion, the fact is...
总而言之，事实是我们需要更多的时间来完成这项任务。
— In short, the key lies in...
总而言之，关键在于找到问题的根本原因。
— To sum up, this research indicates...
总而言之，这项研究表明了某种新疗法的有效性。
— In conclusion, we must...
总而言之，我们必须立即采取行动来保护环境。
— In short, he...
总而言之，他是一个值得信赖的朋友。
— To sum up, she...
总而言之，她是一位非常有能力的领导者。
Idioms & Expressions
— To cover it all in one sentence; to sum up in a word. This idiom is very similar in meaning to 总而言之 and is also formal.
他所做的一切，一言以蔽之，都是为了家庭。
Formal— Concise and comprehensive; brief and to the point. While not a concluding phrase itself, it describes the quality of a summary or statement that 总而言之 often introduces.
他的总结发言言简意赅，抓住了问题的核心。
Formal— To add the finishing touch that brings something to life; to dot the eyes of the dragon. This idiom refers to adding a crucial final element that makes something complete or perfect. It can be conceptually related to the finality of a summary.
他在报告的最后加上了一句评论，真是画龙点睛。
Formal— To grasp the main points; to outline the key elements. This describes the process of identifying the core ideas that would later be summarized by 总而言之.
他的演讲提纲挈领，让大家很快明白了重点。
Formal— To draw on the wisdom of the masses; to pool advice. This idiom describes the process of gathering ideas, which might then be summarized using 总而言之.
我们应该集思广益，共同解决这个问题。
Formal— To remove the dross and keep the essence; to refine. This idiom describes the process of selecting the most important parts, which is what a good summary does.
在写报告时，我们需要去芜存菁，只保留最重要的信息。
Summary
<strong>总而言之 (zǒng ér yán zhī)</strong> is a formal Chinese phrase used to conclude a discussion or argument by summarizing its main points. It translates to 'in short,' 'to sum up,' or 'in a word,' and is placed at the beginning of the concluding sentence to signal a final, concise statement.
- Concludes a discussion by summarizing main points.
- Means 'in short', 'to sum up', or 'in a word'.
- Formal phrase, used at the start of a concluding sentence.
- Helps to make communication clear and impactful.
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More daily_life words
朝九晚五
B2From nine to five; regular working hours.
未免
B2Rather; a bit too; truly (implies something excessive).
废弃
B2To abandon; to discard; to cease to use.
恪守
B2To scrupulously observe; to strictly adhere to.
反常
B2abnormal, unusual
充裕
B2Abundant; ample.
充沛
B2Abundant; plentiful; full of energy.
门禁卡
B2Access card; entry card.
门禁
B2Access control (system).
配件
B2Fittings; accessories; spare parts.
