The Personal Infinitive: Verbs with People Attached
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The Personal Infinitive allows you to specify who is performing an action within an infinitive phrase.
- Use it when the subject of the infinitive differs from the main clause subject: 'Para eles lerem'.
- Conjugate the infinitive using the future subjunctive endings: -es, -mos, -des, -em.
- Do not conjugate the first and third person singular; they remain identical to the base infinitive.
Overview
The Portuguese Personal Infinitive (Infinitivo Pessoal) represents a pivotal grammar concept for B2 learners, allowing precise identification of the subject performing an infinitive's action. Unlike other Romance languages that typically maintain an impersonal infinitive or default to subjunctive clauses, Portuguese uses specific conjugated infinitive forms. This grammatical feature is essential for clarifying meaning, eliminating ambiguity, and constructing complex, nuanced sentences.
Its mastery signifies a significant step towards native-like proficiency and a deeper understanding of Portuguese clause structure.
From a linguistic perspective, the Infinitivo Pessoal is remarkable because it imbues a non-finite verb form (the infinitive) with subject-verb agreement. This fusion allows for an action to be expressed in its basic, tenseless form while simultaneously indicating who is responsible for that action. It serves as a grammatical bridge, preventing the need for a fully conjugated finite clause in many contexts, thereby streamlining sentence construction and enhancing clarity in specific grammatical environments.
For advanced learners, the Infinitivo Pessoal is not merely an optional stylistic choice; it is often grammatically obligatory. It permits intricate sentence structures where a subordinate action's subject differs from the main clause's subject without the full weight of a subordinate clause. Understanding its purpose and application is crucial for anyone aiming to write and speak Portuguese with precision and natural fluency, making it a cornerstone of B2-level competence.
How This Grammar Works
Infinitivo Pessoal is to resolve ambiguity. The standard, Impersonal Infinitive (Infinitivo Impessoal), such as falar (to speak), comer (to eat), or dormir (to sleep), refers to an action in a general sense or implies that its subject is either unknown, generic, or identical to the main verb's subject. For instance, in É bom estudar, the act of studying is presented generally, or it refers to the speaker's own action.Infinitivo Pessoal becomes necessary. It functions like a compact, subordinate clause, indicating a specific agent for the infinitive's action without requiring full verb conjugation for tense and mood. Consider the sentence: Comprei os bilhetes para tu ires. (I bought the tickets for you to go.) Here, the main action comprei (I bought) has 'I' as its subject, but the infinitive action ires (to go) clearly specifies 'you' (tu) as its subject.ir were used (para ir), the sentence would sound incomplete or imply a generic subject, potentially leading to confusion.Infinitivo Pessoal thus transforms what would otherwise be a vague or shared action into a distinct, agent-specific one.Formation Pattern
Infinitivo Pessoal is remarkably regular for most verbs, deriving directly from the Impersonal Infinitive (the dictionary form). You simply append specific personal endings to the infinitive stem. Crucially, the forms for eu (I), você/ele/ela (you/he/she), and the Infinitivo Impessoal are identical, making context or explicit pronoun usage vital for disambiguation in these cases.
falar (to speak) | comer (to eat) | partir (to leave) |
falar | comer | partir |
falares | comeres | partires |
falar | comer | partir |
falarmos | comermos | partirmos |
falardes | comerdes | partirdes |
falarem | comerem | partirem |
Infinitivo Pessoal always originates from the Impersonal Infinitive stem, not from a preterite or subjunctive stem, which is a common point of confusion with the Future Subjunctive.
Infinitivo Pessoal forms:
ser (to be) | ser | seres | sermos | serdes | serem |
estar (to be) | estar | estares | estarmos | estardes | estarem |
ter (to have) | ter | teres | termos | terdes | terem |
vir (to come) | vir | vires | virmos | virdes | virem |
pôr (to put) | pôr | pores | pormos | pordes | porem |
vir (maintains vir-) and pôr (derived from Latin ponere, hence the o stem, like pores). These irregularities are consistent. When forming compound tenses, it is the auxiliary verb that takes the Infinitivo Pessoal. For example, por teres estudado (for you having studied) uses the Infinitivo Pessoal of ter.
When To Use It
Infinitivo Pessoal is employed in specific syntactic environments where the subject of the infinitive's action needs to be explicitly defined. Mastering these contexts is key to accurate and natural Portuguese usage. Its primary function is to provide clarity and precision that the impersonal infinitive cannot offer alone.Infinitivo Pessoal. When a preposition (such as para, por, a, de, sem, ao, antes de, depois de, até, apesar de, com) introduces an infinitive phrase whose logical subject is distinct from the main clause's subject, the Infinitivo Pessoal is mandatory.Eles decidiram não ir para não nos atrasarem.(They decided not to go so as not to delay us.) Here, 'they' decided, but 'us' would be delayed.Apesar de tu estares cansado, continuaste.(Despite you being tired, you continued.) The main subject is 'you' (implied incontinuaste), and the subject of 'being tired' is also 'you', explicitly stated with the PI for emphasis and grammatical correctness afterapesar de.Eu saí sem eles verem.(I left without them seeing.) 'I' left, but 'they' are the ones who didn't see.
é bom, é preciso, é necessário, é importante, convém, parece bem) introduces a statement, and the subject of the subsequent infinitive needs clarification, the Infinitivo Pessoal is used. These expressions themselves don't have a personal subject, so the infinitive specifies the agent.É essencial vocês compreenderem a regra.(It's essential for you all to understand the rule.) The rule's understanding is specific to 'you all'.Convém tu fazeres isso logo.(It's advisable for you to do that soon.) 'You' are the one advised to do it.Parece-me bem nós irmos agora.(It seems fine to me for us to go now.) The decision to go affects 'us' specifically.
Infinitivo Pessoal can be used to ensure there is no doubt about who performs the action of the infinitive, particularly in more formal or precise language. This usage clarifies agency in potentially vague constructions.O chefe elogiou os funcionários por terem terminado o projeto.(The boss praised the employees for having finished the project.)Teremclearly attributes the completion to 'the employees'. Withoutterem, it might seem ambiguous who finished the project, although context usually helps.O professor queria nós fazermos o trabalho.(The professor wanted us to do the work.) This is a direct construction wherenós fazermosspecifies the desired subject, often acting as a more concise alternative toque nós fizéssemos(subjunctive).
Infinitivo Pessoal can follow causative verbs like mandar (to order), deixar (to let), or fazer (to make/cause) when their subject is explicitly mentioned after the causative verb.Mandei ele sair.(I ordered him to leave.) Note thatsair(forele) is the same form as the impersonal infinitive, but the explicit pronouneleclarifies it asInfinitivo Pessoal.Fiz as crianças dormirem mais cedo.(I made the children sleep earlier.) Here,dormiremexplicitly states 'the children' as the subject of 'sleeping'.
Common Mistakes
Infinitivo Pessoal, primarily due to its similarity to other Portuguese verb forms and its nuanced usage contexts. Recognizing these pitfalls and understanding why they occur is critical for true mastery.Infinitivo Pessoal forms for tu, nós, vós, and eles/elas/vocês are identical to their respective Future Subjunctive forms. The key to differentiation lies in the triggering context and the underlying meaning.- The
Infinitivo Pessoalis typically triggered by prepositions (para,por,sem,de,antes de, etc.) or impersonal expressions (é bom,é necessário). It indicates the purpose, reason, or condition for the infinitive's action, clearly assigning a subject to that action. - The Future Subjunctive is triggered by conjunctions related to future time or condition (
se,quando,enquanto,assim que,embora), or by main verbs expressing uncertainty, hypothesis, or dependency on a future event.
Infinitivo Pessoalirregulars are based on the Impersonal Infinitive stem (e.g.,ser->seres).Future Subjunctiveirregulars are based on the 3rd Person Plural of the Preterite stem (e.g.,eles foram->se eu for).
para, por, sem, antes de), Impersonal Expr. (é bom, é preciso) | Conjunctions (se, quando, enquanto, assim que), verbs of uncertainty/future condition (esperar que) |ser, ter, vir, pôr). | Formed from 3rd Person Plural Preterite stem (fossem -> for, tiveram -> tiver, vieram -> vier, puseram -> puser). |É importante seres honesto. (It's important for you to be honest.) | Se fores honesto, serás recompensado. (If you are honest, you'll be rewarded.) |Infinitivo Pessoal when the subject of the infinitive's action is identical to the main verb's subject. In such cases, the Impersonal Infinitive is the correct form.- Incorrect:
Eu quero ir eu ao cinema.(If I want myself to go.) - Correct:
Eu quero ir ao cinema.(The subject 'I' is implied forir).
I want you to go, then it's a clause requiring the subjunctive: Eu quero que tu vás ao cinema. While the Infinitivo Pessoal can sometimes replace a subjunctive clause (e.g., É importante tu estudares vs. É importante que tu estudes), it's crucial not to apply it when the main verb's subject is the agent of the infinitive.Infinitivo Pessoal of irregular verbs is another frequent mistake. Learners might attempt to regularize them or confuse their stems with other tenses.- Incorrect:
Para vinhares cedo.(Mixingvirwith regular -ar endings) - Correct:
Para vires cedo.(Respectingvir'svir-stem). - Incorrect:
Por pondo a mesa.(Using gerund form) - Correct:
Por pores a mesa.(Using the correctpôrstem).
Infinitivo Pessoal, even for irregular verbs.eu/você/ele/ela Formseu, você/ele/ela forms are identical to the Impersonal Infinitive can be confusing. Learners sometimes believe these forms don't exist, or they struggle to use them correctly. The solution is often to explicitly state the pronoun for clarity, especially for eu and você/ele/ela to avoid ambiguity.É importante eu saber a verdade.(It's important for me to know the truth.) The pronouneuclarifies the subject ofsaber.Para ele conseguir o emprego, precisa de estudar mais.(For him to get the job, he needs to study more.)eleis explicitly stated.
Infinitivo Pessoal. BP tends to use the Impersonal Infinitive more liberally, often relying on explicit pronouns or subjunctive clauses where EP would strictly use the Infinitivo Pessoal. This can lead to learners from a BP background under-using the form in formal contexts or when aiming for EP fluency.- EP:
Para fazermos o jantar... - BP (informal):
Para a gente fazer o jantar...orPara nós fazer o jantar...(less formal, but common in speech).
Infinitivo Pessoal remains essential for grammatical precision.Real Conversations
The Infinitivo Pessoal is not just a theoretical construct; it is a vital component of natural, precise communication in Portuguese, particularly when moving beyond basic sentences. Its usage varies subtly between formal and informal registers, and between European and Brazilian Portuguese.
In formal contexts, such as academic writing, official reports, or professional emails, the Infinitivo Pessoal is almost always employed correctly, especially after prepositions. It demonstrates a high level of grammatical accuracy and clarity.
- Work Email (EP/Formal BP): A fim de evitarmos futuros problemas, solicitamos que todos os departamentos revejam os seus procedimentos. (In order for us to avoid future problems, we request that all departments review their procedures.) The Infinitivo Pessoal evitarmos precisely assigns the action of avoiding to 'us'.
In casual conversation, particularly in Brazilian Portuguese, there's a more flexible approach. While Infinitivo Pessoal for tu, vocês, and eles/elas is common, the nós form sometimes gets replaced by a gente + Impersonal Infinitive.
- Casual BP: A gente pode ir lá pra a gente ver o que acontece. (We can go there for us to see what happens.) Here, a gente ver (impersonal infinitive with explicit subject) is used instead of para nós vermos.
- Casual EP: Para tu ires ver, é melhor saíres já. (For you to go see, it's better you leave now.) The tu form is regularly used.
In texting and social media, brevity often leads to simplified structures. In BP, explicit pronouns with the impersonal infinitive are very common. In EP, while informal, the Infinitivo Pessoal is still more prevalent than in BP.
- WhatsApp (BP): Pra vc ir amanhã, né? (For you to go tomorrow, right? - using vc (você) and impersonal ir).
- WhatsApp (EP): Para tu ires amanhã, levas a chave. (For you to go tomorrow, take the key.)
When discussing obligations or advice, especially from an authority figure (parent, teacher), the Infinitivo Pessoal can soften the imperative by framing it as a necessary action for the specific individual.
- É importante vocês estudarem para o exame. (It's important for you all to study for the exam.) This sounds like a piece of advice or statement of fact, rather than a direct command.
Understanding these nuances helps you adapt your language to different social contexts and sound more authentic, regardless of the Portuguese variant you primarily use.
Quick FAQ
Infinitivo Pessoal always mandatory?In formal Portuguese, particularly in European Portuguese and formal Brazilian Portuguese, using the Infinitivo Pessoal after prepositions when the infinitive's subject differs from the main verb's subject is generally mandatory for grammatical correctness. In informal Brazilian Portuguese, other constructions (e.g., explicit pronoun + impersonal infinitive) might be used in speech, but the Infinitivo Pessoal always adds precision and grammatical accuracy.
Infinitivo Pessoal with a subjunctive clause?Often, yes. Many instances where the Infinitivo Pessoal is used could technically be rephrased using a que clause followed by the subjunctive. For example, É importante tu estudares (Personal Infinitive) is functionally equivalent to É importante que tu estudes (Subjunctive). The Infinitivo Pessoal is usually more concise and considered more elegant in many contexts. The choice often depends on desired formality, regional preference, and sentence flow.
eu, você, ele, ela forms have no specific endings for the Infinitivo Pessoal?Their forms are identical to the bare Impersonal Infinitive. This is a feature of Portuguese's historical evolution, where these singular forms retained the simpler, uninflected infinitive. Context, and often the explicit presence of the pronoun (e.g., Para eu fazer, Para ele comer), clarifies the specific subject, especially to avoid ambiguity with a generic or main-clause subject.
Infinitivo Pessoal from Future Subjunctive when they look identical?The crucial distinction lies in their triggering conjunctions or prepositions and the semantic context. If the verb form follows a preposition (e.g., para, por, sem) or an impersonal expression (é bom, é preciso), it's almost certainly the Infinitivo Pessoal. If it follows a conjunction like se (if), quando (when), assim que (as soon as), or expresses uncertainty/conditionality in the future, it's the Future Subjunctive. Additionally, remember the distinct irregular verb stems for each (Impersonal Infinitive stem for PI vs. 3rd Person Plural Preterite stem for Future Subjunctive).
vós form still matter?In Brazil, the vós form is almost entirely archaic and absent from daily speech. In Portugal, it is still encountered in very specific formal contexts, such as religious texts, legal documents, or highly ceremonial speech. For most learners, focusing on the vocês form for the second-person plural is sufficient for modern communication, as it has largely replaced vós in common usage across both variants of Portuguese.
Infinitivo Pessoal?Mastering the Infinitivo Pessoal significantly enhances your ability to construct grammatically precise and unambiguous sentences. It allows you to clearly assign agency to actions within dependent phrases, reducing potential confusion and enabling more sophisticated expression. It is a hallmark of advanced Portuguese proficiency, contributing to both clearer communication and a more natural, idiomatic command of the language.
Personal Infinitive Conjugation (Verb: Falar)
| Person | Ending | Form |
|---|---|---|
|
Eu
|
-
|
falar
|
|
Tu
|
-es
|
falares
|
|
Ele/Ela/Você
|
-
|
falar
|
|
Nós
|
-mos
|
falarmos
|
|
Vós
|
-des
|
falardes
|
|
Eles/Elas/Vocês
|
-em
|
falarem
|
Meanings
A unique Portuguese construction where the infinitive verb is conjugated to indicate the subject, preventing ambiguity.
Subject Specification
Clarifying the actor of an infinitive clause.
“Para nós sairmos, precisamos de dinheiro.”
“Eles pediram para eu falar.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Para + [Inf+Ending]
|
Para nós falarmos
|
|
Negative
|
Para não + [Inf+Ending]
|
Para não falarmos
|
|
Question
|
É para + [Inf+Ending]?
|
É para eles falarem?
|
|
Reflexive
|
Para + [Inf+Ending] + se
|
Para eles se sentarem
|
|
Compound
|
Para + ter + [Past Participle]
|
Para eles terem falado
|
|
Passive
|
Para + ser + [Past Participle]
|
Para eles serem ouvidos
|
Formality Spectrum
Para sairmos (Leaving a place)
Para a gente sair (Leaving a place)
Para a gente sair (Leaving a place)
Pra gente vazar (Leaving a place)
Personal Infinitive Usage
Usage
- Para In order to
- Sem Without
Goal
- Clareza Clarity
- Sujeito Subject
Examples by Level
Para eu comer.
For me to eat.
Para tu falares.
For you to speak.
Para nós irmos.
For us to go.
Para eles virem.
For them to come.
Sem eles saberem.
Without them knowing.
Por nós termos ido.
Because of us having gone.
Ao saírem, fechem a porta.
Upon leaving, close the door.
É para vós fazerdes.
It is for you (plural) to do.
Eles pediram para nós esperarmos.
They asked for us to wait.
É importante para eles estudarem.
It is important for them to study.
Não há motivo para estarmos tristes.
There is no reason for us to be sad.
O professor quer para eles escreverem.
The teacher wants them to write.
Obrigado por me terem ajudado.
Thank you for having helped me.
Eles foram embora sem nós notarmos.
They left without us noticing.
É fundamental para os alunos aprenderem.
It is fundamental for the students to learn.
Para não termos problemas, vamos cedo.
In order for us not to have problems, let's go early.
Ao terem terminado, entreguem os exames.
Upon having finished, hand in the exams.
Não é justo para eles pagarem tudo.
It is not fair for them to pay for everything.
Por vós terdes chegado tarde, perdemos o comboio.
Because you arrived late, we missed the train.
É necessário para a equipa estarem unidos.
It is necessary for the team to be united.
A decisão de eles saírem foi precipitada.
The decision for them to leave was hasty.
Sem vós terdes visto, é difícil acreditar.
Without you having seen, it is hard to believe.
Para eles poderem vencer, precisam de treinar.
For them to be able to win, they need to train.
Ao estarem presentes, os convidados sentiram-se honrados.
By being present, the guests felt honored.
Easily Confused
Learners often use the impersonal when a specific subject is needed.
They look the same for regular verbs.
Learners use subjunctive where infinitive is more natural.
Common Mistakes
Para eu falar
Para eu falar
Para nós falarmos
Para nós falarmos
Para eles falar
Para eles falarem
Para tu falares
Para tu falares
Sem eles saber
Sem eles saberem
Para vós falardes
Para vós falardes
Para ele falarem
Para ele falar
Para nós falar
Para nós falarmos
Eu quero para eles virem
Eu quero que eles venham
Para nós termos ido
Para nós termos ido
Para eles terem feito
Para eles terem feito
Para nós sairmos
Para nós sairmos
A decisão de eles saírem
A decisão de eles saírem
Para eles poderem
Para eles poderem
Para vós terdes visto
Para vós terdes visto
Para eles serem
Para eles serem
Sentence Patterns
Para ___ (subject) ___ (verb), precisamos de ___.
Sem ___ (subject) ___ (verb), não conseguimos.
É importante para ___ (subject) ___ (verb).
Ao ___ (subject) ___ (verb), avisa-me.
Real World Usage
Obrigado por me terem convidado.
Para a gente sair, avisa.
Para eles verem o vídeo, cliquem aqui.
Ao chegarem ao hotel, façam o check-in.
Para o estafeta entregar, deixem a porta aberta.
Para os alunos compreenderem, é necessário...
Context is King
Don't Over-conjugate
Future Subjunctive
Brazilian Spoken Usage
Smart Tips
Use the personal infinitive to avoid ambiguity.
Use the personal infinitive to sound professional.
Check if the subject of the next verb is the same as the main one.
Remember that the personal infinitive is for infinitive phrases, not 'if' clauses.
Pronunciation
Stress
The stress remains on the infinitive root.
Rising
Para eles virem? ↑
Questioning intent
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Remember 'ES-MOS-DES-EM' to conjugate the infinitive.
Visual Association
Imagine a group of people wearing name tags on their shirts; the tags are the endings -es, -mos, -des, -em.
Rhyme
Para eles falarem, para nós falarmos, o final do verbo temos de mudar, para a frase bem estruturar.
Story
Maria wanted to go to the party. She told her friends: 'Para nós irmos, precisamos de um carro.' Her friends agreed. 'Para eles irem, precisamos de gasolina.'
Word Web
Challenge
Write 5 sentences today using 'Para' followed by a conjugated infinitive.
Cultural Notes
The personal infinitive is used very frequently in formal and written contexts.
In spoken Brazilian Portuguese, 'para a gente' + impersonal infinitive is often used instead of the personal infinitive.
Galician also uses the personal infinitive, making it a shared Ibero-Romance trait.
Derived from the Latin future infinitive, which was lost in most Romance languages but preserved in Portuguese.
Conversation Starters
O que é preciso para vocês aprenderem português?
Para os teus amigos virem, o que precisas?
É importante para os alunos estudarem?
Para não termos problemas, o que devemos fazer?
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
Para eles ___ (falar), precisamos de silêncio.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Para tu falar, precisas de estudar.
Para que eles venham (use infinitive).
A: Vamos sair? B: Sim, para nós ___ (sair), precisamos de carro.
Para vós ___ (comer).
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
The personal infinitive is used when the subject is the same as the main verb.
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercisesPara eles ___ (falar), precisamos de silêncio.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Para tu falar, precisas de estudar.
Para que eles venham (use infinitive).
A: Vamos sair? B: Sim, para nós ___ (sair), precisamos de carro.
Para vós ___ (comer).
Eles -> ?
The personal infinitive is used when the subject is the same as the main verb.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesÉ importante vocês ___ (estudar) para o exame.
Obrigado por ___ (vires) à minha festa.
Para ___ (nós) chegarmos a tempo, temos de correr.
Ao entrares na sala, eles aplaudiram.
Translate: 'For us to be'
Match the endings
casa / para / irmos / Está / tarde / para
Não gostei de eles ___ (ir) embora cedo.
Ela saiu sem tu perceber.
When would you use 'Para serem'?
O segredo para ___ (ter) sucesso é trabalhar muito.
How do you say 'Upon arriving' (referring to 'us')?
Score: /12
FAQ (8)
It is a conjugated infinitive form used to specify the subject.
When the subject of the infinitive is different from the main verb.
Add -es, -mos, -des, -em to the infinitive.
Yes, the forms are identical for regular verbs.
Yes, but it looks like the base infinitive.
Yes, but spoken Brazilian often uses 'para a gente' + impersonal.
Using the impersonal form when a specific subject is needed.
Yes, they follow the future subjunctive irregularities.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Subjunctive clauses
Spanish lacks a personal infinitive.
Subjunctive clauses
French does not conjugate the infinitive.
Dass-clauses
German uses finite verbs in subordinate clauses.
Verb stems + particles
Japanese has no personal infinitive.
Masdar
Arabic Masdar is fixed.
Serial verb constructions
Chinese has no verb conjugation.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Continue With
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