When you’re first learning Spanish, you might hear the verb tomar quite a bit, and for good reason! It's a very common and useful verb. At the A1 level, you primarily learn tomar to mean 'to take' or 'to drink.'
For example, you can say 'Yo tomo café' to mean 'I drink coffee.' Or, if you're talking about grabbing something, you might hear 'Voy a tomar un taxi,' which means 'I'm going to take a taxi.' It’s a straightforward verb that helps you express these basic actions.
When you're at a B2 level, you'll notice that "tomar" is incredibly versatile, extending beyond just "to take" or "to drink." For instance, you can tomar decisiones (make decisions) or tomar el autobús (take the bus), showing its use with transportation.
It's also used to express certain physical sensations, like tomar el sol (to sunbathe), or to adopt an attitude, such as tomar una actitud positiva (to adopt a positive attitude).
Moreover, it can mean to capture or record, as in tomar una foto (to take a photo). Understanding these broader applications enriches your comprehension and allows for more nuanced expression in Spanish.
Paying attention to the context will help you correctly interpret its meaning, enhancing your fluency and making your Spanish sound more natural.
Tomar em 30 segundos
- Common verb
- To take / To drink
- Regular -ar verb
§ What does it mean and when do people use it?
The Spanish verb "tomar" is a super common and useful word. At its most basic level, it means "to take" or "to drink." But, like many verbs, it pops up in a lot of different situations, so it's good to get a handle on all its uses early on. If you're just starting out in Spanish (A1 level), mastering "tomar" will help you talk about many everyday actions.
Let's break down the main ways you'll hear and use "tomar."
§ Tomar as "To Drink"
This is one of the most frequent uses. When you want to say you're drinking something, "tomar" is a great choice. While "beber" also means "to drink," "tomar" is often preferred in many Spanish-speaking regions, especially for general consumption. You can use it for water, coffee, juice, or anything else you might drink.
- DEFINITION
- To consume a liquid.
Quiero tomar un café.
*Hint: I want to drink a coffee.*
¿Vas a tomar agua?
*Hint: Are you going to drink water?*
§ Tomar as "To Take" (Physical Objects)
This is another core meaning. You use "tomar" when you physically pick up or grab an object. Think about taking a book, taking your keys, or even taking a photo.
- DEFINITION
- To grasp or pick up something.
Voy a tomar el libro.
*Hint: I am going to take the book.*
Él necesita tomar sus llaves.
*Hint: He needs to take his keys.*
§ Tomar as "To Take" (Transportation)
This is super useful for getting around! When you're talking about taking a bus, a taxi, a train, or even a plane, "tomar" is the verb you'll use.
- DEFINITION
- To use a form of public transportation.
Necesito tomar el autobús.
*Hint: I need to take the bus.*
Vamos a tomar un taxi.
*Hint: We are going to take a taxi.*
§ Tomar as "To Take" (a Photo/Picture)
Yes, you use "tomar" when you're talking about snapping a photo. The full phrase is typically "tomar una foto" or "tomar una fotografía."
- DEFINITION
- To capture an image with a camera.
Quiero tomar una foto del paisaje.
*Hint: I want to take a photo of the landscape.*
¿Podemos tomar una foto?
*Hint: Can we take a picture?*
§ Other Common Uses for Tomar
Beyond these core meanings, "tomar" also shows up in other useful phrases:
- Tomar el sol: To sunbathe (literally, "to take the sun")
- Tomar una decisión: To make a decision (literally, "to take a decision")
- Tomar notas: To take notes
- Tomar un descanso: To take a break
As you can see, "tomar" is a versatile verb. Don't worry about memorizing every single use right away. Focus on "to drink" and "to take" (objects and transportation) first. The others will come naturally as you practice and hear more Spanish. The key is to pay attention to context. When you hear "tomar," think about what action is happening in the sentence and you'll usually figure out its meaning.
§ Don't Confuse "Tomar" with "Beber"
Many English speakers learning Spanish often think "tomar" only means "to take." While that's true, it also commonly means "to drink." This can be a bit confusing at first because you also have the verb "beber," which specifically means "to drink." So, when do you use which?
In general, you can use "tomar" for drinking most beverages. It's very common and sounds natural. "Beber" is also correct for drinking, but in everyday conversation, "tomar" is often preferred, especially when referring to taking a drink. However, if you're talking about drinking alcohol specifically, "beber" is often used to emphasize the act of consuming alcohol.
- Common Mistake
- Always using "beber" when you mean "to drink."
Voy a tomar un café. (I'm going to have a coffee. / I'm going to drink a coffee.)
¿Quieres tomar algo? (Do you want to drink something?)
§ Using "Tomar" with Meals
Another common point of confusion is using "tomar" when talking about meals. In Spanish, you typically use verbs like "comer" (to eat) for meals. While in English we might say "I'm going to take lunch," you wouldn't use "tomar" in that way in Spanish. Instead, you'd say "voy a comer."
- Incorrect Usage
- "Tomar el desayuno/almuerzo/cena" (to take breakfast/lunch/dinner).
- Correct Usage
- "Desayunar/almorzar/cenar" (to have breakfast/lunch/dinner) or "comer el desayuno/almuerzo/cena."
Vamos a comer el almuerzo. (We are going to have lunch.)
§ Literal vs. Idiomatic "Take"
In English, "to take" has many idiomatic uses. "Tomar" also has many uses, but they don't always directly translate. Don't assume every instance of "to take" in English can be directly translated to "tomar" in Spanish.
- Taking a photo: In English, we say "take a photo." In Spanish, it's usually "sacar una foto" or "hacer una foto."
- Taking a shower/bath: You wouldn't use "tomar" here. Instead, it's "ducharse" (to shower) or "bañarse" (to bathe).
- Taking a decision: While you might say "tomar una decisión" (to make/take a decision), it's important to remember that this is an idiomatic expression that works, but not all "takes" will.
Voy a sacar una foto. (I'm going to take a photo.)
Necesito ducharme. (I need to take a shower.)
Understanding these nuances will help you use "tomar" correctly and sound more natural in Spanish. Don't be afraid to make mistakes; that's part of learning. Just keep practicing and paying attention to how native speakers use the word.
How Formal Is It?
"Se debe consumir este medicamento con alimentos. (This medicine should be taken with food.)"
"Voy a tomar un café. (I am going to have a coffee.)"
"Voy a pillar un taxi. (I'm going to grab a taxi.)"
"Coge la pelota. (Take the ball.)"
"Vamos a jalar unos tragos. (Let's go have some drinks.)"
Curiosidade
The evolution of 'tomāre' to 'tomar' in Spanish involved a shift in pronunciation and a broadening of its meaning to include 'to drink,' particularly for beverages.
Gramática essencial
Use 'tomar' to mean 'to take' something physically. For example, 'Tomar un taxi' means 'to take a taxi.'
Voy a tomar un libro de la mesa. (I am going to take a book from the table.)
Use 'tomar' to mean 'to drink' beverages. For example, 'Tomar un café' means 'to drink a coffee.'
Me gusta tomar té por la mañana. (I like to drink tea in the morning.)
'Tomar' is also used when talking about taking transportation. For example, 'Tomar el autobús' means 'to take the bus.'
Tenemos que tomar el tren a las ocho. (We have to take the train at eight.)
When talking about taking medicine, use 'tomar'. For example, 'Tomar una pastilla' means 'to take a pill.'
Necesito tomar esta medicina dos veces al día. (I need to take this medicine twice a day.)
'Tomar' can also mean 'to have' a meal or a snack, similar to 'comer' or 'cenar'. For example, 'Tomar el desayuno' means 'to have breakfast.'
Vamos a tomar el almuerzo en este restaurante. (We are going to have lunch in this restaurant.)
Exemplos por nível
Yo siempre tomo café por la mañana.
I always drink coffee in the morning.
Present tense of 'tomar' (tomo) with 'café' (coffee) implying 'drink'.
¿Quieres tomar un poco de agua?
Do you want to drink some water?
Infinitive 'tomar' after 'quieres' (you want) with 'agua' (water).
Ella tomó el libro de la mesa.
She took the book from the table.
Preterite tense of 'tomar' (tomó) with 'el libro' (the book).
Nosotros tomamos el autobús para ir al trabajo.
We take the bus to go to work.
Present tense of 'tomar' (tomamos) with 'el autobús' (the bus).
Ellos van a tomar un descanso pronto.
They are going to take a break soon.
Future tense construction 'ir a tomar' (going to take) with 'un descanso' (a break).
Toma estas vitaminas todos los días.
Take these vitamins every day.
Imperative form 'toma' (take) for a command.
Siempre le gusta tomar fotos cuando viaja.
He always likes to take photos when he travels.
Infinitive 'tomar' after 'gusta' (likes) with 'fotos' (photos).
Por favor, no tomes mi bolígrafo sin preguntar.
Please, don't take my pen without asking.
Negative imperative 'no tomes' (don't take) with 'mi bolígrafo' (my pen).
Voy a tomar un café con mis amigos esta tarde.
I'm going to have a coffee with my friends this afternoon.
Here, 'tomar' means 'to have' a drink.
Necesito tomar una decisión importante antes del lunes.
I need to make an important decision before Monday.
In this context, 'tomar una decisión' means 'to make a decision'.
Mi abuela siempre toma una siesta después de almorzar.
My grandmother always takes a nap after lunch.
'Tomar una siesta' is a common idiom meaning 'to take a nap'.
¿Quieres tomar algo? Tengo agua y refrescos.
Do you want something to drink? I have water and sodas.
Used informally to ask if someone wants a drink.
Tomé el autobús equivocado y llegué tarde al trabajo.
I took the wrong bus and arrived late to work.
'Tomar' can mean 'to take' transportation.
No debes tomar el sol por mucho tiempo sin protección.
You shouldn't sunbathe for too long without protection.
'Tomar el sol' means 'to sunbathe'.
Después de la caminata, vamos a tomar un descanso.
After the hike, we're going to take a break.
'Tomar un descanso' means 'to take a break'.
Es importante tomar precauciones cuando se viaja a lugares desconocidos.
It's important to take precautions when traveling to unknown places.
'Tomar precauciones' means 'to take precautions'.
Frequentemente confundido com
For 'to catch a cold,' use 'pillar un resfriado' or 'resfriarse.' For 'to catch a bus,' 'tomar el autobús' is common, though 'coger el autobús' is used in Spain.
For 'to make a decision,' use 'tomar una decisión.' For 'to take a photo,' use 'tomar una foto.'
While 'comer' is 'to eat,' 'tomar' can be used in the context of 'having' a meal or a snack, e.g., 'tomar el desayuno' (to have breakfast).
Fácil de confundir
'Coger' can mean 'to take' or 'to catch' in some regions, but in others, particularly in Latin America, it's a vulgar term for sexual intercourse.
Use 'tomar' for 'to take' or 'to drink' to avoid misunderstandings, especially in Latin America. 'Coger' is generally safe to use in Spain for 'to take' (e.g., a bus, a taxi).
Voy a tomar el autobús. (I'm going to take the bus.) / No voy a coger el autobús aquí. (I'm not going to take the bus here. - potentially offensive in some regions)
'Llevar' also means 'to take,' but specifically in the sense of carrying something or someone from one place to another.
'Tomar' is about acquiring or consuming. 'Llevar' is about transporting. Think of 'llevar' as 'to carry' or 'to bring/take along.'
Voy a tomar un café. (I'm going to have a coffee.) / Voy a llevar el café a la mesa. (I'm going to take the coffee to the table.)
'Beber' means 'to drink,' which is one of the meanings of 'tomar.'
'Tomar' is more versatile and can mean 'to take' (a bus, a decision, a picture) in addition to 'to drink.' 'Beber' is exclusively for drinking.
Quiero tomar agua. (I want to drink water.) / Quiero beber agua. (I want to drink water. - interchangeable here)
'Recoger' can mean 'to pick up' or 'to collect,' which can sometimes be confused with 'to take.'
'Recoger' implies gathering something that has been dispersed or retrieving something. 'Tomar' is more about seizing, acquiring, or consuming.
Voy a tomar un libro. (I'm going to take a book.) / Voy a recoger el libro del suelo. (I'm going to pick up the book from the floor.)
'Agarrar' means 'to grab' or 'to seize,' which can overlap with the 'to take' meaning of 'tomar.'
'Agarrar' often implies a more forceful or quick action of taking hold of something. 'Tomar' is broader and can be a more gentle or general act of taking.
Voy a tomar tu mano. (I'm going to take your hand.) / Voy a agarrar tu mano con fuerza. (I'm going to grab your hand tightly.)
Família de palavras
Substantivos
Origem da palavra
Latin 'tomāre'
Significado original: to take, to pull, to cut
Indo-European, Italic, RomanceContexto cultural
<p>In many Spanish-speaking cultures, 'tomar' is commonly used when referring to having a drink, whether it's water, coffee, or an alcoholic beverage. It's a versatile verb that goes beyond just 'taking' an object, extending to consumption.</p>
Teste-se 78 perguntas
Which word means 'to drink'?
'Tomar' can mean 'to drink' in Spanish.
Choose the correct translation for 'I take a book'.
'Tomar' means 'to take', so 'Yo tomo un libro' is correct.
Which sentence means 'She drinks water'?
In this context, 'toma' (from 'tomar') means 'drinks'.
The verb 'tomar' only means 'to drink'.
'Tomar' can also mean 'to take'.
If you want to say 'He takes a bus', you can use the verb 'tomar'.
'Tomar' is used for 'to take' transportation.
'Tomar' is a regular -ar verb.
'Tomar' follows the regular conjugation pattern for -ar verbs.
Listen for 'tomo' and identify what is being taken/drunk.
Listen for 'toma' and what she is taking/drinking.
Listen for 'tomas' and how someone is traveling.
Read this aloud:
Yo tomo un taxi.
Focus: tomo
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Read this aloud:
Ellos toman leche.
Focus: toman
Você disse:
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Read this aloud:
¿Vas a tomar el tren?
Focus: tomar
Você disse:
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This sentence means 'I want to drink water.' 'Tomar' is used for drinking.
This sentence means 'She is going to take a taxi.' 'Tomar' is used for taking transportation.
This sentence means 'Can you take my hand?' 'Tomar' is used for taking or holding something.
Yo ___ un café todas las mañanas.
The verb 'tomar' conjugates to 'tomo' for the first person singular (yo).
¿Qué quieres ___? ¿Agua o jugo?
After 'querer' (to want), you use the infinitive form of the second verb.
Nosotros ___ el autobús a la escuela.
The verb 'tomar' conjugates to 'tomamos' for the first person plural (nosotros).
Ella siempre ___ fotos cuando viaja.
The verb 'tomar' conjugates to 'toma' for the third person singular (ella).
Ellos ___ una siesta después de comer.
The verb 'tomar' conjugates to 'toman' for the third person plural (ellos).
¿Tú ___ la leche con el desayuno?
The verb 'tomar' conjugates to 'tomas' for the second person singular (tú).
What is being ordered?
What is being offered?
How does she get to work?
Read this aloud:
Tengo que tomar un taxi para llegar a tiempo.
Focus: tomar un taxi
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Read this aloud:
¿Qué quieres tomar para la cena?
Focus: qué quieres tomar
Você disse:
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Read this aloud:
Vamos a tomar unas fotos bonitas en el parque.
Focus: tomar unas fotos
Você disse:
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Which sentence correctly uses 'tomar' to mean 'to drink'?
In Spanish, 'tomar' is commonly used to mean 'to drink,' especially for beverages like coffee, tea, or soda. The other options use 'tomar' to mean 'to take' (a taxi, a bus, a decision).
Choose the best translation for 'She needs to take her medicine.'
When referring to medicine, 'tomar' is the correct verb to use for 'to take' in Spanish. 'Beber' is for drinking, 'coger' can mean to catch or grab (and has a vulgar meaning in some regions), and 'llevar' means to carry.
Which of the following sentences uses 'tomar' to express 'to take' a photo?
'Tomar una foto' is the standard way to say 'to take a photo' in Spanish. The other options refer to taking a train, drinking water, and taking notes, respectively.
It is correct to say 'Tomar un refresco' to mean 'to drink a soda'.
Yes, 'tomar' is commonly used for drinking beverages like soda.
The phrase 'tomar el sol' means 'to take the sun' literally, but implies 'to sunbathe'.
Yes, 'tomar el sol' is an idiomatic expression that means 'to sunbathe' or 'to get some sun'.
You can use 'tomar' to say 'to take' a shower.
No, for 'to take a shower,' the correct verb is 'ducharse' (reflexive verb). You would say 'ducharse' or 'tomar una ducha' (though 'ducharse' is more common for the action itself).
Choose the best translation for: 'Ella va a tomar un café.'
'Tomar' can mean 'to drink' or 'to have' when referring to beverages. 'To have a coffee' is a very common and natural way to say this in English.
Which sentence uses 'tomar' in the sense of 'to take a decision'?
In Spanish, 'tomar una decisión' is the common phrase for 'to make a decision' or 'to take a decision'.
If someone says 'Voy a tomar un respiro', what do they mean?
'Tomar un respiro' literally means 'to take a breath', and idiomatically can also mean 'to take a break' from something difficult or stressful. Option B is also correct depending on the context, but the most direct translation is 'to take a breath'.
The sentence 'El niño tomó su juguete favorito' means 'The child took his favorite toy'.
In this context, 'tomar' directly translates to 'to take' or 'to grab'.
'Tomar el sol' means 'to drink the sun'.
'Tomar el sol' is an idiom meaning 'to sunbathe' or 'to get some sun'. It does not mean 'to drink the sun'.
You can use 'tomar' to say 'to take a photo'.
Yes, 'tomar una foto' is the correct and common way to say 'to take a photo' in Spanish.
This sentence structure emphasizes that important decisions 'should be taken calmly.' 'Tomar' here means to make a decision.
'Tomar un curso' is a common idiom meaning to 'take a course'.
Here, 'tomar medidas' means to 'take measures' or 'take action'.
A pesar de la advertencia meteorológica, decidieron ___ el riesgo y zarpar en el velero.
The infinitive 'tomar' is needed after 'decidieron' (they decided).
La empresa tuvo que ___ medidas drásticas para evitar la bancarrota después de la crisis económica.
Similar to the previous example, 'tomar' is required after the verb 'tuvo que' (had to).
Los manifestantes se negaron a ___ las represalias del gobierno y continuaron con su protesta pacífica.
The infinitive 'tomar' is correctly used after 'se negaron a' (they refused to).
El detective insistió en ___ declaración a todos los testigos clave para reconstruir los hechos.
After 'insistió en' (insisted on), the infinitive 'tomar' is the correct form.
Es crucial que los líderes políticos sean capaces de ___ decisiones informadas en momentos de incertidumbre global.
The phrase 'ser capaces de' (to be capable of) requires the infinitive 'tomar'.
Tras horas de deliberación, el jurado finalmente logró ___ un veredicto unánime en el complejo caso.
The construction 'logró' (managed to) is followed by the infinitive 'tomar'.
Focus on understanding how 'tomar las riendas' implies taking control.
Listen for 'tomar medidas drásticas' and its implication of severe actions.
Pay attention to 'tomar conciencia' and how it relates to becoming aware.
Read this aloud:
Tras una larga deliberación, el comité decidió tomar una decisión unánime sobre el proyecto.
Focus: decision, unánime
Você disse:
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Read this aloud:
Para afrontar el desafío, es imperativo tomar la iniciativa y proponer soluciones innovadoras.
Focus: imperativo, innovadoras
Você disse:
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Read this aloud:
Siempre he creído que uno debe tomar riesgos calculados para alcanzar el éxito en la vida.
Focus: riesgos, calculados
Você disse:
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Describe a situation where you had to 'tomar una decisión difícil' (make a difficult decision). Explain the circumstances and the outcome.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
En mi último trabajo, tuve que tomar la difícil decisión de aceptar un ascenso que implicaba mudarme a otra ciudad, o quedarme en mi puesto actual cerca de mi familia. Las circunstancias eran complicadas porque valoraba mucho mi cercanía familiar, pero el ascenso representaba una gran oportunidad profesional. Al final, tomé el ascenso, lo cual resultó en un crecimiento significativo en mi carrera, aunque extrañé a mi familia al principio.
Imagine you are giving advice to a friend who is about to 'tomar un examen importante' (take an important exam). What advice would you give them to prepare and succeed?
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
Para tomar un examen importante, siempre le diría a mi amigo que empiece a estudiar con antelación, creando un horario y revisando el material de forma constante. También es crucial que descanse bien la noche anterior y que tome un buen desayuno el día del examen. Le aconsejaría que lea todas las instrucciones con cuidado y que no se apresure al responder. Finalmente, le recordaría que confíe en sí mismo y en su preparación.
Write a short paragraph about the importance of 'tomar el control' (taking control) of one's own destiny. Provide an example from your own life or a hypothetical scenario.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
Es fundamental tomar el control de nuestro propio destino porque somos los únicos responsables de las decisiones que nos llevan hacia donde queremos ir. Un ejemplo claro fue cuando decidí dejar un trabajo estable pero insatisfactorio para emprender mi propio negocio. Fue una decisión arriesgada, pero al tomar las riendas de mi futuro profesional, pude construir algo que realmente me apasiona y me llena de satisfacción. No podemos esperar que las cosas sucedan por sí solas; debemos ser agentes activos de nuestro propio cambio.
¿Qué implicó la decisión del director para salvar la empresa?
Read this passage:
El director de la empresa tuvo que tomar medidas drásticas para evitar la quiebra. Decidió implementar un nuevo plan de restructuración que implicaba despidos y recortes presupuestarios significativos. Aunque fue una decisión impopular, la junta directiva respaldó su liderazgo, confiando en que era la única forma de asegurar la supervivencia de la compañía a largo plazo.
¿Qué implicó la decisión del director para salvar la empresa?
El pasaje indica claramente que el plan de restructuración implicaba 'despidos y recortes presupuestarios significativos'.
El pasaje indica claramente que el plan de restructuración implicaba 'despidos y recortes presupuestarios significativos'.
¿Qué se recomienda para alcanzar el éxito duradero?
Read this passage:
A veces, las personas optan por tomar atajos para alcanzar sus metas más rápidamente, pero a menudo esto resulta en errores costosos o resultados insatisfactorios. Es preferible tomar el camino largo y seguro, asegurándose de que cada paso esté bien fundamentado y sea ético. La paciencia y la perseverancia son claves para el éxito duradero.
¿Qué se recomienda para alcanzar el éxito duradero?
El pasaje sugiere que es 'preferible tomar el camino largo y seguro' y que 'la paciencia y la perseverancia son claves para el éxito duradero'.
El pasaje sugiere que es 'preferible tomar el camino largo y seguro' y que 'la paciencia y la perseverancia son claves para el éxito duradero'.
¿Qué acción tomó la comunidad para abordar la contaminación del río?
Read this passage:
Después de un largo debate, la comunidad decidió tomar cartas en el asunto con respecto a la contaminación del río. Se organizaron reuniones, se recolectaron firmas y se presentaron propuestas concretas a las autoridades locales. La movilización ciudadana fue crucial para que finalmente se implementaran políticas de protección ambiental más estrictas.
¿Qué acción tomó la comunidad para abordar la contaminación del río?
El texto detalla que la comunidad 'se organizaron reuniones, se recolectaron firmas y se presentaron propuestas concretas a las autoridades locales'.
El texto detalla que la comunidad 'se organizaron reuniones, se recolectaron firmas y se presentaron propuestas concretas a las autoridades locales'.
This sentence discusses severe measures taken by the government to prevent economic collapse.
This sentence describes someone making a calculated risk despite warnings.
This sentence talks about a company making a tough decision regarding its employees after a crisis.
This sentence discusses the necessity of taking drastic measures to address the climate crisis. 'Tomar medidas' is a common collocation meaning 'to take measures'.
This sentence emphasizes that the complexity of the matter cannot be taken lightly. 'Tomar a la ligera' is an idiomatic expression meaning 'to take lightly'.
This sentence describes the president taking control of the situation to prevent a collapse. 'Tomar las riendas' is an idiom meaning 'to take the reins' or 'to take control'.
/ 78 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
Tomar is a foundational Spanish verb with multiple common uses, primarily 'to take' and 'to drink'.
- Common verb
- To take / To drink
- Regular -ar verb
Conteúdo relacionado
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Frases relacionadas
Mais palavras de general
a causa de
A2For the reason of; owing to.
a condición de que
B2On condition that, provided that, or given that.
a dónde
A1To what place or destination?
a lo mejor
A2Maybe; perhaps.
a menos que
B1Unless.
a no ser que
B2Unless; should it not be that.
a pesar de
B1In spite of; despite.
a_pesar_de
B2In spite of; notwithstanding; despite.
a propósito
B2By the way, on purpose; incidentally; or intentionally.
a raíz de
B2As a result of; following directly from.
