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B1 noun 11 min read

相对于

xiangdui yu
Examples 相对于 in 30 Seconds
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相对于 in 30 Seconds

  • Used to compare or contrast two things.
  • Means 'relative to', 'compared with', 'as opposed to'.
  • Introduces the reference point for a comparison.
  • Common in formal writing and discussions.

The Chinese phrase 相对于 (xiāng duì yú) is a versatile prepositional phrase that translates to 'relative to,' 'compared with,' 'in contrast to,' or 'as opposed to.' It's used to introduce a point of comparison or to highlight a difference between two things, ideas, or situations. Think of it as a way to say 'when we look at X, Y is different' or 'in relation to X, Y is the case.'

It's commonly used in both spoken and written Chinese, particularly when discussing differences, making comparisons, or setting up a contrast. You'll often encounter it in academic writing, news reports, formal speeches, and even in everyday conversations when someone wants to be precise about a comparison.

For instance, when talking about economic growth, you might say that one country's growth compared with another country's growth is significantly different. Or, when discussing personal preferences, you could say that your opinion as opposed to your friend's opinion is quite distinct. The phrase helps to clearly delineate the two elements being compared, ensuring the listener or reader understands the basis of the comparison.

Mastering 相对于 allows you to express nuanced comparisons effectively in Chinese, adding depth and clarity to your communication. It's a fundamental building block for articulating relationships between different entities or concepts.

Usage Examples
In a discussion about urban development: 'Compared to the bustling city center, the suburbs are much quieter.' (相对于市中心的热闹，郊区安静多了。)
When evaluating performance: 'Relative to last year, our sales have increased significantly.' (相对于去年，我们的销售额有了显著增长。)
Expressing a differing opinion: 'As opposed to your view, I believe this approach is more practical.' (相对于你的看法，我认为这种方法更实际。)

This new policy, 相对于 the old one, has many advantages.

— A government announcement
Key Concept
The core function of 相对于 is to establish a comparative framework. It signals that the subsequent information is being presented in light of, or in contrast to, something else.
Common Scenarios
Economic Comparisons: Comparing GDP growth, inflation rates, or market shares between countries or companies.
Social Comparisons: Discussing differences in lifestyles, education systems, or cultural practices.
Personal Opinions/Preferences: Contrasting one's own views or tastes with those of others.
Technological Advancements: Comparing the features or effectiveness of old versus new technologies.

Understanding 相对于 is crucial for comprehending detailed comparisons and contrasts in Chinese. It helps to anchor discussions and clarify the points of reference.

相对于 (xiāng duì yú) typically functions as a prepositional phrase, introducing the element that serves as the basis for comparison. The structure is generally: [Subject/Topic] + 相对于 + [Point of Comparison] + [Statement/Observation]. This structure allows you to clearly state what is being compared and what the observation or statement is about that comparison.

Let's break down its common usage patterns:

Pattern 1: Direct Comparison
Structure: Subject + 相对于 + Object + Verb/Adjective Phrase.
Explanation: This is the most straightforward usage, where you directly compare the subject to the object introduced by 相对于.
Example: 他的收入相对于我的来说，非常高。(Tā de shōurù xiāng duì yú wǒ de lái shuō, fēicháng gāo.) - His income, relative to mine, is very high.
Example: 这家餐厅的食物相对于价格，质量很高。(Zhè jiā cāntīng de shíwù xiāng duì yú jiàgé, zhìliàng hěn gāo.) - The food at this restaurant, compared to the price, is of high quality.
Pattern 2: Highlighting Differences
Structure: [Statement about X] + 相对于 + [Statement about Y] + [Observation about the difference].
Explanation: Here, 相对于 can be used to introduce the contrasting element, often implying 'as opposed to' or 'in contrast with'.
Example: 相对于大城市的生活节奏，小镇的生活显得格外悠闲。(Xiāng duì yú dà chéngshì de shēnghuó jiézòu, xiǎozhèn de shēnghuó xiǎnde géwài yōuxián.) - Compared to the pace of life in big cities, life in small towns seems exceptionally leisurely.
Example: 相对于他的承诺，他的实际行动差得很远。(Xiāng duì yú tā de chéngnuò, tā de shíjì xíngdòng chà dé hěn yuǎn.) - As opposed to his promises, his actual actions fall far short.
Pattern 3: With '而言' (yán ér)
Structure: [Subject/Topic] + 相对于 + [Point of Comparison] + 而言 + [Statement/Observation].
Explanation: Adding 而言 (yán ér) after 相对于 can make the comparison more formal and emphasize that the following statement is from the perspective of the comparison. It often translates to 'speaking of' or 'in terms of'.
Example: 相对于西方文化而言，东方文化更加注重集体主义。(Xiāng duì yú xīfāng wénhuà ér yán, dōngfāng wénhuà gèngjiā zhùzhòng jítǐ zhǔyì.) - Relative to Western culture, Eastern culture places more emphasis on collectivism.
Example: 相对于短期目标而言，我们更应该关注长远发展。(Xiāng duì yú duǎnqí mùbiāo ér yán, wǒmen gèng yīnggāi guānzhù chángyuǎn fāzhǎn.) - In terms of short-term goals, we should pay more attention to long-term development.

Pay attention to what comes *after* 相对于. This is the reference point for the comparison. The subject or topic being discussed is usually what the statement is about in relation to that reference point.

You'll encounter 相对于 (xiāng duì yú) in a wide array of contexts, reflecting its utility in making comparisons. Its presence signifies a desire for precision and clarity when discussing differences or relative values.

Academic and Research Settings: In university lectures, research papers, and academic journals, 相对于 is frequently used to compare data, theories, or findings. For example, a professor might say: '相对于 previous studies, our new findings show a significant shift in this trend.' (相对于以往的研究，我们的新发现显示了这一趋势的显著变化。)

News and Current Affairs: News reports often employ 相对于 to contextualize events. A news anchor might state: '相对于 last quarter's economic performance, the current quarter shows a slight improvement.' (相对于上个季度的经济表现，本季度略有改善。)

Business and Finance: In business meetings and financial reports, this phrase is essential for comparing performance metrics. A CEO might present: '相对于 our competitors, our market share has grown by 5%.' (相对于我们的竞争对手，我们的市场份额增长了5%。)

Debates and Discussions: When people are engaged in a debate or discussing differing opinions, 相对于 helps to frame their arguments. Someone might argue: '相对于 your proposed solution, I believe this alternative is more feasible.' (相对于你提出的解决方案，我认为这个替代方案更可行。)

Everyday Comparisons: Even in casual conversations, if someone wants to be specific about a comparison, they might use it. For instance, when talking about food: 'This dish, compared with the one we had yesterday, is much spicier.' (这道菜相对于我们昨天吃的那道，辣了很多。)

Product Reviews and Comparisons: Online reviews or discussions about products often use 相对于. '相对于 the previous model, this phone has a much better camera.' (相对于上一代型号，这款手机的摄像头好很多。)

Cultural Analysis: When discussing cultural differences or similarities, 相对于 is a natural fit. '相对于 Western individualism, Chinese collectivism emphasizes group harmony.' (相对于西方的个人主义，中国的集体主义更强调群体和谐。)

Essentially, any situation where you need to draw a clear distinction or measure one thing against another is a prime candidate for using 相对于. It's a marker of analytical thinking and comparative observation.

The weather today, 相对于 yesterday, is much colder.

— A conversation between friends

While 相对于 (xiāng duì yú) is a very useful phrase, learners can sometimes make mistakes that hinder clarity. Here are some common pitfalls to watch out for:

1. Incorrect Placement of the Comparison Object
Mistake: Placing the element being compared *after* the observation, rather than as the basis for comparison.
Example of Mistake: 我相对于很高，这件衣服。(Wǒ xiāng duì yú hěn gāo, zhè jiàn yīfú.) - This is grammatically incorrect and confusing. It sounds like 'I, relative to very tall, this piece of clothing.'
Correct Usage: 相对于这件衣服，我很高。(Xiāng duì yú zhè jiàn yīfú, wǒ hěn gāo.) - Relative to this piece of clothing, I am very tall (implying the clothing is small or the person is tall for it).
Explanation: The phrase 相对于 *introduces* the item or concept it is being compared against. The subject of the main clause is what is being described in relation to that comparison point.
2. Overuse or Unnecessary Use
Mistake: Using 相对于 when a simpler comparative structure would suffice, making the sentence sound unnaturally formal or wordy.
Example of Mistake: 相对于我很喜欢这个。(Xiāng duì yú wǒ hěn xǐhuān zhège.) - This is redundant. 'Relative to me, I really like this' doesn't make sense.
Correct Usage: 我很喜欢这个。(Wǒ hěn xǐhuān zhège.) - I really like this. OR, if comparing to something else: 相对于那个，我很喜欢这个。(Xiāng duì yú nàge, wǒ hěn xǐhuān zhège.) - Compared to that one, I really like this one.
Explanation: Not every comparison requires 相对于. Sometimes, using comparative adjectives (like 'more' - 更 gèng) or simply stating facts is enough. Use 相对于 when you need to explicitly set up a basis for comparison.
3. Confusion with Similar Phrases
Mistake: Using 相对于 interchangeably with phrases that have slightly different nuances, like '和 (hé)' (and/with) or '比 (bǐ)' (compared to, used in comparative structures).
Example of Mistake: 我相对于你高。(Wǒ xiāng duì yú nǐ gāo.) - This sounds awkward. The standard comparative structure is '我比你高 (Wǒ bǐ nǐ gāo)' - I am taller than you.
Correct Usage: The structure 相对于 [X] + [Statement about Y] is for introducing X as the reference. For direct 'A is more/less than B' comparisons, use '比 (bǐ)'.
Explanation: 相对于 establishes a frame of reference. '比' is used within comparative sentences to directly link two items and indicate which is greater or lesser in some quality. They are not interchangeable.
4. Grammatical Completeness
Mistake: Sometimes learners might start a sentence with 相对于 but forget to complete the thought or make a clear statement about the comparison.
Example of Mistake: 相对于这个项目... (Xiāng duì yú zhège xiàngmù...) - This is an incomplete sentence. It needs a follow-up statement.
Correct Usage: 相对于这个项目，那个更重要。(Xiāng duì yú zhège xiàngmù, nàge gèng zhòngyào.) - Compared to this project, that one is more important.
Explanation: 相对于 is a prepositional phrase and needs a main clause to express a complete thought. It sets the stage for the main statement.

While 相对于 (xiāng duì yú) is excellent for establishing a comparative framework, Chinese offers several other ways to express comparisons and contrasts, each with its own nuances.

1. 比 (bǐ)
Usage: The most common way to form direct comparative sentences. It directly links two items and indicates which is more or less.
Structure: A + 比 + B + Adjective/Verb Phrase.
Example: 他的个子比我高。(Tā de gèzi bǐ wǒ gāo.) - He is taller than me.
Comparison with 相对于: '比' is used for direct adjective/adverb comparisons (A is X-er than B). '相对于' sets up X as a reference point for a broader statement about Y.
2. 与...相比 (yǔ... xiāng bǐ)
Usage: Similar to 'compared with,' often used in more formal contexts or writing.
Structure: 与 + [Item A] + 相比, [Statement about Item B].
Example: 与昨天相比，今天气温有所下降。(Yǔ zuótiān xiāng bǐ, jīntiān qìwēn yǒusuǒ xiàjiàng.) - Compared with yesterday, today's temperature has dropped.
Comparison with 相对于: Very similar in meaning and usage to 相对于, often interchangeable. '与...相比' might sound slightly more formal.
3. 不像 (bù xiàng)
Usage: 'Unlike' or 'not like.' Used to highlight a difference by stating something is not similar to another.
Structure: A + 不像 + B + [Statement].
Example: 他不像他哥哥那样外向。(Tā bù xiàng tā gēge nàyàng wàixiàng.) - He is not as outgoing as his brother.
Comparison with 相对于: '不像' focuses on the lack of similarity. 相对于 focuses on making a comparison or contrast, often implying a difference in degree or kind.
4. 而 (ér)
Usage: A conjunction used to connect contrasting clauses or ideas, often implying 'while' or 'whereas'.
Structure: [Statement A] + 而 + [Statement B].
Example: 他喜欢看书，而我喜欢看电影。(Tā xǐhuān kànshū, ér wǒ xǐhuān kàn diànyǐng.) - He likes reading books, while I like watching movies.
Comparison with 相对于: '而' connects two independent clauses to show contrast. 相对于 introduces one element as the reference point for a statement about another.
5. 不同于 (bù tóng yú)
Usage: 'Different from.' Emphasizes the distinction between two things.
Structure: A + 不同于 + B.
Example: 他的观点不同于大多数人。(Tā de guāndiǎn bù tóng yú dà duōshù rén.) - His viewpoint is different from most people's.
Comparison with 相对于: '不同于' directly states a difference. 相对于 sets up one item as the basis for comparison for a statement about another, which can imply a difference but also a relative degree.
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Examples by Level

1

这个杯子比那个杯子小。

This cup is smaller than that cup.

Simple comparison using 比 (bǐ).

2

他很高。

He is very tall.

Basic adjective usage.

3

我喜欢红色。

I like red.

Expressing preference.

4

今天天气很好。

The weather today is very good.

Describing weather.

5

这个苹果很甜。

This apple is very sweet.

Describing taste.

6

我的书在这里。

My book is here.

Indicating location.

7

她是中国人。

She is Chinese.

Stating nationality.

8

我有一个朋友。

I have one friend.

Expressing possession.

1

这个比那个贵。

This is more expensive than that.

Simple comparative sentence using 比 (bǐ).

2

我不太喜欢这个颜色。

I don't really like this color.

Expressing mild dislike.

3

我们去年去过北京。

We went to Beijing last year.

Using past tense and location.

4

他正在学习中文。

He is currently studying Chinese.

Present continuous tense.

5

这里的食物很好吃。

The food here is delicious.

Describing food quality.

6

你觉得呢？

What do you think?

Asking for an opinion.

7

这个计划看起来不错。

This plan looks good.

Expressing approval of a plan.

8

我们应该早点出发。

We should set off earlier.

Giving advice using 应该 (yīnggāi).

1

相对于昨天，今天的天气好多了。

Compared to yesterday, the weather today is much better.

Using 相对于 (xiāng duì yú) for comparison of weather conditions.

2

这个城市的生活成本，相对于小城市来说，确实很高。

The cost of living in this city, compared to smaller cities, is indeed very high.

Comparing cost of living with a reference point.

3

与他之前的表现相比，这次他进步很大。

Compared to his previous performance, he has improved a lot this time.

Using 与...相比 (yǔ... xiāng bǐ) for performance comparison.

4

不像他的哥哥那样，他为人比较内向。

Unlike his older brother, he is relatively introverted.

Using 不像 (bù xiàng) to highlight a difference in personality.

5

他工作很努力，而他的同事则比较轻松。

He works very hard, whereas his colleagues are relatively relaxed.

Using 而 (ér) to connect contrasting situations.

6

这家餐厅的菜品，相对于它的价位，味道非常不错。

The dishes at this restaurant, relative to its price range, taste very good.

Evaluating food quality in relation to price.

7

中国的人口数量，不同于很多西方国家。

China's population size is different from many Western countries.

Using 不同于 (bù tóng yú) to state a difference in population.

8

如果你想要成功，就必须付出努力。

If you want to succeed, you must put in effort.

Conditional sentence structure (If... then...).

1

相对于高科技产业的飞速发展，传统制造业面临着转型升级的挑战。

Compared to the rapid development of the high-tech industry, traditional manufacturing faces the challenge of transformation and upgrading.

Comparing contrasting industrial sectors.

2

该政策的实施，相对于之前的方案，更加注重环保理念。

The implementation of this policy, relative to the previous plan, places greater emphasis on environmental protection concepts.

Comparing policy approaches with a focus on environmental aspects.

3

与西方国家的个人主义文化相比，亚洲文化更加强调集体和谐与社会责任。

Compared to the individualistic culture of Western countries, Asian culture places more emphasis on collective harmony and social responsibility.

Comparing cultural values using 与...相比.

4

不像他公开宣称的那样，他的实际行动却显得犹豫不决。

Unlike what he publicly declared, his actual actions appeared hesitant.

Contrasting public statements with private actions using 不像.

5

他从小就展现出艺术天赋，而他的妹妹则在科学领域表现出色。

He showed artistic talent from a young age, while his younger sister excelled in the scientific field.

Using 而 (ér) to highlight contrasting talents of siblings.

6

考虑到其卓越的性能和合理的价格，这款产品相对于市场上其他同类产品具有显著优势。

Considering its excellent performance and reasonable price, this product has a significant advantage relative to other similar products on the market.

Evaluating product advantage based on performance and price.

7

全球气候变化，不同于区域性的天气波动，是一个长期且复杂的问题。

Global climate change, unlike regional weather fluctuations, is a long-term and complex issue.

Differentiating between global climate and local weather using 不同于.

8

如果不能有效控制成本，那么即使有再好的创意，项目也难以成功。

If costs cannot be effectively controlled, then even with the best ideas, the project will be difficult to succeed.

Complex conditional sentence emphasizing the importance of cost control.

1

相对于全球经济一体化的趋势，一些国家却在推行保护主义政策，这无疑增加了国际贸易的不确定性。

Relative to the trend of global economic integration, some countries are promoting protectionist policies, which undoubtedly increases the uncertainty of international trade.

Analyzing geopolitical and economic trends.

2

该公司的转型策略，相对于其初创时期的激进扩张，显得更为审慎和务实。

The company's transformation strategy, compared to its aggressive expansion during its startup phase, appears more prudent and pragmatic.

Evaluating corporate strategy evolution.

3

与西方社会强调的个人权利和自由相比，东方社会更侧重于社会责任和群体利益的平衡。

Compared to the individual rights and freedoms emphasized in Western societies, Eastern societies focus more on the balance of social responsibility and group interests.

Nuanced comparison of societal values.

4

不像许多公众人物那样，他始终保持低调，专注于自己的研究领域。

Unlike many public figures, he has consistently maintained a low profile, focusing on his own research field.

Contrasting public personas with private dedication.

5

他深谙中国传统文化，而他的妻子则对现代艺术有着独到的见解。

He has a deep understanding of traditional Chinese culture, while his wife has unique insights into modern art.

Using 而 (ér) to connect contrasting areas of expertise.

6

考虑到其在可持续发展方面的巨大潜力，该投资项目相对于风险而言，具有很高的吸引力。

Considering its immense potential for sustainable development, this investment project is highly attractive relative to its risks.

Risk-reward analysis in investment.

7

人类对宇宙的认知，不同于对地球生态系统的理解，其复杂性和未知性更甚。

Human understanding of the universe, unlike the understanding of Earth's ecosystems, is even more complex and unknown.

Comparing scopes of knowledge using 不同于.

8

倘若我们不能正视这些潜在的危机，那么未来可能面临更大的挑战。

If we cannot face these potential crises squarely, then we may face greater challenges in the future.

Sophisticated conditional sentence with emphasis on 'facing' problems.

1

相对于全球化进程中日益凸显的文化冲突，有效的跨文化交流策略显得尤为重要，旨在弥合认知鸿沟，促进相互理解。

Relative to the escalating cultural conflicts in the process of globalization, effective cross-cultural communication strategies appear particularly important, aiming to bridge cognitive gaps and promote mutual understanding.

Advanced analysis of globalization and cultural communication.

2

该学派的理论体系，相对于其前辈的观点，不仅在逻辑上更为严谨，而且在实证研究上也取得了突破性进展，为学科发展开辟了新方向。

This school of thought's theoretical system, compared to the views of its predecessors, is not only more logically rigorous but has also achieved breakthrough progress in empirical research, opening up new directions for the discipline's development.

Critically evaluating academic theories and their impact.

3

与西方社会普遍奉行的自由主义价值观相比，东方文化在强调社会契约和集体福祉方面，展现出一种更为宏观的视角和深厚的历史积淀。

Compared to the liberal values widely upheld in Western societies, Eastern culture, in emphasizing social contracts and collective well-being, exhibits a more macroscopic perspective and profound historical accumulation.

Philosophical comparison of societal frameworks.

4

不像那些热衷于追逐名利的公众人物，他选择了一条更为艰辛但充满意义的道路，致力于人道主义援助，其影响深远而持久。

Unlike those public figures keen on chasing fame and fortune, he chose a more arduous but meaningful path, dedicating himself to humanitarian aid, with far-reaching and lasting impact.

Highlighting altruistic choices against societal norms.

5

他博览群书，对古典文学有着渊博的学识，而他在现代诗歌创作方面，则展现出一种前卫而独特的艺术风格。

He has read extensively and possesses profound knowledge of classical literature, while in the realm of modern poetry creation, he displays a avant-garde and unique artistic style.

Juxtaposing mastery of classical and modern artistic domains.

6

考虑到该新兴技术在颠覆性创新和潜在市场份额方面的巨大前景，其固有风险的存在，在战略投资评估中，相对于回报而言，显得微不足道。

Considering the immense prospects of this emerging technology in terms of disruptive innovation and potential market share, the existence of its inherent risks appears negligible relative to the returns in strategic investment evaluations.

Sophisticated financial and technological risk assessment.

7

人类对宇宙起源的探索，不同于对地球生命演化的认知，其尺度之宏大、过程之漫长、以及可验证性之低，都构成了前所未有的挑战。

Human exploration of the universe's origin, unlike the cognition of Earth's life evolution, presents unprecedented challenges due to its immense scale, lengthy process, and low verifiability.

Comparing the epistemological challenges of different scientific inquiries.

8

倘若社会结构未能及时调整以适应科技飞速发展的需求，那么其潜在的社会矛盾和不平等现象将可能被无限放大，最终危及整体的稳定与繁荣。

If the social structure fails to adjust promptly to meet the demands of rapid technological advancement, then its potential social conflicts and inequalities may be infinitely amplified, ultimately endangering overall stability and prosperity.

Complex analysis of societal adaptation to technological change.

Common Collocations

相对于...而言
相对于...来说
相对于...（来说）
与...相比
相比之下
不尽相同
截然不同
大相径庭
相辅相成
相提并论

Common Phrases

相对于...而言

— Used in formal contexts to introduce a point of comparison or contrast, often translated as 'in terms of' or 'speaking of'.

相对于国际市场而言，国内市场的竞争更为激烈。(Xiāng duì yú guójì shìchǎng ér yán, guónèi shìchǎng de jìngzhēng gèng wéi jīliè.)

相对于...来说

— A common way to introduce a comparative context, often translated as 'compared to' or 'relative to'.

相对于年轻人来说，老年人对新技术的接受度可能较低。(Xiāng duì yú niánqīng rén lái shuō, lǎonián rén duì xīn jìshù de jiēshòu dù kěnéng jiào dī.)

相对于...（而言/来说）

— This is the core structure where '相对于' is followed by the item being compared against.

相对于昨天，今天的天气好多了。(Xiāng duì yú zuótiān, jīntiān de tiānqì hǎo duō le.)

与...相比

— A formal synonym for 'compared with', frequently used in writing.

与过去的经验相比，这次的教训更加深刻。(Yǔ guòqù de jīngyàn xiāng bǐ, zhè cì de jiàoxun gèng jiā shēnkè.)

相比之下

— Used to contrast two situations or things, meaning 'in contrast' or 'by comparison'.

他工作很认真，相比之下，他的朋友就显得有些懒散。(Tā gōngzuò hěn rènzhēn, xiāng bǐ zhī xià, tā de péngyǒu jiù xiǎnde yǒuxiē lǎnsǎn.)

不像...那样

— Used to state that something is not similar to something else, meaning 'unlike'.

他不像他父母那样喜欢运动。(Tā bù xiàng tā fùmǔ nàyàng xǐhuān yùndòng.)

不同于...

— Directly states that something is different from something else.

这个观点不同于我之前的想法。(Zhège guāndiǎn bù tóng yú wǒ zhīqián de xiǎngfǎ.)

与其...不如...

— Expresses a preference for one action over another, meaning 'rather than... it is better to...'.

与其空等，不如主动出击。(Yǔ qí kōng děng, bùrú zhǔdòng chūjī.)

某物与某物相比

— A general structure for comparing two specific items.

这款手机与上一代相比，在性能上有了显著提升。(Zhè kuǎn shǒujī yǔ shàng yīdài xiāng bǐ, zài xìngnéng shàng yǒule xiǎnzhù tíshēng.)

相对于...的...

— Used to describe a characteristic of something in relation to a comparative element.

相对于一般人而言，他的学习能力很强。(Xiāng duì yú yībān rén ér yán, tā de xuéxí nénglì hěn qiáng.

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