When someone does something for you, and you're grateful for it, you can use the auxiliary verb 〜てくれる (te kureru). This literally means "to give the favor of doing something."
For example, if your friend lent you a pen, you could say: 友達がペンを貸してくれました。(Tomodachi ga pen o kashite kuremashita.) - My friend lent me a pen (and I'm grateful).
You can also use this form when someone does something for your ingroup, like your family. For instance, if your mother made dinner, you could say: 母が晩ごはんを作ってくれました。(Haha ga bangohan o tsukutte kuremashita.) - My mother made dinner (for us).
The particle に (ni) can be used to explicitly state who benefits from the action, if it's not you or your ingroup. However, if the recipient is you, it's often omitted. The subject of the verb is the one performing the action.
〜てくれる em 30 segundos
- Indicates an action done for the speaker.
- Expresses gratitude or appreciation for the action.
- Used when the benefactor is someone outside the speaker's ingroup.
Guia de pronúncia
- confusing with 〜てもらう (te morau) or 〜てあげる (te ageru)
- incorrectly assuming it always means 'for me' rather than 'for my ingroup'
Nível de dificuldade
Straightforward once you understand the base verb + て form.
Requires correct conjugation to て form.
Commonly used, needs practice for natural flow.
Fairly easy to recognize in context.
O que aprender depois
Pré-requisitos
Aprenda a seguir
Avançado
Exemplos por nível
友達が引っ越しを手伝ってくれた。
My friend helped me move.
Here, '手伝ってくれた' (tetsudatte kureta) shows the friend performing the action of helping for the speaker's benefit.
先生が日本語を教えてくれる。
The teacher teaches me Japanese.
'教えてくれる' (oshiete kureru) indicates the teacher doing the favor of teaching Japanese for the speaker.
母が美味しい料理を作ってくれた。
My mother cooked a delicious meal for me.
This sentence uses '作ってくれた' (tsukutte kureta) to express that the mother prepared a meal for the speaker.
彼が駅まで送ってくれた。
He took me to the station.
'送ってくれた' (okutte kureta) signifies that he did the favor of seeing the speaker off to the station.
妹が宿題を見せてくれた。
My younger sister showed me her homework.
Here, '見せてくれた' (misete kureta) implies the sister sharing her homework with the speaker.
同僚が資料をコピーしてくれた。
My colleague copied the documents for me.
'コピーしてくれた' (kopī shite kureta) indicates the colleague performing the action of copying for the speaker's benefit.
妻が洗濯をしてくれた。
My wife did the laundry for me.
'洗濯をしてくれた' (sentaku o shite kureta) shows the wife doing the laundry as a favor for the speaker.
友達が誕生日にプレゼントをくれた。
My friend gave me a present for my birthday.
This example uses 'くれた' (kureta) directly after a noun to show the act of giving a gift to the speaker.
友達が引っ越しを手伝ってくれた。
My friend helped me move.
Here, '手伝ってくれた' (tetsudatte kureta) indicates that the friend helped the speaker, and the speaker benefits from this action.
先生が日本語を教えてくれた。
The teacher taught me Japanese.
'教えてくれた' (oshiete kureta) shows that the teacher performed the action of teaching for the speaker's benefit.
彼が駅まで送ってくれた。
He took me to the station.
'送ってくれた' (okutte kureta) expresses that 'he' did the favor of taking the speaker to the station.
母が美味しい料理を作ってくれた。
My mother made delicious food for me.
This sentence uses '作ってくれた' (tsukutte kureta) to highlight that the mother cooked for the speaker's enjoyment.
同僚が資料をコピーしてくれた。
My colleague copied the documents for me.
'コピーしてくれた' (kopī shite kureta) shows the colleague performed the action of copying for the speaker's convenience.
知らない人が道案内をしてくれた。
A stranger showed me the way.
'道案内をしてくれた' (michi annai o shite kureta) implies that a stranger kindly guided the speaker.
兄がパソコンを直してくれた。
My older brother fixed my computer.
'直してくれた' (naoshite kureta) indicates that the older brother repaired the computer for the speaker.
彼女が誕生日プレゼントをくれた。
She gave me a birthday present.
Although 'くれた' (kureta) can be used alone, in this context it means 'she gave (for me)'. The particle 'を' (o) indicates the direct object, '誕生日プレゼント' (tanjōbi purezento).
友達が引っ越しを手伝ってくれたので、とても助かりました。
My friend helped me move, so it was a big help.
〜てくれる indicates a favor done for the speaker.
先生が難しい文法を分かりやすく説明してくれたおかげで、理解できました。
Thanks to the teacher explaining the difficult grammar clearly, I was able to understand.
〜てくれたおかげで shows gratitude for a favor that led to a positive outcome.
彼が駅まで送ってくれたので、遅刻せずに済みました。
He took me to the station, so I didn't have to be late.
〜てくれたので explains the reason for a positive result due to someone's action.
困っていたら、見知らぬ人が道を教えてくれました。
When I was in trouble, a stranger showed me the way.
〜てくれました implies a kind action from someone outside one's ingroup.
母が私の好きな料理を作ってくれたので、嬉しかったです。
My mother cooked my favorite dish for me, so I was happy.
〜てくれた indicates a favor or kind act by someone close to the speaker.
昨日、同僚が私の代わりに急な仕事を片付けてくれて助かりました。
Yesterday, my colleague handled the urgent work for me, which was a great help.
〜てくれて助かりました expresses gratitude for being helped out of a difficult situation.
彼女はいつも私の話を真剣に聞いてくれるので、相談しやすいです。
She always listens to me seriously, so it's easy to talk to her.
〜てくれる indicates a continuous or habitual kind action.
旅行中に財布をなくした時、ホテルの方が親切に手伝ってくれた。
When I lost my wallet during the trip, the hotel staff kindly helped me.
〜てくれた implies a helpful action from someone, often when the speaker is in need.
いつも手伝ってくれてありがとう。
Thanks for always helping me.
Here, 「手伝ってくれる」 (tetsudatte kureru) means 'to help me/us'. The 「て」 (te) form of the verb 'to help' (手伝う - tetsudau) is combined with 「くれる」 (kureru) to show that the action of helping is done for the speaker.
友達が荷物を持ってくれて助かった。
My friend carried my luggage for me, which was a great help.
「持ってくれて」 (motte kurete) indicates that the friend carried the luggage 'for' the speaker, benefiting the speaker. 「持つ」 (motsu) means 'to carry'.
先生が日本語を教えてくれたので、話せるようになった。
My teacher taught me Japanese, so I became able to speak it.
「教えてくれた」 (oshiete kureta) shows that the teacher's action of teaching was done for the speaker. 「教える」 (oshieru) means 'to teach'.
家族がいつも応援してくれるから頑張れる。
My family always cheers me on, so I can do my best.
「応援してくれる」 (ōen shite kureru) signifies that the family's cheering is directed towards the speaker, for their benefit. 「応援する」 (ōen suru) means 'to cheer on'.
彼が駅まで送ってくれて、本当にありがたかった。
He drove me to the station, which I was really grateful for.
「送ってくれて」 (okutte kurete) indicates that he drove the speaker to the station 'for' the speaker. 「送る」 (okuru) means 'to send/escort'.
上司が新しいプロジェクトを任せてくれて、光栄です。
My boss entrusted me with a new project, which is an honor.
「任せてくれて」 (makasete kurete) implies that the boss entrusted the project to the speaker, benefiting the speaker with the opportunity. 「任せる」 (makaseru) means 'to entrust'.
妻が毎日美味しいご飯を作ってくれる。
My wife cooks delicious meals for me every day.
「作ってくれる」 (tsukutte kureru) indicates that the wife's action of cooking is done for the speaker's benefit. 「作る」 (tsukuru) means 'to make/cook'.
友人が私の誕生日を覚えていてくれて、プレゼントをくれた。
My friend remembered my birthday and gave me a present.
「覚えていてくれて」 (oboete ite kurete) shows that the friend remembered the speaker's birthday, which was a nice gesture for the speaker. 「覚える」 (oboeru) means 'to remember'.
Colocações comuns
Frases Comuns
友達が宿題を手伝ってくれた。
My friend helped me with my homework.
先生が日本語を教えてくれた。
The teacher taught me Japanese.
母が美味しいご飯を作ってくれた。
My mother made me delicious food.
彼が本を貸してくれた。
He lent me a book.
同僚が資料を送ってくれた。
My colleague sent me the materials.
家族が私の誕生日を祝ってくれた。
My family celebrated my birthday for me.
店員が新しいスマホを見せてくれた。
The shop assistant showed me a new smartphone.
彼が重い荷物を持ってきてくれた。
He brought me the heavy luggage.
彼女が手紙を書いてくれた。
She wrote me a letter.
お兄さんが車で駅まで送ってくれた。
My older brother drove me to the station.
Frequentemente confundido com
あげる means 'to give to others (outgroup)', while くれる means 'to give to me/us (ingroup)'.
もらう means 'to receive', while くれる means 'to give to me/us (ingroup)'.
いただく is the humble form of もらう (to receive) and 食べる/飲む (to eat/drink). It implies receiving something from someone of higher status, similar to how くれる implies a gift to the speaker.
Expressões idiomáticas
"手伝ってくれる (tetsudatte kureru)"
Will help me (or us)
宿題を手伝ってくれる？ (Shukudai o tetsudatte kureru?) - Will you help me with my homework?
neutral"教えてくれる (oshiete kureru)"
Will teach me (or us) / Will tell me (or us)
道を教えてくれる？ (Michi o oshiete kureru?) - Will you tell me the way?
neutral"読んでくれる (yonde kureru)"
Will read for me (or us)
この本を読んでくれる？ (Kono hon o yonde kureru?) - Will you read this book for me?
neutral"買ってくれる (katte kureru)"
Will buy for me (or us)
コーヒーを買ってくれる？ (Kōhī o katte kureru?) - Will you buy me a coffee?
neutral"作ってくれる (tsukutte kureru)"
Will make for me (or us)
晩ご飯を作ってくれる？ (Bangohan o tsukutte kureru?) - Will you make dinner for me?
neutral"送ってくれる (okutte kureru)"
Will send for me (or us) / Will see me off
駅まで送ってくれる？ (Eki made okutte kureru?) - Will you take me to the station?
neutral"直してくれる (naoshite kureru)"
Will fix for me (or us)
壊れた自転車を直してくれる？ (Kowareta jitensha o naoshite kureru?) - Will you fix my broken bicycle?
neutral"持ってきてくれる (motte kite kureru)"
Will bring for me (or us)
水を持ってきてくれる？ (Mizu o motte kite kureru?) - Will you bring me some water?
neutral"見せてくれる (misete kureru)"
Will show me (or us)
写真を見せてくれる？ (Shashin o misete kureru?) - Will you show me the pictures?
neutral"貸してくれる (kashite kureru)"
Will lend to me (or us)
ペンを貸してくれる？ (Pen o kashite kureru?) - Will you lend me a pen?
neutralFácil de confundir
Many learners struggle to differentiate between similar verbs like くれる (kureru), あげる (ageru), and もらう (morau), all of which involve giving and receiving.
くれる specifically means 'to give to me/us (ingroup)'. It implies that the action benefits the speaker or someone in their immediate group. あげる means 'to give to others (outgroup)', while もらう means 'to receive'.
友達が本をくれた。(Tomodachi ga hon o kureta.) - My friend gave me a book. (The friend's action benefits me.)
The auxiliary use of 〜てくれる can be tricky because it attaches to the te-form of a verb, and learners might not immediately grasp that it signifies an action done *for* the speaker or their ingroup.
When attached to the te-form of a verb, 〜てくれる means 'to do (something) for me/us'. It highlights the favor or benefit received by the speaker or someone in their group.
先生が日本語を教えてくれた。(Sensei ga Nihongo o oshiete kureta.) - The teacher taught me Japanese. (The teacher did the favor of teaching for me.)
Similar to 〜てくれる, 〜てもらう also involves a benefit, but the nuance is different, focusing on the *receiving* of the favor rather than the *giving* of it.
〜てもらう means 'to have (someone) do (something) for me/us'. The speaker is the one who 'receives' the action or favor. It's about getting someone else to do something for you.
友達に宿題を手伝ってもらった。(Tomodachi ni shukudai o tetsudatte moratta.) - I had my friend help me with my homework. (I received the help from my friend.)
This is often confused with 〜てくれる because both involve an action being done, but the direction of the benefit is reversed.
〜てあげる means 'to do (something) for others (outgroup)'. The speaker or someone in their ingroup is performing an action for the benefit of someone outside their group.
妹にプレゼントを買ってあげた。(Imōto ni purezento o katte ageta.) - I bought a present for my younger sister. (I did the favor for my sister.)
As a humble form of あげる, it often causes confusion regarding its appropriate usage in polite contexts.
差し上げる is a more polite and humble way of saying あげる (to give to others). It's used when giving something to someone of higher status or in formal situations.
お客様にお茶を差し上げました。(Okyakusama ni ocha o sashiagemashita.) - I offered tea to the guest. (A polite way of giving to a guest.)
Teste-se 60 perguntas
What did your friend do?
Who made dinner?
What did the teacher help with?
Read this aloud:
彼女がコーヒーを買ってくれました。
Focus: 買ってくれました (katte kuremashita)
Você disse:
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Read this aloud:
父が新しい本を読んでくれました。
Focus: 読んでくれました (yonde kuremashita)
Você disse:
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Read this aloud:
友達が私にプレゼントをくれました。
Focus: くれました (kuremashita)
Você disse:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
This sentence means 'He/She helped me.' The particle は (wa) marks the topic (I), and the てくれる (te kureru) form indicates an action done for the speaker.
This means 'My friend lent me a book.' 友達が (tomodachi ga) is the subject, 本を (hon o) is the direct object, and 貸してくれた (kashite kureta) is 'lent for me.'
This sentence means 'The teacher taught me.' 先生が (sensei ga) is the subject, and 教えてくれた (oshiete kureta) is 'taught for me.'
友達が宿題を手伝っ___。
The speaker's friend helped them with their homework, which is a favor received. Therefore, 'くれる' (kureru - to do for me/us) is the correct auxiliary verb to use.
先生が日本語を教えて___。
The teacher taught Japanese to the speaker, which is a favor received. 'くれた' (kureta - did for me/us) is the appropriate past tense form of 'くれる'.
お母さんが料理を作っ___。
The mother cooked for the speaker, indicating a favor received. 'くれる' (kureru - to do for me/us) is the correct choice.
彼女が手紙を送っ___。
She sent a letter, which is an action benefiting the speaker. Thus, 'くれた' (kureta - did for me/us) is the correct auxiliary verb in the past tense.
同僚が資料を準備し___。
A colleague prepared materials, which is a favor for the speaker. 'てくれる' (tekureru - to do for me/us) is the appropriate form.
彼が重い荷物を持って___。
He carried the heavy luggage, which is a favor for the speaker. 'くれた' (kureta - did for me/us) correctly expresses this received favor.
You want to thank a friend who helped you move. Write a short message expressing your gratitude, using '〜てくれる'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
引っ越しを手伝ってくれてありがとう。本当に助かったよ！ (Thank you for helping me move. You really saved me!)
Your colleague explained a difficult concept to you. Write a sentence thanking them, using '〜てくれる'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
難しいことを説明してくれて、とても分かりやすかったです。ありがとうございます。(Thank you for explaining the difficult thing; it was very easy to understand.)
Your mother cooked your favorite meal. Write a message thanking her, using '〜てくれる'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
大好きな料理を作ってくれてありがとう！すごく美味しかったよ。(Thank you for making my favorite dish! It was really delicious.)
この文の「気にかけてくれて」は誰が誰のために何をしたことを表していますか？ (In this sentence, '気にかけてくれて' describes who did what for whom?)
Read this passage:
友達が誕生日にプレゼントをくれた。とても嬉しかった。いつも私のことを気にかけてくれて、本当に感謝している。
この文の「気にかけてくれて」は誰が誰のために何をしたことを表していますか？ (In this sentence, '気にかけてくれて' describes who did what for whom?)
「気にかける」は「心配する」「気遣う」という意味で、「〜てくれる」は動作が自分にとって良いこととして行われたことを示します。
「気にかける」は「心配する」「気遣う」という意味で、「〜てくれる」は動作が自分にとって良いこととして行われたことを示します。
見知らぬ人は筆者のために何をしましたか？ (What did the stranger do for the author?)
Read this passage:
先日、道で困っていたら、見知らぬ人が助けてくれた。おかげで無事に目的地に着くことができた。本当に親切な人だった。
見知らぬ人は筆者のために何をしましたか？ (What did the stranger do for the author?)
「助けてくれた」と明記されており、見知らぬ人が筆者に対して良い行いをしたことが分かります。
「助けてくれた」と明記されており、見知らぬ人が筆者に対して良い行いをしたことが分かります。
筆者はなぜ兄に感謝していますか？ (Why is the author grateful to their older brother?)
Read this passage:
私が困っていると、いつも兄がアドバイスをくれる。的確な意見で、いつも助かっている。兄には感謝しかない。
筆者はなぜ兄に感謝していますか？ (Why is the author grateful to their older brother?)
「いつも兄がアドバイスをくれる」という記述から、アドバイスに感謝していることが読み取れます。
「いつも兄がアドバイスをくれる」という記述から、アドバイスに感謝していることが読み取れます。
This sentence means 'My friend carried the luggage for me.' 友達 (tomodachi) means friend, 荷物 (nimotsu) means luggage, and 運んでくれた (hakondekureta) means 'carried for me.'
This sentence means 'My teacher helped me with my homework.' 先生 (sensei) means teacher, 宿題 (shukudai) means homework, and 手伝ってくれた (tetsudatte kureta) means 'helped me.'
This sentence means 'He took me to the station.' 彼 (kare) means he, 駅まで (eki made) means 'to the station,' and 送ってくれた (okuttekureta) means 'took me there' or 'sent me off.'
先日のプレゼン資料、部長がチェック___。
部長は目上の人なので、「〜てくださる」を使うのが適切です。「くれた」は親しい間柄や目下の人に対して使います。
この複雑なデータを、後輩が分かりやすくまとめて___。
後輩が自分（話し手）のために行為をしてくれた場合、一般的に「〜てくれた」を使用します。
私が困っていたら、隣の部署の佐藤さんがすぐに手伝って___。
隣の部署の佐藤さんは、自分にとって社内の同僚ですが、丁寧な表現として「〜てくださった」が適切です。
出張中、同僚が私の代わりに急な対応を___。
同僚が自分（話し手）のために行為をしてくれた場合、一般的に「〜てくれた」を使用します。社内の同僚であれば、「〜てくれた」が自然です。
クライアントが私たちの提案を前向きに検討___。
クライアントは社外の人物であり、敬意を表す必要があるので、「〜てくださった」が適切です。
母が私の誕生日に、欲しかった本をプレゼント___。
身内のことなので、敬語を使う必要はありません。「〜てくれた」が適切です。
Choose the most appropriate sentence using 「〜てくれる」 to express gratitude for someone outside your immediate circle helping you.
「〜てくれる」 is generally used for favors done for the speaker by someone within their ingroup or when expressing gratitude to an outsider for an unexpected kindness. Option 4 implies a stranger helping, which fits the 'gratitude to an outsider for an unexpected kindness' context.
Which sentence correctly uses 「〜てくれる」 to indicate a favor done for your group (e.g., family or colleagues)?
「〜てくれる」 can express a favor done for the speaker's ingroup. '私たちのために' clearly indicates the favor was for the group.
Select the sentence where 「〜てくれる」 expresses an action done for the speaker's benefit, rather than a general action.
「〜てくれる」 implies a beneficial action for the speaker. Being invited to a movie is a direct benefit to the speaker. The other options describe natural occurrences or functions, not favors.
You can use 「〜てくれる」 when a superior does something for you, but it's more polite to use 「〜てくださる」.
While 「〜てくれる」 can be used, 「〜てくださる」 is the respectful form and is preferred when a superior or someone of higher status does something for you.
「〜てくれる」 can be used when someone does something beneficial for someone else in your family, even if not directly for you.
「〜てくれる」 can extend to benefits for one's ingroup members. If a family member benefits, the speaker can still express this using 「〜てくれる」, indicating a favor done for their group.
When an inanimate object performs an action that benefits you, you can use 「〜てくれる」.
「〜てくれる」 implies a conscious act of doing a favor, which is attributed to living beings. Inanimate objects do not 'do favors'.
You lent a friend your favorite book, and they returned it in perfect condition. Write a short thank-you message to them, expressing your gratitude using "〜てくれた".
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
この間は大切な本を貸してくれて本当にありがとう。きれいな状態で返してくれて、とても嬉しいよ。
Your colleague helped you finish a big project even though it wasn't their responsibility. Write an email expressing your appreciation and how much their help meant to you, using "〜てくれた" naturally.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
〇〇さん 先日はプロジェクトを手伝ってくれて本当にありがとうございました。おかげで無事に終わらせることができました。〇〇さんの協力に心から感謝しています。
Describe a time someone unexpectedly did something kind for you, making sure to use "〜てくれた" to highlight that it was done for your benefit. For example, a stranger helping you with directions.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
先日、道に迷っていた時に、見知らぬ人が親切に道を教えてくれました。そのおかげで、無事に目的地にたどり着くことができました。本当に助かりました。
田中さんは何をしてAを助けましたか？
Read this passage:
A: 田中さん、この資料のまとめ、手伝ってくれて本当にありがとう。 B: いいえ、どういたしまして。大変そうでしたから。 A: おかげで発表準備が間に合いました。もし田中さんがいなかったら、どうなっていたことか。 B: また何かあったら、いつでも言ってくださいね。
田中さんは何をしてAを助けましたか？
Aが「この資料のまとめ、手伝ってくれて本当にありがとう」と言っていることから、田中さんが資料をまとめるのを手伝ったことがわかります。
Aが「この資料のまとめ、手伝ってくれて本当にありがとう」と言っていることから、田中さんが資料をまとめるのを手伝ったことがわかります。
この文章から、筆者が感じたことは何ですか？
Read this passage:
先日、駅で重い荷物を持っていたら、見知らぬ人が「大丈夫ですか？」と声をかけてくれて、一緒に運んでくれました。その時、本当に人の温かさを感じました。
この文章から、筆者が感じたことは何ですか？
文章の最後に「その時、本当に人の温かさを感じました」とあり、重い荷物を運んでくれたことへの感謝が読み取れます。
文章の最後に「その時、本当に人の温かさを感じました」とあり、重い荷物を運んでくれたことへの感謝が読み取れます。
この友達が筆者のためにしてくれた最も嬉しいことは何ですか？
Read this passage:
友達が、私の誕生日に手作りのケーキを焼いてくれました。見た目も可愛らしく、味もとても美味しかったです。彼女が私のために時間をかけて作ってくれたことが何より嬉しかったです。
この友達が筆者のためにしてくれた最も嬉しいことは何ですか？
「彼女が私のために時間をかけて作ってくれたことが何より嬉しかったです」と明確に書かれています。
「彼女が私のために時間をかけて作ってくれたことが何より嬉しかったです」と明確に書かれています。
This sentence means 'I would be happy if you helped me.' The auxiliary verb '〜てくれる' indicates that the action of helping is done for the speaker.
This sentence means 'He carried this luggage for me.' '〜てくれた' shows that he performed the action of carrying for the benefit of the speaker.
This sentence means 'The teacher kindly taught us a new grammar point.' '〜てくださる' is the honorific form of '〜てくれる' and is used when the benefactor is of higher status.
This novel vividly depicts the human sense of alienation in modern society.
The globalization of the economy can also affect cultural diversity.
His speech deeply resonated with the audience and greatly moved them.
Read this aloud:
環境問題に対する意識を高めることは、私たちの責務である。
Focus: 責務 (sekimu)
Você disse:
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Read this aloud:
科学技術の発展は、常に倫理的な議論を伴うべきだ。
Focus: 倫理的 (rinriteki)
Você disse:
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Read this aloud:
複雑な社会問題の解決には、多角的な視点が必要不可欠だ。
Focus: 必要不可欠 (hitsuyōfukaketsu)
Você disse:
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/ 60 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
「〜てくれる」 expresses an action done for the speaker or their group, often implying a favor or gratitude.
- Indicates an action done for the speaker.
- Expresses gratitude or appreciation for the action.
- Used when the benefactor is someone outside the speaker's ingroup.
Exemplo
彼が駅まで送ってくれた。
Conteúdo relacionado
Esta palavra em outros idiomas
Mais palavras de family
還暦
B160th birthday (celebration of completing a 60-year cycle).
〜くらい
B1About; approximately; to the extent that.
認め合う
B1To recognize each other's worth; to acknowledge.
知人
B1Acquaintance.
顔見知り
A2Acquaintance; someone you know by sight.
甘える
B1To be spoiled, to fawn; to behave like a pampered child.
活発な
B1Active; lively; vigorous.
思春期
B1Adolescence; the period of transition from childhood to adulthood.
養子
B1Adopted child; a child taken into one's family by legal means.
養親
B2Adoptive parent.
