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A2 noun 9 min de leitura

~ 까지

-kkaji
Pratique Exemplos Notas e dicas ~ 까지 em 30 segundos
Explicação ~ 까지 in your Level:
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Pratique Exemplos Notas e dicas

~ 까지 em 30 segundos

  • Marks the end of time, space, or quantity.
  • Translates to 'until', 'to', 'up to', or 'even'.
  • Essential for expressing deadlines and destinations.
  • Widely used in daily conversations and announcements.

The Korean particle '~ 까지' (kkaji) is incredibly versatile and commonly used to indicate an endpoint, limit, or scope. It can function similarly to 'until,' 'to,' 'up to,' or 'even' in English, depending on the context.

Endpoint in Time
When used with a time expression, '~ 까지' marks the moment when something stops or begins. For example, '9시까지' (ahop si-kkaji) means 'until 9 o'clock'. It signifies the duration up to that specific time.
Endpoint in Space or Location
Similarly, '~ 까지' can denote a destination or a limit in terms of distance or location. '서울까지' (seoul-kkaji) means 'to Seoul', indicating Seoul as the final stop. '이것까지' (igeot-kkaji) could mean 'up to this point' or 'even this'.
Limitation or Scope
It can also express a limit in quantity, range, or even the extent of something. For instance, '백 명까지' (baeng myeong-kkaji) means 'up to 100 people'. It sets a boundary for the preceding noun.
Emphasis or Inclusion ('Even')
In certain contexts, '~ 까지' can add emphasis, meaning 'even' or 'including'. If someone says '모두까지', it might mean 'even everyone' or 'including everyone', implying a surprising or comprehensive inclusion. This usage often carries a sense of surprise or highlights a specific item or person within a larger group.

저는 오후 5시까지 일해요. ~ 까지.

이 책은 만 원까지 살 수 있어요. ~ 까지.

Nuances of Usage
The particle '~ 까지' is fundamental for expressing duration and destination. Understanding its role in setting boundaries, whether temporal, spatial, or quantitative, is crucial for accurate comprehension and expression in Korean. Pay attention to the noun or phrase it follows to grasp the specific type of limit being conveyed. For instance, when used with verbs, it often implies that the action continues up to that point. When paired with a noun representing a person or item, it can mean 'even that person/item', adding a layer of emphasis or surprise.

Mastering '~ 까지' involves recognizing its placement and the type of endpoint it signifies. It typically follows the noun, pronoun, or temporal/spatial expression it modifies.

Indicating a Time Limit
Use '~ 까지' after a time expression to denote 'until' or 'by' a certain time. This is common for deadlines, opening/closing times, or the duration of an event.
Indicating a Destination or Spatial Limit
When referring to a place, '~ 까지' indicates the destination or the furthest point reached. It answers the question 'to where?' or 'how far?'.
Indicating a Quantity or Degree Limit
Apply '~ 까지' to numbers or quantities to express 'up to' a certain amount. This is useful for setting limits on capacity, price, or participation.
Adding Emphasis ('Even')
To emphasize inclusion or a surprising element, '~ 까지' can be added after a noun or pronoun. This usage often implies 'even' or 'including this specific thing/person'.

내일 오후 3시 까지 보고서를 제출해야 해요.

버스 정류장 까지 걸어갔어요.

이 가격 까지는 괜찮아요.

Sentence Construction
To construct sentences with '~ 까지', identify the element you want to set as an endpoint. This could be a time, a place, a quantity, or even an item for emphasis. Then, attach '~ 까지' directly after it. For example, to say 'I will study until midnight', you'd say '자정까지 공부할 거예요' (jajeongkkaji gongbuhal geoyeyo). The subject and verb are placed as usual around this phrase. When used with verbs like '가다' (to go) or '오다' (to come), it specifies the destination. For actions that continue up to a certain point, it modifies the time or condition. The 'even' usage is often seen in contexts where something unexpected is included, like '나까지 왜 그래?' (na-kkaji wae geurae? - Why are you doing this even to me?).

'~ 까지' is one of the most frequently encountered particles in everyday Korean. You'll hear it constantly in various real-life situations.

Public Transportation Announcements
Train and bus announcements often use '~ 까지' to state the final destination or upcoming stops. For example, '이 열차는 부산까지 운행합니다' (i yeolcha-neun busan-kkaji unhaenghamnida - This train runs to Busan).
Shop and Restaurant Hours
When checking business hours, you'll frequently see or hear phrases like '오전 10시부터 오후 9시까지 영업합니다' (ojeon yeolsi-buteo ohu ahop si-kkaji yeongeophamnida - We are open from 10 AM to 9 PM).
Workplace and School
Deadlines are often expressed using '~ 까지'. A boss might say, '내일까지 이 프로젝트를 끝내 주세요' (naeil-kkaji i peurojekteu-reul kkeunnae juseyo - Please finish this project by tomorrow).
Conversations with Friends and Family
When making plans, people use it to set meeting times or durations. '저녁 7시까지 도착해' (jeonyeok ilgop si-kkaji dochakae - Arrive by 7 PM) or '한 시간까지 기다릴게' (han sigan-kkaji gidarilge - I'll wait for up to an hour).
Shopping and Bargaining
When discussing prices, you might hear '이것까지 얼마에 드릴 수 있어요?' (igeot-kkaji eolma-e deuril su isseoyo? - How much can you give me for this, up to this price?). This can be a way to negotiate a price ceiling.
News and Announcements
News reports might mention events happening 'until a certain date' or travel advisories stating how far an area is affected. For example, '이번 주말까지 전국에 비가 오겠습니다' (ibeon jumal-kkaji jeon-guge biga ogetseumnida - It will rain nationwide until this weekend).

이 행사에는 20명 까지 참여할 수 있습니다.

While '~ 까지' is fundamental, learners sometimes misuse it, especially when translating from English or confusing it with similar particles.

Confusing with '에' (location/time marker)
Mistake: Using '에' when '~ 까지' is needed for an endpoint. For example, saying '서울에 가요' (seoul-e gayo) is correct for 'I go to Seoul', but if you want to emphasize it as the final destination or limit, '서울까지 가요' (seoul-kkaji gayo) might be used, especially if there are other stops. Similarly, for time, '9시에' (ahop si-e) means 'at 9 o'clock', while '9시까지' (ahop si-kkaji) means 'until 9 o'clock'.
Confusing with '만' (only)
Mistake: Using '~ 까지' when '만' is appropriate, or vice versa. '만' signifies exclusivity ('only'), whereas '~ 까지' indicates a limit or endpoint. For example, '10,000원만 주세요' (man won-man juseyo) means 'Give me only 10,000 won'. '10,000원까지 살게요' (man won-kkaji salgeyo) means 'I will buy it for up to 10,000 won'.
Incorrect Placement
Mistake: Placing '~ 까지' before the noun it modifies. It always follows the noun, pronoun, or expression it relates to. For example, it's incorrect to say '까지 서울' (kkaji seoul); it must be '서울까지' (seoul-kkaji).
Overuse for Simple Locations/Times
Mistake: Using '~ 까지' when a simpler particle like '에' suffices. For instance, if you're just stating a single point in time or a general location without emphasizing it as a limit, '에' is often more natural. '집에 가요' (jib-e gayo - I'm going home) is usually sufficient, unless you want to emphasize 'all the way home' or 'until you get home'.
Misinterpreting the 'Even' Usage
Mistake: Assuming '~ 까지' always means 'until' or 'to'. In contexts like '나까지 왜 그래?' (na-kkaji wae geurae?), it means 'Why are you doing this even to me?'. Understanding the context is key to distinguishing between the endpoint meaning and the emphasis meaning.

잘못된 예: 오늘까지 100원만 내세요. (Incorrect: Pay only 100 won until today.)

올바른 예: 오늘 100원까지 낼 수 있어요. (Correct: You can pay up to 100 won today.)

While '~ 까지' is very common, other particles and phrases can convey similar meanings, sometimes with subtle differences in nuance or formality.

'부터' (buteo)
Meaning: From (starting point).
Comparison: '~ 부터' marks the beginning of a range, while '~ 까지' marks the end. They are often used together: 'A부터 B까지' (from A to B). For example, '오전 9시부터 오후 6시까지' (from 9 AM to 6 PM). Used alone, '부터' can mean 'starting from now' or 'from this point'.
'에' (e)
Meaning: At, in, on (location, time, destination).
Comparison: '~ 에' is a general marker for location or time. It can indicate a destination ('서울에 가요' - I go to Seoul) or a specific point in time ('9시에 만나요' - Let's meet at 9 o'clock). '~ 까지' is more specific about the endpoint or limit. You use '~ 에' for a specific instance and '~ 까지' for a duration up to that instance or a final destination.
'마저' (majeo)
Meaning: All, even, the last remaining.
Comparison: '~ 마저' is used when something is the last of its kind or is included in a surprising or unfortunate way. It often implies a sense of completion or finality, sometimes with a negative connotation. '마저' can overlap with the 'even' usage of '~ 까지' but often carries a stronger sense of 'the very last one' or 'all of it'. For example, '그것도 다 먹어 버렸어' (geugeotdo da meogeo beoryeosseo - I ate all of that too) could imply 'even that last bit'. '~ 까지' is broader and can simply mean 'up to' or 'including'.
'조차' (jocha)
Meaning: Even, too (often with negative connotation).
Comparison: Similar to '~ 마저' and the emphatic '~ 까지', '~ 조차' also means 'even' but is typically used with negative statements or to express surprise at something unexpected or undesirable being included. '그는 커피조차 마시지 않았다' (geu-neun keopi-jocha masiji anatda - He didn't even drink coffee). While '~ 까지' can be neutral or positive in its 'even' usage, '~ 조차' leans towards negativity or surprise.
'정도' (jeongdo)
Meaning: About, around, to the extent of.
Comparison: '~ 정도' indicates approximation or a level/degree. It's used for estimates in quantity, time, or intensity. '10명 정도' (yeol myeong jeongdo) means 'about 10 people'. '~ 까지' sets a definitive limit ('up to 10 people'). So, '10명까지' is a hard limit, while '10명 정도' is an estimate.

이것부터 저것까지 모두 주세요. (From this to that, give me everything.)

How Formal Is It?

Curiosidade

The particle '~ 까지' shares a root with the Korean word '가지' (gaji), which means 'eggplant' or 'kind/type'. While the meaning is vastly different now, historical linguistic connections suggest a shared origin in denoting extent or variety.

Guia de pronúncia

UK /kk͈a.d͡ʑi/
US /kk͈a.d͡ʑi/
Stress is generally even, but the initial 'kk' sound carries a slight emphasis.
Rima com
가지 (gaji) 마지 (maji) 사지 (saji) 나지 (naji) 바지 (baji) 다지 (daji) 하늘까지 (haneulkkaji) 땅까지 (ttangkaji)
Erros comuns
  • Pronouncing 'kk' as a single 'k'.
  • Not emphasizing the 'kk' sound, making it sound too soft.
  • Confusing it with similar sounding particles if pronunciation is unclear.

Nível de dificuldade

Leitura 3/5

Understanding '~ 까지' is crucial for reading comprehension as it defines endpoints and limits in sentences. Recognizing its different uses (time, place, quantity, emphasis) is key. At A2, learners should be able to grasp basic uses in simple sentences.

Escrita 3/5

Correctly using '~ 까지' in writing requires understanding its grammatical function and context. Learners at A2 should practice forming sentences with clear endpoints and limits.

Expressão oral 3/5

Using '~ 까지' accurately in speech helps convey precise meanings regarding time, location, and limits. Learners should practice incorporating it into their everyday conversations.

Audição 3/5

Recognizing '~ 까지' in spoken Korean is vital for understanding deadlines, destinations, and the scope of actions or statements. Its frequency makes it a high-priority recognition target.

O que aprender depois

Pré-requisitos

Noun Time expressions (e.g., 오늘, 내일, 시간) Location nouns (e.g., 학교, 집, 서울) Numbers Basic verbs (e.g., 가다, 오다, 하다, 기다리다)

Aprenda a seguir

부터 (buteo) 에 (e) 에서 (eseo) 만 (man) 도 (do) 조차 (jocha) 마저 (majeo)

Avançado

The concept of scope and domain in linguistics Nuances of temporal and spatial particles Pragmatic functions of particles (emphasis, implication)

Gramática essencial

Particles marking endpoints and ranges

The particle '~ 까지' is often used in conjunction with '부터' to form the structure 'A부터 B까지' (from A to B), clearly defining a span.

Particles indicating time and location

While '에' can indicate a destination, '~ 까지' specifically denotes the final point of travel or the duration up to a certain time.

Particles for emphasis and inclusion

The emphatic use of '~ 까지' (meaning 'even') can be compared to particles like '도' and '조차', though '~ 까지' often carries a stronger sense of reaching a boundary or surprising inclusion.

Postpositional particles

'~ 까지' is a postpositional particle, meaning it attaches to the end of a noun, pronoun, or phrase it modifies, similar to English prepositions but placed after the word.

Combining particles

While less common, '~ 까지' can sometimes be combined with other particles, but its primary function remains marking an endpoint. For example, '~ 까지도' adds emphasis to the 'even' meaning.

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Exemplos por nível

1

학교까지 걸어갔어요.

I walked to school.

'~ 까지' indicates the destination.

2

3시까지 기다릴게요.

I will wait until 3 o'clock.

'~ 까지' indicates a time limit.

3

집까지 얼마나 멀어요?

How far is it to home?

'~ 까지' indicates the endpoint of a distance.

4

이것까지 주세요.

Give me this, too.

Emphasizing inclusion of 'this'.

5

아침까지 공부했어요.

I studied until morning.

'~ 까지' indicates the end of the study period.

6

이것까지 1000원이에요.

This is 1000 won, including this.

Indicating the price up to this item.

7

서울까지 기차로 가요.

I go to Seoul by train.

'~ 까지' indicates the destination city.

8

5분까지 오세요.

Come by 5 minutes.

'~ 까지' indicates a deadline for arrival.

1

점심 시간까지 이 일을 끝내야 해요.

I have to finish this work by lunchtime.

'~ 까지' denotes a deadline.

2

이 버스는 명동까지 갑니다.

This bus goes to Myeongdong.

'~ 까지' indicates the final destination of the bus.

3

이 가게는 밤 10시까지 영업해요.

'~ 까지' indicates the closing time.

4

이것까지 전부 얼마예요?

How much is everything, including this?

'~ 까지' emphasizes the inclusion of the last item.

5

다음 정류장까지 안내해 주세요.

Please guide me until the next stop.

'~ 까지' indicates the target point for guidance.

6

이번 주말까지는 시간이 충분해요.

There is enough time until this weekend.

'~ 까지' sets a timeframe.

7

서울역까지 가는 표 하나 주세요.

One ticket to Seoul Station, please.

'~ 까지' specifies the destination for the ticket.

8

오늘 밤까지는 꼭 연락할게요.

I will definitely contact you by tonight.

'~ 까지' indicates a deadline for contact.

1

회의는 오후 4시까지 진행될 예정입니다.

The meeting is scheduled to proceed until 4 PM.

'~ 까지' indicates the scheduled end time.

2

그는 자신의 능력이 최고까지 이르렀다고 생각했다.

He thought his abilities had reached their peak.

'~ 까지' indicates the highest point or limit of abilities.

3

이 프로젝트는 다음 달 초까지 완료되어야 합니다.

This project must be completed by the beginning of next month.

'~ 까지' sets a completion deadline.

4

이번 행사에는 100명까지 참석할 수 있습니다.

Up to 100 people can attend this event.

'~ 까지' specifies the maximum capacity.

5

그는 어려운 상황에서도 희망을 잃지 않고 버텼다.

He persevered without losing hope, even in difficult situations.

The context implies 'even in difficult situations' where '~ 까지' might be implied for emphasis.

6

이 티켓은 오늘 자정까지 유효합니다.

This ticket is valid until midnight tonight.

'~ 까지' indicates the expiration time.

7

저는 부산까지 가는 고속 열차를 탈 거예요.

I will take the high-speed train to Busan.

'~ 까지' clearly defines the final destination.

8

모두가 동의할 때까지 이 안건을 보류하겠습니다.

We will table this agenda until everyone agrees.

'~ 까지' sets a condition for proceeding.

1

이번 캠페인은 다음 주 일요일까지 진행될 예정이오니 많은 참여 바랍니다.

This campaign is scheduled to run until next Sunday, so we hope for your active participation.

'~ 까지' indicates the end date of the campaign.

2

그는 자신의 지식의 한계까지 탐구하며 끊임없이 질문했다.

He ceaselessly questioned, exploring to the limits of his knowledge.

'~ 까지' signifies the boundary of his knowledge exploration.

3

본 서비스는 2023년 12월 31일까지 무료로 제공됩니다.

This service is provided free of charge until December 31, 2023.

'~ 까지' specifies the duration of the free service.

4

그는 가족의 생계까지 책임져야 하는 무거운 짐을 짊어졌다.

He bore the heavy burden of being responsible even for his family's livelihood.

'~ 까지' emphasizes the extent of his responsibility, including family livelihood.

5

이 절차는 모든 관련 부서의 승인까지 받아야 완료될 수 있습니다.

This procedure can only be completed after receiving approval from all relevant departments.

'~ 까지' indicates the final required step for completion.

6

그 소식은 전국 방방곡곡까지 빠르게 퍼져나갔다.

The news spread rapidly to every corner of the country.

'~ 까지' emphasizes the wide geographical reach.

7

저는 출장으로 인해 다음 주 금요일까지 자리를 비울 예정입니다.

I will be away due to a business trip until next Friday.

'~ 까지' indicates the duration of absence.

8

아이들은 밤늦게까지 게임에 몰두했다.

The children were engrossed in games until late at night.

'~ 까지' signifies the end of the gaming session.

1

그의 연설은 청중의 마음 깊은 곳까지 울림을 주었다.

His speech resonated deep within the hearts of the audience.

'~ 까지' denotes the profound emotional depth reached.

2

회사는 모든 직원의 복지 증진을 위해 최선을 다할 것이며, 이는 연봉 인상까지 포함될 수 있습니다.

The company will do its best to improve the welfare of all employees, which may include salary increases.

'~ 까지' indicates an inclusive, possibly surprising, benefit.

3

이 고대 문서는 해독하기 매우 어려웠으며, 전문가들은 수십 년까지 연구에 매달렸다.

This ancient document was very difficult to decipher, and experts dedicated decades to its study.

'~ 까지' emphasizes the extensive duration of the research.

4

그는 자신의 예술적 비전의 극한까지 밀어붙이며 새로운 표현 방식을 탐구했다.

He pushed his artistic vision to its absolute extreme, exploring new forms of expression.

'~ 까지' signifies the utmost boundary of his artistic exploration.

5

정부는 경제 회복을 위해 가능한 모든 수단을 동원할 것이며, 이는 국민들의 삶의 질 향상까지 포함한다.

The government will mobilize all possible means for economic recovery, including the improvement of the people's quality of life.

'~ 까지' indicates a comprehensive scope of measures, including quality of life.

6

우리는 이 문제에 대한 근본적인 해결책을 찾기 위해 모든 각도에서 검토할 것이며, 이는 기존의 통념까지 뒤집는 것일 수 있습니다.

We will examine this issue from every angle to find a fundamental solution, which may involve overturning conventional wisdom.

'~ 까지' emphasizes the potential to challenge deeply held beliefs.

7

그는 혁신적인 아이디어를 현실로 만들기 위해 밤낮없이 노력했고, 동료들조차 그의 헌신에 감탄했다.

He worked day and night to make his innovative ideas a reality, and even his colleagues admired his dedication.

'~ 까지' highlights the exceptional level of effort, impressing even peers.

8

문화적 교류는 서로 다른 공동체 간의 이해를 증진시키고, 국경을 초월한 우정까지 쌓게 한다.

Cultural exchange fosters understanding between different communities and builds friendships that transcend borders.

'~ 까지' suggests the formation of profound, borderless relationships.

1

그의 철학적 탐구는 인간 존재의 궁극적인 의미까지 파고들었다.

His philosophical inquiry delved into the ultimate meaning of human existence.

'~ 까지' signifies the deepest, most fundamental level of inquiry.

2

이 예술 작품은 보는 이로 하여금 내면의 가장 깊은 곳까지 성찰하게 만드는 힘이 있다.

This artwork has the power to make viewers introspect into the deepest recesses of their inner selves.

'~ 까지' indicates the profoundest level of introspection.

3

인류의 역사는 끊임없는 진보의 과정이었으며, 때로는 상상조차 할 수 없었던 경지까지 이르렀다.

The history of humanity has been a process of continuous progress, sometimes reaching realms unimaginable.

'~ 까지' emphasizes reaching unprecedented and unimaginable states.

4

그의 리더십은 조직 전체의 사기를 고취했을 뿐만 아니라, 개개인의 잠재력의 최대한까지 발휘하도록 이끌었다.

His leadership not only boosted the morale of the entire organization but also led individuals to realize their maximum potential.

'~ 까지' signifies the absolute peak of individual potential.

5

과학 기술의 발전은 우리가 당연하게 여겼던 현실의 경계까지 확장시키고 있다.

The advancement of science and technology is expanding the boundaries of reality that we once took for granted.

'~ 까지' indicates pushing beyond previously accepted limits of reality.

6

그는 자신의 신념을 관철하기 위해 사회적 통념이나 관습의 제약까지도 기꺼이 감수했다.

He willingly endured even the constraints of social norms and customs to uphold his beliefs.

'~ 까지' emphasizes overcoming significant societal barriers.

7

이 고전 문학 작품은 시대를 초월하여 독자들의 감성과 지성 모두의 가장 깊은 곳까지 감동시킨다.

This classic literary work transcends time, moving both the emotions and intellect of readers to their deepest core.

'~ 까지' points to the profound impact on both emotional and intellectual faculties.

8

그녀의 자선 활동은 도움이 필요한 모든 이들에게, 심지어 가장 소외된 계층까지도 혜택이 돌아가도록 설계되었다.

Her charitable activities were designed to benefit everyone in need, reaching even the most marginalized strata of society.

'~ 까지' highlights the extensive and inclusive nature of the help provided.

Colocações comuns

오늘까지
내일까지
다음 주까지
서울까지
집까지
이것까지
10시까지
100명까지
아침까지
겨울까지

Frases Comuns

A부터 B까지

— From A to B. This is a very common structure to indicate a range.

월요일부터 금요일까지 일해요. (I work from Monday to Friday.)

언제까지

— Until when? Used to ask about a deadline or end time.

이 마감일은 언제까지인가요? (When is this deadline?)

얼마까지

— Up to how much? Used to ask about a price limit or maximum amount.

이 옷은 얼마까지 살 수 있어요? (Up to how much can I buy this clothing?)

이것까지

— Including this, even this. Used for emphasis or to include the mentioned item.

나까지 왜 그래? (Why are you doing this even to me?)

끝까지

— To the very end. Used to express persistence or completion.

포기하지 말고 끝까지 해보세요. (Don't give up, try until the end.)

지금까지

— Until now, so far. Indicates the duration up to the present moment.

지금까지 배운 내용을 복습합시다. (Let's review what we've learned so far.)

그때까지

— Until that time. Refers to a specific future or past point.

그때까지 기다릴게요. (I will wait until that time.)

최대한까지

— To the maximum extent. Expresses reaching the highest possible limit.

최대한까지 노력해 보겠습니다. (I will try my best, to the maximum extent.)

서울까지

— To Seoul. A common phrase indicating a destination.

서울까지 가는 기차를 타겠습니다. (I will take the train going to Seoul.)

밤까지

— Until night. Indicates the end of the day.

오늘 밤까지 이 일을 끝내야 해요. (I have to finish this work by tonight.)

Frequentemente confundido com

~ 까지 vs 에 (e)

'에' is a general location or time marker. '~ 까지' specifies an endpoint or limit. For example, '서울에 가요' (I go to Seoul) versus '서울까지 가요' (I go all the way to Seoul, or Seoul is the final destination). '9시에 만나요' (Let's meet at 9 o'clock) versus '9시까지 기다릴게요' (I will wait until 9 o'clock).

~ 까지 vs 만 (man)

'만' means 'only', implying exclusivity. '~ 까지' means 'up to' or 'until', indicating a limit that includes the endpoint. For instance, '10,000원만 주세요' (Give me only 10,000 won) is different from '10,000원까지 살 수 있어요' (I can buy it for up to 10,000 won).

~ 까지 vs 도 (do)

'도' means 'also' or 'too', indicating inclusion. '~ 까지' can also imply inclusion ('even'), but it often emphasizes reaching a boundary or a surprising extent. '나도 갈 거야' (I will go too) is different from '나까지 왜 그래?' (Why are you doing this even to me?).

Expressões idiomáticas

"끝까지 가는 사람"

— Someone who sees things through to the end; a persistent person.

그는 정말 끝까지 가는 사람이라서 믿을 수 있어요.

Neutral
"땅 끝까지"

— To the ends of the earth; a very distant place.

그녀는 땅 끝까지라도 가서라도 그를 찾겠다고 맹세했다.

Figurative
"숨이 턱까지 차오르다"

— To be out of breath; to be exhausted.

산 정상까지 올라오니 숨이 턱까지 차올랐다.

Figurative
"눈앞까지 다가오다"

— To be imminent; to be very close.

결승전이 눈앞까지 다가왔다.

Figurative
"머리끝까지 화가 나다"

— To be furious; to be extremely angry.

그의 무례한 행동에 나는 머리끝까지 화가 났다.

Figurative
"발끝까지 신경 쓰다"

— To be meticulous; to pay attention to every detail.

그녀는 옷차림에 발끝까지 신경 쓰는 편이다.

Figurative
"천리길도 한 걸음부터"

— A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. (Emphasizes starting small)

비록 작은 시작이지만, 천리길도 한 걸음부터라는 말처럼 꾸준히 나아가자.

Proverbial
"한계까지 몰아붙이다"

— To push to the limit; to drive to the brink.

선수들은 코치의 지시에 따라 자신의 한계까지 몰아붙였다.

Figurative
"모든 것을 걸다"

— To stake everything; to go all out.

그는 이 대회에서 우승하기 위해 모든 것을 걸었다.

Figurative
"그날까지"

— Until that day. Refers to a specific, often significant, date.

그날까지 모든 준비를 마쳐야 합니다.

Neutral

Fácil de confundir

~ 까지 vs 에 (e)

Both can indicate a destination or a point in time.

Use '에' for a specific point in time (at 9 o'clock) or a general destination (to Seoul). Use '~ 까지' to emphasize the endpoint of a duration (until 9 o'clock) or the final destination of a journey (all the way to Seoul). '~ 까지' explicitly marks the limit or end.

9시에 만나요. (Let's meet at 9 o'clock - specific time). 9시까지 기다릴게요. (I will wait until 9 o'clock - duration limit). 서울에 가요. (I am going to Seoul - general destination). 서울까지 갈 거예요. (I am going all the way to Seoul - final destination/endpoint).

~ 까지 vs 만 (man)

Both can be related to quantity or limits.

'만' means 'only' and implies exclusion of anything more. '~ 까지' means 'up to' or 'until' and includes the limit itself. '~ 까지' sets a boundary, while '만' restricts to just that amount.

10,000원만 주세요. (Give me only 10,000 won - no more, no less). 10,000원까지 살 수 있어요. (I can buy it for up to 10,000 won - the price can be less or exactly 10,000 won).

~ 까지 vs 도 (do)

Both can indicate inclusion.

'도' is a general particle for 'also' or 'too'. '~ 까지' when used for emphasis means 'even' and often implies reaching a boundary or a surprising level of inclusion. The nuance is different.

저도 갈 거예요. (I will go too - general inclusion). 나까지 왜 그래? (Why are you doing this even to me? - surprising inclusion, perhaps unfair).

~ 까지 vs 부터 (buteo)

Both are particles often used for time and place, and frequently appear together.

'부터' marks the starting point, while '~ 까지' marks the ending point. They are complementary and define a range.

월요일부터 금요일까지 일해요. (I work from Monday to Friday - '부터' marks Monday as the start, '~ 까지' marks Friday as the end).

~ 까지 vs 마저 (majeo) / 조차 (jocha)

All can imply 'even' or 'all'.

'마저' and '조차' are typically used for emphasis, often with a sense of finality or surprise, and frequently in negative contexts ('조차' especially). '~ 까지' can also mean 'even' but is more versatile and can be neutral or positive. '마저' implies the last remaining item, while '조차' often highlights something unexpectedly included, usually in a negative statement. '~ 까지' is broader.

그것도 다 먹어버렸어. (I ate all of that too - general inclusion). 그 음식까지 남김없이 다 먹었다. (I ate all of that food, even leaving nothing behind - emphasizing completeness). 그는 커피조차 마시지 않았다. (He didn't even drink coffee - negative surprise). 나까지 왜 그래? (Why are you doing this even to me? - surprising inclusion, possibly unfair).

Padrões de frases

A1

Noun + 까지

학교까지 걸어가요. (I walk to school.)

A1

Time + 까지

3시까지 기다릴게요. (I'll wait until 3 o'clock.)

A2

Noun + 부터 + Noun + 까지

월요일부터 금요일까지 일해요. (I work from Monday to Friday.)

A2

Quantity + 까지

10명까지 들어올 수 있어요. (Up to 10 people can enter.)

B1

Pronoun + 까지

나까지 왜 그래? (Why are you doing this even to me?)

B1

Time + 까지 + Verb

내일까지 이 일을 끝내야 해요. (I have to finish this work by tomorrow.)

B2

Location + 까지 + Verb

부산까지 가는 기차를 탈 거예요. (I will take the train going to Busan.)

C1

Abstract Noun + 까지

그의 연설은 마음 깊은 곳까지 울림을 주었다. (His speech resonated deep within the heart.)

Família de palavras

Relacionado

부터 Often paired with '~ 까지' to indicate a range (from A to B).
에 A general location/time marker, sometimes used instead of '~ 까지' when emphasis on endpoint is not needed.
까지나 An emphatic form of '~ 까지', meaning 'even up to' or 'all the way to'.
까지껏 An archaic or dialectal form, similar in meaning to '~ 까지' or '~ 마저'.
마저 Means 'all', 'even', 'the last remaining', often used in situations of completion or unexpected inclusion.
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Como usar

frequency

Very High

Erros comuns
  • Using '에' instead of '~ 까지' for a final destination. → 서울까지 갈 거예요.

    While '서울에 가요' means 'I go to Seoul', '서울까지 갈 거예요' emphasizes Seoul as the final endpoint of the journey. '~ 까지' is used for the ultimate destination.

  • Confusing '~ 까지' with '만' (only). → 이것까지 500원이에요.

    '이것까지 500원이에요' means 'This is 500 won, including this item'. If you meant 'only 500 won', you would say '500원만 주세요'. '~ 까지' sets a limit or includes the endpoint.

  • Placing '~ 까지' before the noun it modifies. → 내일까지 이 일을 끝내세요.

    Particles in Korean always follow the word they modify. It should be '내일까지' (by tomorrow), not '까지 내일'.

  • Using '~ 까지' for a specific point in time when '에' is more appropriate. → 9시에 만나요.

    '9시에 만나요' means 'Let's meet at 9 o'clock' (a specific point). '~ 까지' is for a duration or deadline, like '9시까지 기다릴게요' (I will wait until 9 o'clock).

  • Misinterpreting the 'even' usage. → 나까지 왜 그래?

    This sentence doesn't mean 'I will go until here'. It means 'Why are you doing this even to me?', implying surprising or unfair inclusion. Context is key to understanding this emphatic meaning.

Dicas

Endpoint Marker

'~ 까지' primarily functions as an endpoint marker. Think of it as the final destination on a map or the closing time on a clock. It clearly delineates the limit of time, space, quantity, or even an abstract concept.

Emphatic 'Even'

When used to mean 'even', '~ 까지' often adds a sense of surprise or emphasizes something unexpected being included. Pay attention to the context and intonation to distinguish this usage from the standard endpoint meaning. For instance, '나까지 왜 그래?' (Why even me?).

Pairing with '부터'

The combination 'A부터 B까지' is extremely common and useful for expressing a range or span from a starting point (A) to an ending point (B). Mastering this structure will significantly enhance your ability to describe durations and sequences.

The 'kk' Sound

The initial 'kk' sound in '~ 까지' is an aspirated or tense 'k'. Practice saying it with more force than a regular 'k' to ensure clear pronunciation, as it's a distinguishing feature of the particle.

Finish Line Analogy

Visualize '~ 까지' as a finish line on a race track. It represents the end of the race (time), the destination (place), or the goal (quantity). This visual metaphor can help you remember its core function.

Real-World Application

You'll hear '~ 까지' constantly in everyday Korean: on buses and trains for destinations, in shops for closing times, at work for deadlines, and in conversations about plans. Actively listen for it in various contexts to solidify your understanding.

Distinguishing from '에' and '만'

Be careful not to confuse '~ 까지' with '에' (general time/location marker) or '만' (only). '~ 까지' specifically marks an endpoint or limit, whereas '에' is more general and '만' implies exclusivity.

Postpositional Nature

'~ 까지' is a particle that follows the word it modifies (a noun, pronoun, time, or place). This postpositional nature is common in Korean grammar and helps define the role of preceding elements in the sentence.

Sentence Building

Practice creating your own sentences using '~ 까지' for different scenarios: time limits, destinations, quantity limits, and even the emphatic 'even' usage. This active construction is key to mastery.

Commitment and Boundaries

In Korean culture, punctuality and fulfilling commitments are important. '~ 까지' plays a role in defining these boundaries, whether it's a deadline for work or the endpoint of a journey, reflecting cultural values.

Memorize

Mnemônico

Imagine a race track. The finish line is marked with a big sign that says '까지!' (Kkaji!). You run 'until' you reach that line. The finish line is the 'end point'.

Associação visual

Picture a clock face with a line drawn from the center to the number 12, representing the 'end' of the day or a cycle. Or, imagine a map with a dotted line leading to a star marked '까지' as the destination.

Word Web

Endpoint Limit Until To Up to Destination Deadline Duration Even Scope Range Boundary Final Maximum Minimum Start point (with 부터) Location Time

Desafio

Try to create five sentences using '~ 까지' that cover different meanings: one for time, one for place, one for quantity, one with '부터', and one using the 'even' meaning.

Origem da palavra

The particle '~ 까지' originates from Middle Korean '가ᄌᆡ' (gajye). It evolved from a possessive construction related to '가지다' (to have or possess) or '가지' (kind, sort), eventually developing into a marker indicating extent or limit.

Significado original: The original meaning is thought to be related to 'taking' or 'reaching' something, implying encompassing or extending to a certain point.

Koreanic

Contexto cultural

The particle '~ 까지' itself is neutral. However, the context in which it is used can carry emotional weight. For example, '나까지 왜 그래?' (Why are you doing this even to me?) expresses personal hurt or surprise. Understanding the surrounding words and the situation is key to interpreting the full sentiment.

In English, we use prepositions like 'until,' 'to,' 'by,' and 'up to' to express similar ideas. The particle '~ 까지' consolidates these into a single, highly functional element in Korean, making it crucial for understanding Korean sentence structure and nuance.

The phrase '땅 끝까지' (ttang kkeutkkaji - to the ends of the earth) is a common expression in Korean literature and everyday speech, emphasizing extreme distance or thoroughness. Korean proverbs like '천리길도 한 걸음부터' (cheolligildo han georeumbuteo - a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step) implicitly use the concept of reaching a destination, where '~ 까지' would be used to define that destination. In historical dramas, characters often discuss battles or campaigns that lasted 'until' a specific date or event, clearly using '~ 까지' to mark the temporal boundary.

Pratique na vida real

Contextos reais

Making plans with friends

  • 몇 시까지 올 수 있어?
  • 저녁 7시까지 갈게.
  • 한 시간까지 기다릴 수 있어.

Asking for directions

  • 여기까지 어떻게 가요?
  • 다음 정류장까지 알려주세요.
  • 서울역까지 얼마나 걸려요?

Shopping and prices

  • 이것까지 얼마예요?
  • 5천원까지는 괜찮아요.
  • 이 상품은 10개까지 살 수 있어요.

Work or school deadlines

  • 내일까지 보고서 제출해야 해요.
  • 오늘 오후 5시까지 회의가 있어요.
  • 마감일까지 꼭 끝내세요.

Describing duration or events

  • 이 축제는 주말까지 계속돼요.
  • 밤새도록 공부해서 아침까지 했어요.
  • 그는 20살까지 한국에 살았어요.

Iniciadores de conversa

"오늘 몇 시까지 일하세요?"

"서울까지 가는 가장 빠른 방법이 뭐예요?"

"이 가게는 몇 시까지 문을 열어요?"

"이번 프로젝트는 언제까지 완료해야 하나요?"

"점심은 오후 1시까지 먹을 거예요."

Temas para diário

오늘 하루 동안 내가 도달하고 싶은 가장 중요한 목표는 무엇이며, 그것을 달성하기 위해 나는 언제까지 노력해야 할까요?

내가 가고 싶은 장소는 어디이며, 그곳까지 가는 데 얼마나 걸릴 것이라고 예상하나요?

나는 어떤 종류의 사람이 되고 싶고, 그 이상적인 모습까지 도달하기 위해 어떤 노력을 해야 할까요?

이번 주에 내가 완수해야 하는 일들은 무엇이며, 각 일의 마감 시한은 언제까지인가요?

내가 가장 좋아하는 음식은 무엇이며, 그 음식을 먹기 위해 얼마나 기다릴 수 있나요? (예: '차가운 아이스크림까지도 2시간은 기다릴 수 있어.')

Perguntas frequentes

10 perguntas

The most fundamental meaning of '~ 까지' is to indicate an endpoint or limit. This can be in terms of time (until a certain time), space (to a certain place), or quantity (up to a certain amount). Think of it as marking the finish line.

Yes, in certain contexts, '~ 까지' can mean 'even', used to emphasize inclusion or a surprising element. For example, '나까지 왜 그래?' means 'Why are you doing this even to me?', implying that the speaker feels unfairly targeted. This usage often carries a slightly stronger emphasis than the general inclusion particle '도'.

Use '에' for general destinations or locations where an action occurs (e.g., '서울에 가요' - I go to Seoul). Use '~ 까지' when you want to emphasize Seoul as the final destination or the endpoint of your journey (e.g., '서울까지 갈 거예요' - I will go all the way to Seoul).

'만' means 'only' and implies exclusivity (exactly that amount, no more). '~ 까지' means 'up to' or 'until' and sets a limit that includes the endpoint. For example, '10,000원만 주세요' means 'Give me only 10,000 won', while '10,000원까지 살게요' means 'I will buy it for up to 10,000 won' (meaning the price could be 9,000, or 10,000).

When you attach '~ 까지' to a number or quantity, it signifies a limit or maximum. For example, '100명까지 수용 가능합니다' means 'It can accommodate up to 100 people'. It sets an upper boundary.

No, '~ 까지' is a particle that attaches to nouns, pronouns, or time/place expressions. It modifies the noun or expression it follows, indicating its role as an endpoint. The verb in the sentence describes the action that occurs up to or reaches that endpoint.

'A부터 B까지' is a very common and useful phrase that means 'from A to B'. It is used to express a range, whether it's a range of time (e.g., Monday to Friday), distance, or quantity.

The particle '~ 까지' itself is neutral in formality. However, the overall sentence structure and vocabulary used with it will determine the formality level. You can use it in casual chats, formal announcements, and everything in between.

Common mistakes include confusing it with '에' for simple destinations/times, mixing it up with '만' (only), placing it before the noun it modifies, or misinterpreting the 'even' usage. Always consider the context to choose the correct particle.

Yes, '~ 까지' can be used with abstract nouns to denote limits or extremes. For example, '그는 자신의 지식의 한계까지 탐구했다' (He explored to the limits of his knowledge) or '그의 연설은 마음 깊은 곳까지 울림을 주었다' (His speech resonated deep within the heart).

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