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B1 noun 9 min read

膳食

shanshi
Examples Notes & Tips 膳食 in 30 Seconds
Explanation 膳食 in your Level:
At the A1 level, you usually learn simple words like 'food' (食物 - shíwù) or 'eat rice' (吃饭 - chīfàn). The word '膳食' (shànshí) is much more formal and you won't need to use it in daily conversation yet. Think of it as the 'grown-up' or 'doctor' word for food. In English, we might say 'What's for dinner?' but a doctor might ask 'How is your diet?' '膳食' is like that word 'diet.' It refers to the group of things you eat every day to stay healthy. Even though it is a B1 word, you might see it on a healthy food package or a sign in a hospital. Just remember: it's a noun, not a verb, and it's used for talking about health and nutrition, not for asking your friend to go to McDonald's. For now, just recognize it as a formal way to say 'meals' or 'diet.'
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As an A2 learner, you are starting to talk more about your health and daily habits. '膳食' (shànshí) is a useful word to know when you read about 'healthy eating' (健康膳食). While you would still say '我喜欢吃蔬菜' (I like eating vegetables) in a normal conversation, you might see '膳食中应包含蔬菜' (Vegetables should be included in the diet) in a textbook. The key difference between this and '吃饭' is that '膳食' is a formal noun. You can't '膳食' a burger, but you can have a 'balanced diet' (均衡膳食). When you see the character '膳', look at the left side—it has the 'meat' radical, which tells you it's about food. This will help you distinguish it from other similar-sounding words. At this level, try to recognize it in health-related readings.
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At the B1 level, you should begin incorporating '膳食' (shànshí) into your formal writing and professional discussions. This word is essential for discussing topics like nutrition, lifestyle, and social services. Unlike the more general '饮食' (yǐnshí), '膳食' specifically implies a structured set of meals or a dietary regimen. For example, if you are writing an essay about school life, you could use '学校的膳食' to refer to the school's meal program. Common collocations you should learn include '膳食纤维' (dietary fiber) and '膳食结构' (dietary structure). You are expected to know that this word carries a formal register. Using it correctly shows that you can distinguish between casual 'eating' and the academic/scientific concept of 'dietary intake.' It is a key word for passing intermediate proficiency exams.
For B2 learners, '膳食' (shànshí) is a standard part of your vocabulary for discussing public policy, medical health, and specialized nutrition. You should be comfortable using it in complex sentence structures, such as '膳食多样化是维持健康的基础' (Diversification of diet is the foundation of maintaining health). You should also understand its nuance compared to '伙食' (communal rations) and '饮食' (general diet). At this level, you might encounter it in news reports about the 'Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents' (中国居民膳食指南). You should be able to discuss the socio-economic implications of '膳食水平' (dietary levels) in different regions. Your mastery should extend to using it as a noun modifier in technical terms like '膳食补充剂' (dietary supplements) without hesitation.
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At the C1 level, you should appreciate the historical and stylistic weight of '膳食' (shànshí). While its primary modern use is nutritional and institutional, its roots in the 'royal kitchen' or 'formal board' give it a slightly more elevated feel than '饮食.' You should be able to use it in academic papers or professional medical consultations. You should also be aware of how it functions in formal administrative titles, like '膳食管理委员会' (Dietary Management Committee). At this stage, your usage should be flawless, correctly placing it in the formal register and avoiding any casual misuse. You might also explore its use in classical-style modern prose where a writer chooses '膳' over '食' to evoke a more refined or traditional atmosphere. You should be able to explain the nuances of '膳食' to lower-level students, highlighting its specificity in nutritional science.
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As a C2 learner, your understanding of '膳食' (shànshí) is native-like. you recognize that while it is a common term in nutrition and institutional management, it also carries a subtle connotation of 'provisioning.' You can distinguish between its use in a clinical trial report versus its use in a luxury cruise's marketing materials. You are familiar with the legal and regulatory frameworks where '膳食' appears, such as food safety laws or institutional catering standards. You can use the word to discuss the philosophy of '药食同源' (medicine and food originating from the same source) in the context of traditional Chinese dietary therapy (中医膳食疗法). Your command of the word allows you to switch registers effortlessly, choosing '膳食' for a professional presentation and '饭菜' for a family dinner, fully aware of the social and linguistic implications of each choice.
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Examples Notes & Tips

膳食 in 30 Seconds

  • A formal noun for 'diet' or 'meals' used in health, medical, and institutional contexts.
  • Refers to the collective provision of food rather than a single casual meal.
  • Commonly paired with words like 'balanced' (均衡) or 'fiber' (纤维).
  • Essential for discussing nutrition, public health, and professional catering services.

The term 膳食 (shànshí) is a sophisticated and formal noun in the Chinese language that refers to the collective sum of food and drink consumed by a person or a group. While a beginner might learn the word 食物 (shíwù) for 'food' or 吃饭 (chīfàn) for 'eating a meal,' the word 膳食 elevates the conversation to a more systemic, nutritional, or institutional level. It is most frequently encountered in contexts involving health, nutrition science, institutional catering (like schools or hospitals), and government policy. When you use this word, you are not just talking about a single snack; you are discussing a 'diet' or a 'regimen' in a way that implies structure and importance.

Formal Definition
A formal noun referring to the daily meals or the specific nutritional intake of an individual or population. It encompasses both the quality and the variety of the food items provided.
Nutritional Context
Commonly paired with adjectives like 'balanced' (均衡) or 'healthy' (健康) to describe a lifestyle choice or a prescribed medical diet.

合理的膳食结构对预防疾病至关重要。(A reasonable dietary structure is crucial for preventing diseases.)

Historically, the character 膳 (shàn) was associated with the meals provided to royalty or the nobility. In ancient texts, it referred to the prepared dishes served at a formal table. Over time, it merged with 食 (shí), which is the general character for eating or food, to form a compound that carries a sense of 'provision' and 'sustenance.' In modern China, you will see this word on the 'Nutrition Facts' labels of food packaging, in medical brochures discussing diabetes management, and in reports about the quality of school lunches. It is a word that suggests a level of professional oversight or scientific consideration.

学校致力于为学生提供营养均衡的膳食。(The school is committed to providing students with nutritionally balanced meals.)

Understanding the nuance of 膳食 helps a learner transition from basic conversational Chinese to more advanced academic or professional Chinese. It allows you to engage in discussions about public health, fitness, and even culinary history with a vocabulary that reflects a deeper understanding of linguistic register. Whether you are reading a scientific paper or a luxury hotel's menu description of their 'fine dining' (though often refined to '精美膳食'), this word signals a focus on the composition and quality of what is being consumed.

Using 膳食 (shànshí) correctly requires an understanding of its role as a formal noun. Unlike the verb-object phrase 吃饭 (chīfàn), which describes the action of eating, 膳食 is the 'thing' itself—the diet or the set of meals. It almost always requires a modifier to specify what kind of diet is being discussed. You will rarely hear someone simply say 'I like diet'; instead, they say 'I like a healthy diet' or 'The hospital's diet is very strict.'

Attributive Usage
It often acts as a noun modifier for other nouns, such as 膳食纤维 (shànshí xiānwéi) meaning 'dietary fiber' or 膳食补充剂 (shànshí bǔchōngjì) meaning 'dietary supplements.'
As an Object
It serves as the object of verbs like 改善 (gǎishàn - improve), 调整 (tiáozhěng - adjust), or 提供 (tígōng - provide).

为了减肥，他开始调整自己的膳食计划。(To lose weight, he began to adjust his dietary plan.)

In grammatical structures, 膳食 is highly versatile but remains within the formal register. For instance, in a medical context, a doctor might say, '你应该增加膳食中的蔬菜比例' (You should increase the proportion of vegetables in your diet). Here, 膳食 is the container or the context for the nutritional elements. It is also common in the phrase 膳食均衡 (shànshí jūnhéng), which means 'nutritional balance' or 'a balanced diet.' This is a fixed collocation that appears in almost every Chinese health textbook.

这种膳食模式在亚洲非常普遍。(This dietary pattern is very common in Asia.)

Furthermore, when discussing the management of a facility, such as a factory or a boarding school, the department responsible for the food is often called the 膳食科 (shànshíkē) or 膳食部 (shànshíbù). This highlights the administrative and logistical nature of the word. It isn't just about the flavor; it is about the provision of sustenance on a larger scale. By mastering these sentence patterns, you can discuss complex topics like public health policy or corporate wellness programs with precision.

If you are walking down a street in Beijing or Shanghai, you might not hear a teenager use the word 膳食 (shànshí) to describe their bubble tea. However, if you turn on the news, step into a clinic, or read a health magazine, the word is everywhere. It is the language of expertise and authority. Understanding its environmental context is key to sounding natural in Chinese.

Medical and Health Settings
Doctors use it to discuss 'therapeutic diets' (治疗膳食). You will see signs in hospitals advising patients on 'post-operative dietary care' (术后膳食护理).
Educational Institutions
University websites often have a section called 'Campus Dining' (校园膳食), where they list the nutritional standards of the cafeteria food.

新闻报道：国家卫生部发布了新的《中国居民膳食指南》。(News report: The Ministry of Health released the new 'Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents'.)

Another common place to encounter 膳食 is in the fitness and wellness industry. Personal trainers and nutritionists will create a 膳食表 (shànshí biǎo)—a meal plan—for their clients. This sounds much more professional than a 'eating list.' It implies that the food has been carefully calculated for calories, macros, and nutrients. In high-end hospitality, such as luxury cruises or five-star hotels, the term is used to lend an air of elegance and comprehensive service to the dining options available to guests.

在健身房，教练会根据你的目标制定个性化的膳食方案。(In the gym, the coach will create a personalized dietary plan based on your goals.)

Finally, you will hear this word in formal speeches or academic lectures regarding sociology or economics. For example, a researcher might discuss the '膳食水平' (dietary level) of a particular region to indicate its standard of living. In this sense, the word becomes a metric for quality of life. By recognizing these contexts, you can better interpret the 'weight' of the conversation when 膳食 is used.

Because 膳食 (shànshí) translates to 'meals' or 'diet' in English, many learners mistakenly use it in casual, everyday speech. This is the most frequent error. Chinese has very distinct layers of formality, and using a 'Level 5' formal word in a 'Level 1' casual situation can make you sound like a textbook or a robot. Let's break down the pitfalls to avoid.

The 'Let's Eat' Mistake
Incorrect: '我们去吃膳食吧' (Wǒmen qù chī shànshí ba). Correct: '我们去吃饭吧' (Wǒmen qù chīfàn ba). You don't 'eat a diet' in the sense of a single meal with friends.
Confusing with '饮食' (Yǐnshí)
While similar, '饮食' is slightly broader and can be used in semi-formal settings. '膳食' is strictly for the structured provision or nutritional aspect of food.

错误用法：今天的膳食很好吃。(Incorrect: Today's 'diet' was delicious. Use '饭菜' instead for daily meals.)

Another mistake is treating 膳食 as a verb. It is exclusively a noun. You cannot '膳食' something. You must pair it with a verb like '提供' (provide) or '摄入' (intake). For example, saying '我膳食了很多蔬菜' is grammatically incorrect. You should say '我的膳食中包含很多蔬菜' (My diet includes many vegetables). This distinction is crucial for maintaining proper Chinese syntax.

注意：不要把“膳食”当成动词使用。(Note: Do not use 'shànshí' as a verb.)

Lastly, learners often forget the 'shàn' (膳) character and substitute it with '善' (shàn - good/kind). While they sound identical, they are completely different characters. '膳' has the 'meat' radical (⺼/肉) on the left, which is a visual clue that it relates to food and sustenance. Keeping an eye on the radical will help you avoid written errors in your compositions or emails to healthcare professionals.

To truly master 膳食 (shànshí), you must see how it fits into the family of food-related words in Chinese. Each word has its own 'flavor' and specific use case. Choosing the right one shows that you understand the social and professional context of the language.

饮食 (Yǐnshí)
Meaning 'drink and food.' It is the most common term for 'diet' in a general sense. While '膳食' is more institutional/nutritional, '饮食' is used for daily habits, cultural traditions (饮食文化), and general health advice.
食物 (Shíwù)
Meaning 'food' in the most literal, physical sense. An apple is a 'shíwù.' '膳食' is the systematic arrangement of 'shíwù.'
饭菜 (Fàncài)
Meaning 'rice and dishes.' This is the word you use at home or at a restaurant to talk about the actual food you are eating. It is warm, casual, and descriptive of the meal on the table.

对比：
1. 这里的饭菜很好吃。(The food here is delicious - Casual)
2. 这里的膳食很营养。(The dietary provision here is nutritious - Formal/Professional)

In a professional setting, you might also hear 伙食 (huǒshí). This specifically refers to the collective food provided in a mess hall, military barracks, or workplace canteen. It has a slightly more 'communal' and 'basic' feel than 膳食. If you are complaining about the quality of food in a company dormitory, you would use 伙食. If you are a nutritionist analyzing the caloric intake of those same employees, you would use 膳食.

Finally, there is 口粮 (kǒuliáng), which refers to 'rations' or 'provisions,' often used in the context of survival or agriculture. By comparing these terms, we see that 膳食 occupies the most formal and 'regulated' space in the food vocabulary spectrum. It is about the science of eating, the policy of providing food, and the structured health of a body or a population.

How Formal Is It?

Fun Fact

In ancient imperial China, the 'Shangshan Jian' (尚膳监) was the department responsible for the Emperor's personal meals. The word '膳' still carries a shadow of that formal, high-status history today.

Pronunciation Guide

UK /ˈʃæn.ʃiː/
US /ˈʃæn.ʃiː/
First syllable 'shàn' carries the falling tone (4th tone), second syllable 'shí' carries the rising tone (2nd tone).
Rhymes With
饭 (fàn) 餐 (cān) 蓝 (lán) 山 (shān) 时 (shí) 事 (shì) 室 (shì) 市 (shì)
Common Errors
  • Pronouncing 'shàn' as 'shān' (1st tone).
  • Confusing 'shí' with 'sì' (four).
  • Using 'shàn' without the 'meat' radical in writing.
  • Mistaking 'shàn' for 'shàn' (kindness).
  • Incorrectly stressing the second syllable.

Difficulty Rating

Reading 3/5

Common in health literature and packaging; easy to recognize once the radical is known.

Writing 4/5

The character '膳' is complex to write by hand.

Speaking 3/5

Pronunciation is straightforward but requires correct tones.

Listening 3/5

Easily confused with '饮食' or other 'shàn' sounds in fast speech.

What to Learn Next

Prerequisites

食物 吃饭 营养 健康 蔬菜

Learn Next

代谢 热量 蛋白质 脂肪 碳水化合物

Advanced

药食同源 养生 烹饪 摄入 消耗
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Examples by Level

1

我们要吃健康的膳食。

We need to eat a healthy diet.

Simple subject-verb-object structure.

2

这是一份膳食表。

This is a meal plan.

Using '份' as a measure word.

3

膳食很重要。

Diet is very important.

Simple noun-adjective sentence.

4

学校提供膳食。

The school provides meals.

Formal verb '提供'.

5

他的膳食里有很多肉。

There is a lot of meat in his diet.

Using '里' to indicate 'within'.

6

我不喜欢医院的膳食。

I don't like the hospital's meals.

Possessive '的'.

7

均衡的膳食对你有好处。

A balanced diet is good for you.

Common collocation '均衡的膳食'.

8

请看这个膳食指南。

Please look at this dietary guide.

Command with '请'.

1

医生建议我改善膳食。

The doctor suggested I improve my diet.

Verb '建议' followed by a clause.

2

膳食纤维对消化有帮助。

Dietary fiber helps with digestion.

Technical term '膳食纤维'.

3

每天的膳食都要有蔬菜。

Every day's diet should include vegetables.

Using '都要有'.

4

这份膳食计划很科学。

This dietary plan is very scientific.

Adjective '科学'.

5

他正在研究合理的膳食。

He is researching a reasonable diet.

Present continuous '正在'.

6

膳食中不应该有太多糖。

There shouldn't be too much sugar in the diet.

Negative '不应该'.

7

运动员需要特殊的膳食。

Athletes need a special diet.

Adjective '特殊'.

8

我们要关注儿童的膳食健康。

We need to pay attention to children's dietary health.

Verb '关注'.

1

合理的膳食结构是健康的基础。

A reasonable dietary structure is the foundation of health.

Abstract noun '结构'.

2

膳食补充剂不能代替正餐。

Dietary supplements cannot replace regular meals.

Compound noun '膳食补充剂'.

3

学校膳食科负责学生的午餐。

The school's catering department is responsible for students' lunches.

Institutional term '膳食科'.

4

调整膳食可以有效控制血糖。

Adjusting the diet can effectively control blood sugar.

Gerund-like usage '调整膳食'.

5

这种膳食模式源于地中海地区。

This dietary pattern originates from the Mediterranean region.

Verb '源于'.

6

长期不健康的膳食会导致肥胖。

A long-term unhealthy diet will lead to obesity.

Cause and effect with '导致'.

7

我们需要提高村民的膳食水平。

We need to improve the dietary level of the villagers.

Economic term '膳食水平'.

8

膳食指南建议减少盐的摄入。

The dietary guidelines suggest reducing salt intake.

Formal term '摄入'.

1

膳食多样化对于摄取全面营养至关重要。

Dietary diversification is crucial for obtaining comprehensive nutrition.

Adverbial '至关重要'.

2

该研究探讨了膳食习惯与长寿的关系。

The study explored the relationship between dietary habits and longevity.

Academic verb '探讨'.

3

政府发布了关于改善农村膳食的报告。

The government released a report on improving rural diets.

Prepositional phrase '关于...'.

4

这种膳食疗法在临床上得到了应用。

This dietary therapy has been applied clinically.

Passive-like '得到应用'.

5

膳食调查显示，现代人蔬菜摄入不足。

The dietary survey shows that modern people have insufficient vegetable intake.

Formal noun '膳食调查'.

6

为了确保膳食安全，食堂加强了监管。

To ensure dietary safety, the canteen strengthened its supervision.

Purpose clause '为了...'.

7

膳食宝塔直观地展示了各类食物的比例。

The dietary pagoda visually displays the proportions of various food types.

Specific cultural term '膳食宝塔'.

8

过度的膳食限制可能对身体造成伤害。

Excessive dietary restrictions may cause harm to the body.

Verb '造成'.

1

膳食结构的转型反映了社会经济的发展。

The transformation of dietary structure reflects socio-economic development.

Abstract noun '转型'.

2

中医药理中的‘膳食’强调阴阳平衡。

The concept of 'diet' in Traditional Chinese Medicine emphasizes the balance of Yin and Yang.

Cultural-philosophical context.

3

膳食干预被证明是治疗慢性病的有效手段。

Dietary intervention has been proven to be an effective means of treating chronic diseases.

Medical term '干预'.

4

该地区的膳食能量供给量已达到国际标准。

The dietary energy supply in this region has reached international standards.

Technical term '能量供给量'.

5

膳食文化不仅是生存需要，更是艺术表现。

Dietary culture is not only a survival need but also an artistic expression.

Not only... but also structure.

6

通过膳食问卷，研究人员收集了大量数据。

Through dietary questionnaires, researchers collected a large amount of data.

Methodological term '问卷'.

7

膳食因素在心血管疾病的诱发中占有重要地位。

Dietary factors play an important role in the induction of cardiovascular diseases.

Idiomatic '占有...地位'.

8

优化膳食资源配置是保障粮食安全的关键。

Optimizing the allocation of dietary resources is key to ensuring food security.

Policy term '资源配置'.

1

膳食之于生命，犹薪火之于传续。

Diet is to life as fuel is to the continuation of a flame.

Classical analogy structure '之于...犹...之于'.

2

在全球化背景下，膳食习惯的同质化趋势日益明显。

In the context of globalization, the trend of homogenization of dietary habits is becoming increasingly evident.

Sociological term '同质化'.

3

膳食伦理探讨了人类摄食行为背后的道德约束。

Dietary ethics explore the moral constraints behind human eating behavior.

Philosophical term '伦理'.

4

该学说主张通过精准膳食来实现人类基因组的优化表达。

The theory advocates achieving optimal expression of the human genome through precision nutrition.

Scientific term '精准膳食'.

5

膳食史的研究揭示了古代文明兴衰的物质基础。

The study of dietary history reveals the material basis for the rise and fall of ancient civilizations.

Historical analysis.

6

膳食的可持续性已成为当今环境科学的重要课题。

The sustainability of diets has become an important topic in contemporary environmental science.

Environmental term '可持续性'.

7

在极端环境下，膳食的精简化是生存的首要策略。

In extreme environments, the simplification of diet is the primary strategy for survival.

Abstract noun '精简化'.

8

膳食审美的变迁折射出民众精神生活的演进。

Changes in dietary aesthetics reflect the evolution of people's spiritual lives.

Literary verb '折射'.

Synonyms

饮食 伙食 餐点 饭菜

Common Collocations

均衡膳食
膳食纤维
膳食指南
膳食补充剂
调整膳食
膳食结构
提供膳食
膳食调查
膳食标准
膳食搭配

Common Phrases

膳食平衡

— Maintaining a balance of different nutrients in one's diet.

膳食平衡是长寿的秘诀。

膳食补助

— A food allowance or subsidy provided by an employer.

每个月有五百元的膳食补助。

膳食科

— The dietary or catering department in an institution.

他在大学膳食科工作。

营养膳食

— Nutritious meals or diet.

给孩子准备营养膳食。

合理膳食

— A scientifically sound or reasonable diet.

合理膳食，适量运动。

膳食改良

— Improvement or modification of dietary habits.

膳食改良有助于控制体重。

治疗膳食

— A specific diet prescribed for medical treatment.

这是一种专门的治疗膳食。

膳食成分

— The individual components of a diet.

分析膳食成分。

膳食模式

— A recurring pattern of food consumption.

西方的膳食模式正在改变。

学生膳食

— The meals provided specifically for students.

关注学生膳食安全。

Idioms & Expressions

"锦衣玉食"

— To live in luxury with fine clothes and rich food.

他过着锦衣玉食的生活。

Literary
"粗茶淡饭"

— Simple food; a humble life.

我习惯了粗茶淡饭。

Humble
"丰衣足食"

— Having ample food and clothing; well-provided for.

人民过上了丰衣足食的日子。

Positive
"废寝忘食"

— To forget to eat and sleep due to hard work or study.

他废寝忘食地写小说。

Admiring
"饥不择食"

— When hungry, one is not picky about what they eat.

流浪汉饥不择食地啃着馒头。

Descriptive
"食不果腹"

— Not having enough food to fill one's stomach; poverty.

过去很多农民食不果腹。

Socio-historical
"酒足饭饱"

— To have eaten and drunk to one's heart's content.

客人们都酒足饭饱了。

Casual-Formal
"食色性也"

— Appetite for food and sex is nature.

古人云：食色性也。

Philosophical
"三餐不继"

— Unable to afford three meals a day.

战乱导致许多家三餐不继。

Extreme Poverty
"民以食为天"

— Food is the most important thing to the people.

中国有句古话叫民以食为天。

Cultural Maxim

Word Family

Nouns

膳食科
膳食部
膳食表
膳食费

Verbs

进膳 (formal: to have a meal)
用膳 (formal: to dine)

Adjectives

膳食的 (dietary)

Related

饮食
营养
健康
餐厅
厨房
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Memorize It

Mnemonic

Imagine a 'SHAN' (mountain) of food that you need to 'SHI' (see/eat) to stay healthy. The 'meat' radical in 膳 tells you it's about what's on the plate.

Visual Association

Picture a 'Dietary Pagoda' (膳食宝塔), a common sight in Chinese health clinics, which structures different food types into a pyramid.

Word Web

营养 健康 均衡 纤维 指南 补充剂 结构 模式

Challenge

Try to find the word '膳食' on the back of a Chinese snack package (usually under the nutrition label) and explain what it refers to in that context.

Word Origin

The character '膳' (shàn) originally referred to the meat dishes prepared for royalty. The left radical '⺼' (meat) indicates its substance, while '善' (shàn - good) provides the phonetic sound and suggests high quality. '食' (shí) is an ancient pictograph of a food container with a lid, meaning food or to eat.

Original meaning: Prepared meat dishes for the nobility or formal meals.

Sino-Tibetan

Cultural Context

No specific sensitivities, but ensure not to confuse it with '伙食' when talking to someone about their personal cooking, as '膳食' might sound too clinical.

The English word 'diet' can be casual ('I'm on a diet') or scientific ('a high-protein diet'). '膳食' only maps to the scientific/formal side.

《中国居民膳食指南》 (Official health guide) 膳食宝塔 (The food pyramid/pagoda) 尚膳监 (Imperial Kitchen)

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Medical Consultation

  • 改善膳食
  • 膳食禁忌
  • 膳食记录
  • 低盐膳食

School/Workplace Management

  • 膳食科
  • 膳食补助
  • 食堂膳食
  • 膳食满意度

Scientific Research

  • 膳食结构
  • 膳食调查
  • 膳食因素
  • 膳食模式

Fitness and Sports

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