Razões Formais: Devido a e Em vista de
causas diretas e 'in view of' para razões consideradas que levaram a uma decisão.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'owing to' and 'in view of' to provide formal reasons or context for decisions in professional writing.
- Use 'owing to' as a formal synonym for 'because of' followed by a noun phrase: 'Owing to rain, we stayed.'
- Use 'in view of' to mean 'considering' or 'given the fact of': 'In view of the budget, we cut costs.'
- Never follow these with a full clause (subject + verb); always use a noun or gerund (-ing).
Overview
owing to e in view of é um divisor de águas para quem está no nível C1 de inglês. Se você já se sente confortável em uma conversa no bar ou resolvendo problemas no WhatsApp, agora é o momento de refinar sua fala e escrita para contextos de alta performance: reuniões de diretoria, redação de relatórios acadêmicos ou correspondência jurídica.because of ou due to. Elas sinalizam precisão e uma compreensão profunda das nuances de causalidade. Em português, a gente costuma usar devido a, em virtude de ou tendo em vista.devido ao fato de quediretamente no inglês, o que pode gerar frases gramaticalmente incorretas.
vibe de cada expressão, evitando as armadilhas comuns de quem traduz mentalmente do português para o inglês.Owing to (Causalidade Direta)The flight was cancelled owing to severe weather conditions.owing to funciona de forma muito similar ao nosso em virtude de ou devido a. Ele aponta para um fator que gerou um resultado de forma quase mecânica. Historicamente, owing vem de owe (dever), como se o resultado fosse devido àquela causa original.In view of (Consideração e Deliberação)cancelou o produto sozinha; você e sua equipe analisaram o cenário e tomaram uma decisão baseada nisso.in view of: In view of the current market volatility, we have decided to postpone the launch.tendo em vista, em face de ou considerando. O in view of introduz uma circunstância que foi levada em conta em um processo de decisão humana. É uma expressão mais deliberativa e intelectualizada.clause). Elas exigem um substantivo, uma frase nominal ou um gerúndio.Owing to | Causa direta, factual e objetiva. | Devido a / Em virtude de |In view of | Circunstância considerada em uma decisão. | Tendo em vista / Em face de |- 1Com Substantivo Simples:
The project failed owing to negligence.(O projeto falhou devido à negligência.)In view of the evidence, the judge ruled in favor of the defendant.(Tendo em vista as evidências, o juiz decidiu a favor do réu.)
- 1Com Frase Nominal (Noun Phrase):
The company’s growth was owing to its innovative marketing strategy.(O crescimento da empresa foi devido à sua estratégia de marketing inovadora.)In view of the recent budget cuts, we must prioritize essential services.(Tendo em vista os recentes cortes no orçamento, devemos priorizar serviços essenciais.)
- 1Com Gerúndio (Verb + -ing):
His promotion was owing to his consistently exceeding sales targets.(A promoção dele foi em virtude de ele consistentemente exceder as metas de vendas.)In view of expanding into Asian markets, we are hiring more consultants.(Tendo em vista a expansão para os mercados asiáticos, estamos contratando mais consultores.)
Owing to the high demand, delivery times may be longer.(Início - com vírgula)Delivery times may be longer owing to the high demand.(Meio - sem vírgula)
owing to para explicar falhas técnicas, atrasos logísticos ou resultados financeiros.The quarterly loss was owing to a sudden spike in raw material costs.
in view of para justificar mudanças de estratégia, novas políticas ou decisões de contratação.In view of your outstanding performance this year, we are offering you a bonus.
owing to é excelente para descrever causalidade em experimentos ou fenômenos observados.The reaction was delayed owing to the low temperature of the catalyst.
In view of é ideal para a seção de conclusão ou discussão, onde você avalia os dados antes de propor uma teoria.In view of these findings, further research is required to confirm the hypothesis.
The contract was terminated owing to a breach of confidentiality.In view of the new regulations, all employees must undergo training.
Devido ao fato de que estava chovendo.... No inglês, a gente tenta traduzir como:
*Owing to it was raining... — ERRADO.owing to e o in view of não aceitam uma clause. Se você quer usar um verbo conjugado, você tem duas opções:- Mudar para um substantivo:
Owing to the rain...(Correto) - Usar a estrutura pesada:
Owing to the fact that it was raining...(Correto, mas evite se puder, pois soa prolixo).
Owing to com Due to (A regra de ouro do C1)Due tofunciona como um adjetivo. Ele deve modificar um substantivo.Owing tofunciona como um advérbio. Ele deve modificar um verbo.
The delay was due to heavy traffic.(Aqui,due tomodifica o substantivodelay. Está correto.)The flight was delayed owing to heavy traffic.(Aqui,owing tomodifica o verbowas delayed. Está correto.)
caused by, use due to. Se puder substituir por because of, use owing to.Visto que como In view of em qualquer situaçãovisto que pode introduzir uma explicação casual. No inglês, in view of é muito mais pesado. Se você estiver apenas dando uma explicação simples em um e-mail para um colega, prefira since ou as. Deixe o in view of para quando houver uma análise de cenário envolvida.Because of | Neutro | Causa geral, comum no dia a dia. | I stayed home because of the cold. |Due to | Formal | Adjetival (modifica o nome do evento). | The success was due to teamwork. |Owing to | Muito Formal | Adverbial (modifica a ação/verbo). | The event was cancelled owing to lack of interest. |In view of | Muito Formal | Baseado em análise e consideração. | In view of the risks, we declined the offer. |Given | Formal | Aceitando um fato como ponto de partida. | Given the circumstances, you did well. |In view of e GivenGiven foca no fato estabelecido: Dado que a situação é X.... Já
in view of foca na perspectiva: Olhando para a situação X, decidimos Y. A diferença é sutil, mas
in view of soa mais deliberativo e formal.owing to no início da frase?Owing to the technical glitch, the system is offline.Owing to e Due to são sempre intercambiáveis?due to após o verbo *to be* (modificando o sujeito) e owing to para explicar a ação principal da frase.The error was not owing to a system failure, but to human error.In view of pode ser seguido por that?in view of the fact that..., mas no nível C1, a gente encoraja você a ser mais conciso. Em vez de in view of the fact that we are late, prefira in view of our lateness ou in view of the delay.owing to e in view of é como adicionar ferramentas de precisão à sua caixa de ferramentas linguística. Em vez de usar sempre as mesmas palavras, você agora consegue comunicar nuances de causa e deliberação que mostram que você não apenas fala inglês, mas que você entende a mecânica do pensamento formal na língua.because of automático por um owing to (se for uma causa direta) ou um in view of (se for uma decisão baseada em fatos). Você vai notar como o tom do seu texto se torna instantaneamente mais profissional e respeitável. Tranquilo?Structure of Formal Reason Phrases
| Connector | Followed By | Example Noun Phrase | Resulting Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Owing to
|
Noun Phrase
|
the heavy traffic
|
Because of the traffic
|
|
Owing to
|
Gerund (-ing)
|
being understaffed
|
Because we are understaffed
|
|
In view of
|
Noun Phrase
|
the recent events
|
Considering the events
|
|
In view of
|
Gerund (-ing)
|
having no choice
|
Considering we have no choice
|
|
Owing to
|
the fact that + Clause
|
the fact that it was late
|
Because it was late
|
|
In view of
|
the fact that + Clause
|
the fact that costs rose
|
Considering that costs rose
|
Meanings
These phrases function as compound prepositions used to introduce a reason (owing to) or a specific circumstance that influences a decision (in view of).
Causal Origin
Attributing an outcome directly to a specific cause, similar to 'due to'.
“Owing to a mechanical failure, the flight was delayed.”
“The project failed owing to a lack of clear communication.”
Circumstantial Consideration
Taking a particular fact or situation into account when making a judgment or decision.
“In view of the recent scandals, the CEO has resigned.”
“In view of your excellent performance, we are offering a bonus.”
Legal/Administrative Justification
Providing a formal basis for a rule, law, or official statement.
“In view of the evidence presented, the jury reached a verdict.”
“Owing to the state of emergency, a curfew has been implemented.”
Reference Table
| Expressão | Uso Principal | Nuance | Exemplo |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Owing to
|
Causa direta de um evento/estado
|
Frequentemente para circunstâncias significativas ou desafiadoras.
|
The event was postponed owing to low registration.
|
|
In view of
|
Razão considerada para uma decisão/ação
|
Implica deliberação cuidadosa dos fatores.
|
They revised the plan in view of the recent feedback.
|
|
Because of
|
Causa geral
|
Menos formal, amplamente aplicável.
|
We stayed home because of the rain.
|
|
Due to
|
Causa (modifica substantivos)
|
Similar a 'owing to', mas idealmente modifica substantivos.
|
The cancellation was due to mechanical failure.
|
|
On account of
|
Razão/explicação
|
Formal, mas ligeiramente menos que 'owing to'.
|
He retired on account of ill health.
|
Espectro de formalidade
The flight has been delayed owing to adverse weather conditions. (Airport announcement)
The flight is late because of the strong winds. (Airport announcement)
The plane's late 'cause it's windy. (Airport announcement)
Flight's stuck 'cause of the breeze. (Airport announcement)
Razões Formais: Owing to & In View Of
Owing to
- Causa Direta Razão para um evento/estado.
- Substantivo/Gerúndio Deve seguir a expressão.
- Geralmente Neutro/Negativo Pode introduzir situações desafiadoras.
- Exemplo Owing to the storm, power failed.
In View Of
- Consideração Fator levado em conta para uma decisão/ação.
- Substantivo/Gerúndio Deve seguir a expressão.
- Deliberativo Implica pensamento cuidadoso.
- Exemplo In view of feedback, we changed plans.
Principais Diferenças
- Função Causa vs. Consideração.
- Resultado Acontecer vs. Decidir.
- Formalidade Ambas altas.
Escolhendo Sua Razão Formal
Qual Razão Formal Devo Usar?
Você está explicando a causa direta de um evento ou situação?
Você está explicando um fator que foi considerado ao tomar uma decisão ou realizar uma ação?
Cenários de Razão Formal
Use 'Owing to' para:
- • Atrasos de projetos
- • Falhas de sistema
- • Mudanças de mercado impactando resultados
- • Cancelamento de eventos
- • Circunstâncias pessoais (formais)
Use 'In View Of' para:
- • Ajustes de políticas
- • Decisões estratégicas
- • Realocação de orçamento
- • Revisão de planos com base em dados
- • Respostas a feedbacks
Evite em:
- • Conversas casuais
- • Posts em redes sociais
- • Mensagens de texto
- • E-mails informais
Ponto Gramatical Chave:
- • Sempre seguido por um substantivo/gerúndio
- • Pode iniciar uma frase (com vírgula)
- • Formalidade nível C1
Exemplos por nível
I am late because of the rain.
I am late because of the rain.
He is happy because of his gift.
He is happy because of his gift.
The shop is closed because of the holiday.
The shop is closed because of the holiday.
We are tired because of the walk.
We are tired because of the walk.
The flight is late owing to the snow.
The flight is late owing to the snow.
Owing to the heat, we stayed inside.
Owing to the heat, we stayed inside.
In view of the price, I didn't buy it.
In view of the price, I didn't buy it.
Owing to a cold, she missed school.
Owing to a cold, she missed school.
Owing to the lack of interest, the class was cancelled.
Owing to the lack of interest, the class was cancelled.
In view of the current situation, we must wait.
In view of the current situation, we must wait.
The match was postponed owing to a waterlogged pitch.
The match was postponed owing to a waterlogged pitch.
In view of his age, he was allowed to enter for free.
In view of his age, he was allowed to enter for free.
Owing to the complexity of the task, we need more time.
Owing to the complexity of the task, we need more time.
In view of the rising costs, the project was abandoned.
In view of the rising costs, the project was abandoned.
The company succeeded owing to its innovative approach.
The company succeeded owing to its innovative approach.
In view of the feedback, we have updated the app.
In view of the feedback, we have updated the app.
Owing to the fact that the data was corrupted, the results are void.
Owing to the fact that the data was corrupted, the results are void.
In view of the prevailing economic climate, austerity measures are necessary.
In view of the prevailing economic climate, austerity measures are necessary.
The defendant was acquitted owing to a lack of substantial evidence.
The defendant was acquitted owing to a lack of substantial evidence.
In view of the impending deadline, we must expedite the process.
In view of the impending deadline, we must expedite the process.
Owing to the inherent volatility of the markets, caution is advised.
Owing to the inherent volatility of the markets, caution is advised.
In view of the historical precedents, the court's decision was expected.
In view of the historical precedents, the court's decision was expected.
The theory was discarded owing to its failure to account for anomalies.
The theory was discarded owing to its failure to account for anomalies.
In view of the sheer scale of the disaster, international aid was mobilized.
In view of the sheer scale of the disaster, international aid was mobilized.
Fácil de confundir
Learners use them interchangeably, but 'due to' is technically an adjective and 'owing to' is an adverb.
They are very similar, but 'in light of' often implies new information has been revealed.
Erros comuns
I am late owing to I missed the bus.
I am late because I missed the bus.
Owing to rain.
Owing to the rain.
In view of to save money, we stayed home.
In view of saving money, we stayed home.
The success was owing to the team.
The success was due to the team.
Padrões de frases
Owing to ___, the decision was made to ___.
In view of ___, it is recommended that ___.
Real World Usage
In view of the quarterly losses, we must restructure.
Owing to the lack of previous research, this study is exploratory.
Owing to a force majeure event, the contract is suspended.
Owing to a shortage of staff, some services are cancelled.
In view of your request, I have attached the documents.
Owing to the protests, the city center is closed.
Sempre com cara de Substantivo
The decision was made owing to new information.
Atenção à Nuance
The flight was delayed owing to fog.(causa direta) vs.
In view of the fog, we decided to drive.(consideração para uma decisão).
Varie Seus Conectores
We achieved success as a result of careful planning.
O Contexto é Rei
The proposal was accepted owing to its thorough analysis.
Smart Tips
Swap 'because of' for 'owing to' to instantly sound more professional.
Use 'In view of' at the start of your concluding sentence to tie your arguments together.
Try to simplify the following clause into a single noun phrase.
Try replacing it with 'Because of'. If it works, 'Owing to' is grammatically correct.
Pronúncia
Linking 'Owing to'
The 'g' in 'owing' is soft, and the 'to' is often reduced to a schwa /tə/.
Stress in 'In view of'
The primary stress is on 'view'. 'In' and 'of' are unstressed.
Introductory Phrase Rise
Owing to the rain (rising), we stayed home (falling).
Signals that more information is coming.
Memorize
Mnemônico
O.W.E. = Origin Was Evidence (Owing to = Origin/Cause; In View of = Evidence/Consideration).
Associação visual
Imagine a judge looking through a window (View) at evidence before making a decision. For 'Owing to', imagine a debt (Owe) being the direct reason you have no money.
Rhyme
Owing to the rain, we feel the pain; In view of the cost, the deal was lost.
Story
A CEO is looking at a financial report. 'Owing to the deficit,' he says, 'we are in trouble.' Then, looking at the team's potential, he adds, 'In view of your talent, we will try one more time.'
Word Web
Desafio
Write three sentences about your last job or school project using 'owing to' for a problem and 'in view of' for a decision you made.
Notas culturais
British English uses 'owing to' slightly more frequently in formal public notices (e.g., on the Tube or at train stations) than American English.
In peer-reviewed journals, 'owing to' is preferred over 'because of' to maintain an objective, detached tone.
'In view of' is a standard phrase in legal judgments to introduce the facts that led to a specific ruling.
'Owing' comes from the Old English 'agan' (to possess/owe). It shifted from financial debt to 'attributable to' in the 17th century.
Iniciadores de conversa
In view of the current environmental crisis, what is the most important change individuals should make?
Owing to the rise of AI, how do you think your job will change in five years?
Temas para diário
Erros comuns
Test Yourself
The company decided to delay the new initiative ___ a lack of available resources.
Find and fix the mistake:
The project fell behind owing to that the team lacked experience.
Escolha a frase correta:
Score: /3
Exercicios praticos
8 exercises_______ the high level of interest, we have added a second session.
_______ the recent security breach, all passwords must be changed.
Find and fix the mistake:
Owing to it was a holiday, the banks were closed.
Because the weather is getting worse, we should leave now.
'Owing to' can be used interchangeably with 'because' in all situations.
Select all that apply.
Manager: Why was the report late? Assistant: _______ technical difficulties, sir.
Connectors: 1. Owing to, 2. In view of, 3. Because
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe factory halted production ___ a sudden shortage of raw materials.
In view of the market research showed positive trends, we launched the product.
Qual frase está correta?
Translate into English: 'El retraso del proyecto se debió a problemas inesperados de software.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match each scenario with the best introductory phrase:
The company's stock value declined ___ decreased consumer confidence.
Which sentence is correct?
Translate into English: 'Considerando las nuevas regulaciones, la empresa tuvo que ajustar su política de privacidad.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
The decision was made in view of that the costs were too high.
Match the following:
Score: /12
Perguntas frequentes (8)
Yes, it is very common in formal writing. Just remember to put a comma after the introductory phrase.
They are very similar. `In light of` usually suggests that new information has changed how we see things, while `In view of` is a more general consideration of facts.
Because `owing to` is a preposition, and prepositions take nouns, not clauses. You must say `Owing to my tiredness` or `Owing to the fact that I was tired`.
It is used in both, but it is slightly more frequent in British formal registers, especially in official announcements.
You can, but it will sound very sarcastic or overly formal. It's better to use `since` or `because`.
Traditionally, `due to` follows a noun (The delay was due to rain), while `owing to` is adverbial (Owing to rain, we were late). Today, they are often used interchangeably.
Yes! For example: `In view of having already paid, we decided to attend the event.`
Not necessarily, but it is very often used to explain problems, delays, or cancellations.
Scaffolded Practice
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Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Debido a / En vista de
Spanish uses 'en vista de' more frequently in semi-formal speech than English uses 'in view of'.
En raison de / Étant donné
French often uses 'grâce à' for positive reasons, whereas 'owing to' is usually neutral or negative.
Aufgrund / Angesichts
German requires the genitive case after these prepositions, which adds a layer of grammatical complexity not found in English.
〜によって (~ni yotte) / 〜を鑑みて (~wo kangamite)
Japanese connectors often come at the end of the reason phrase, whereas English ones come at the beginning.
بسبب (bisabab) / نظراً لـ (nazaran li)
Arabic often uses a 'li' (for) construction that doesn't have a direct 1:1 prepositional match in English.
由于 (yóuyú) / 鉴于 (jiànyú)
Chinese does not use articles, so the noun phrase structure is simpler.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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