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kalkulieren

A2 verb #3,000 最常用 9分钟阅读

kalkulieren

前3,000

开始练习例句笔记与提示 kalkulieren 30秒了解

解析 kalkulieren in your Level:

At the A1 level, you are just starting your German journey. You probably know the word 'rechnen' for doing basic math like 1+1=2. The word 'kalkulieren' is a bit more advanced, but you can think of it as a 'fancy' way to say calculate. You might hear it when someone is talking about money or prices. Even at this stage, you can remember that it looks like the English word 'calculate'. This makes it an 'internationalism'—a word that is similar in many languages. You don't need to use it in your daily life yet, but if you see it in a shop or a simple business text, just know it means 'to figure out a price' or 'to plan with numbers'. It follows the normal rules for verbs ending in -ieren, which always have their stress on the 'ie' part. For example: 'Ich kalkuliere'. It's a useful word to recognize early on because it appears so often in German business culture, which is very focused on being precise with money and time.

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At the A2 level, you are learning to describe your daily life and work in more detail. 'Kalkulieren' becomes more useful now, especially when talking about planning. If you are organizing a party, you might 'kalkulieren' how many drinks you need. In German, we use this word when we are not just doing math, but making an estimate based on experience. For example, 'Wir kalkulieren zwei Stunden für die Fahrt' (We are allowing/calculating two hours for the trip). You should also learn the past tense: 'Ich habe kalkuliert'. This is important for explaining things you have already planned. At this level, you should start to notice the difference between 'rechnen' (simple math) and 'kalkulieren' (planning/estimating). If you work in an office, this word will appear in emails about budgets or project timelines. It's a great way to sound more professional than just using 'denken' (to think) or 'planen' (to plan).

By B1, you are expected to handle more complex situations and express your opinions. 'Kalkulieren' is a key word for discussing business, economics, and logistics. You should be able to use it to describe a process: 'Bevor wir das Projekt starten, müssen wir alle Kosten genau kalkulieren.' (Before we start the project, we must calculate all costs exactly). You should also become familiar with the separable verb 'einkalkulieren'. This is very common in B1 level listening and reading. It means to 'include' or 'factor in' something. For example: 'Man muss immer Pufferzeit einkalkulieren' (One must always factor in buffer time). You should also start using adverbs with the verb, such as 'vorsichtig kalkulieren' (to calculate cautiously) or 'knapp kalkulieren' (to calculate tightly/with a small margin). This shows you understand the nuances of the word beyond just 'doing math'.

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At the B2 level, you are moving towards fluency. You should use 'kalkulieren' in abstract and strategic contexts. It's no longer just about numbers; it's about assessing risks and human behavior. You might discuss a 'kalkuliertes Risiko' (a calculated risk) in a debate about entrepreneurship or extreme sports. You should also understand the noun 'Kalkulation' and how it is used in compound words like 'Mischkalkulation' (a calculation where some items have high margins and others low to balance out). At this level, you should be sensitive to the register of the word. It sounds more formal and analytical. If you are writing a report or giving a presentation, 'kalkulieren' is much better than 'ausrechnen'. You should also be able to use the passive voice: 'Die Preise sind so kalkuliert, dass wir keinen Verlust machen.' (The prices are calculated such that we make no loss).

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At the C1 level, you use 'kalkulieren' with precision and stylistic flair. You understand that it can have a slightly cold or manipulative connotation when used in a political or social context. For example, 'Seine Entschuldigung war rein kalkuliert' (His apology was purely calculated/strategic). This implies it wasn't sincere. You can use the word to describe complex socio-economic theories or detailed financial strategies. You should also be familiar with related idiomatic expressions and the subtle differences between 'kalkulieren', 'veranschlagen', and 'taxieren'. In a C1 essay, you might use 'kalkulieren' to describe how a company anticipates market trends. You should also be comfortable using the present participle as an adjective: 'eine kalkulierende Person' (a calculating person), which describes someone who is very strategic and perhaps a bit detached from emotions. Your usage should reflect a deep understanding of the word's place in the German 'Fachsprache' (technical language).

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At the C2 level, you have a near-native grasp of 'kalkulieren'. You can use it in highly specialized fields like actuarial science, advanced economics, or philosophy. You might discuss the 'Kalkül' (calculus) of a specific philosophical system or the intricate 'Kalkulationsmodelle' (calculation models) used in climate science. Your understanding includes the historical development of the word from the Latin 'calculus' (small stone used for counting) and how this reflects the German emphasis on precision. You can effortlessly switch between the literal meaning and the most subtle metaphorical uses. You might use it in a literary analysis to describe a character's motivations or in a high-level political commentary to dissect the 'Machtkalkül' (power calculation) of a world leader. At this level, 'kalkulieren' is a tool you use to express the finest shades of strategic thought and mathematical certainty.

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开始练习例句笔记与提示

kalkulieren 30秒了解

Kalkulieren means to calculate, primarily in professional, financial, or strategic contexts involving costs, time, or risks.
It is a regular weak verb (kalkulierte, hat kalkuliert) and is more formal than the basic word 'rechnen'.
Commonly used with the prefix 'ein-' as 'einkalkulieren', meaning to factor in or account for something specific.
Essential for business German, project management, and describing planned actions versus accidental ones.

The German verb kalkulieren is a sophisticated and essential term that primarily translates to 'to calculate' in English. However, its usage in German carries a specific weight, often associated with business, logic, and strategic planning. While the simpler verb rechnen is used for basic arithmetic (like 2 + 2), kalkulieren implies a more complex process of assessment, estimation, and foresight. When a German speaker uses this word, they are usually talking about determining costs, assessing risks, or planning a project where multiple variables must be considered to reach a final figure or decision. It is a word of the boardroom, the construction site, and the financial office.

Professional Context: In professional settings, it refers to the detailed breakdown of expenses to ensure a profit margin. A baker doesn't just 'rechnen' the price of flour; they 'kalkulieren' the price of a loaf of bread by including labor, electricity, and rent.

Wir müssen die Produktionskosten genau kalkulieren, um wettbewerbsfähig zu bleiben.

Beyond mathematics, it is used metaphorically to mean 'to reckon with' or 'to anticipate' a certain outcome. For instance, a politician might 'kalkulieren' the public reaction to a new law. This indicates a strategic mindset. In everyday life, you might hear it when someone is planning a budget for a vacation or a wedding. It suggests a level of seriousness and precision.

Economic Nuance: The term is deeply rooted in German economic culture, reflecting the value placed on 'Gründlichkeit' (thoroughness). To kalkulieren is to be thorough.

Der Architekt hat die Materialmengen vorsichtig kalkuliert.

Strategic Intent: When someone says 'Das war kalkuliert', they often mean 'That was a calculated move', implying it wasn't an accident but a planned action with a specific goal.

Hast du den Zeitaufwand für dieses Projekt richtig kalkuliert?

In summary, while 'rechnen' is for everyone, 'kalkulieren' is for the planner, the businessman, and the strategist. It signifies a transition from simple math to complex estimation and risk management. It is a word that commands respect in a professional German environment because it implies that you have done your homework and looked at the situation from all financial and logical angles.

Using kalkulieren correctly requires understanding its role as a transitive verb (taking an object) and its frequent appearance in passive or participial constructions. In a basic sentence, you identify the subject (the person doing the calculating) and the object (what is being calculated). For example, 'Ich kalkuliere den Preis.' (I am calculating the price). Because it is a weak verb, its conjugation is straightforward: ich kalkuliere, du kalkulierst, er/sie/es kalkuliert, wir kalkulieren, ihr kalkuliert, sie/Sie kalkulieren.

Direct Object Usage: The most common objects are 'Kosten' (costs), 'Preise' (prices), 'Risiken' (risks), and 'Zeit' (time). You are determining the quantity or extent of these factors.

Die Firma muss die Transportkosten neu kalkulieren.

One of the most important variations is the separable verb einkalkulieren, which means 'to take into account' or 'to budget for'. While 'kalkulieren' is the act of calculating, 'einkalkulieren' is the act of including a specific factor into that calculation. For example, 'Wir müssen Verspätungen einkalkulieren' (We must budget for delays).

Adverbial Modifiers: It is frequently paired with adverbs like 'knapp' (tightly), 'großzügig' (generously), 'vorsichtig' (cautiously), or 'falsch' (incorrectly). These modify the manner of the calculation.

Der Händler hat seine Gewinnspanne sehr knapp kalkuliert.

In the passive voice, it describes the state of something: 'Der Preis ist fest kalkuliert' (The price is firmly calculated/fixed). This is common in catalogs or offers.

Hypothetical Scenarios: In the subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II), it expresses what one would calculate if conditions were different: 'Ich würde anders kalkulieren, wenn ich mehr Zeit hätte.'

Man kann nicht mit Sicherheit kalkulieren, wie viele Gäste kommen werden.

Finally, consider the noun form 'Kalkulation'. If you are writing a business plan, you will need a 'Preiskalkulation' or a 'Kostenkalkulation'. The verb remains the heart of these activities, describing the active mental and mathematical labor involved in navigating the future.

You will encounter kalkulieren in several distinct areas of German life. The most obvious is the world of business and finance. If you watch 'Die Höhle der Löwen' (the German version of Shark Tank), you will hear entrepreneurs and investors constantly discussing how they kalkuliert their company valuation or their production costs. It is the language of efficiency and profitability. In this context, a 'falsch kalkuliertes Risiko' (a miscalculated risk) is a common phrase used to explain why a business failed.

Construction and Trades: If you are renovating a house in Germany, the 'Handwerker' (craftsman) will provide a 'Kostenvoranschlag' based on how he has kalkuliert the hours and materials. If the final bill is much higher, you might complain that he didn't kalkulieren properly.

Der Bauleiter hat die Menge an Zement zu knapp kalkuliert.

In the news, particularly in political reporting, journalists use kalkulieren to describe the strategic moves of parties. 'Die Partei kalkuliert mit einem Wahlsieg im Osten' (The party is calculating/counting on an election victory in the East). Here, it implies a cold, analytical approach to politics.

Daily Life Planning: Even in private life, a German might say, 'Ich habe für den Umzug drei Tage kalkuliert.' This sounds more deliberate and organized than simply saying 'I planned three days'. It suggests a breakdown of tasks into a timeframe.

Wir haben beim Kochen für sechs Personen kalkuliert.

Academic and Scientific Use: In physics or engineering papers, authors 'kalkulieren' variables or tolerances. It denotes a high level of mathematical rigor.

Wissenschaftler kalkulieren die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Küstenregionen.

Whether you are reading the 'Handelsblatt' (a financial newspaper) or discussing a weekend trip with a German friend, 'kalkulieren' appears whenever there is a need for realistic estimation. It bridges the gap between 'thinking' and 'measuring'.

One of the most frequent mistakes English speakers make is using kalkulieren for simple math. If you are at a supermarket and want to say 'I am calculating the total', you should use zusammenrechnen or just rechnen. Using kalkulieren here sounds like you are performing a deep financial audit on your groceries, which might come across as overly dramatic or even humorous.

Confusing with 'Berechnen': Another pitfall is the distinction between 'kalkulieren' and 'berechnen'. While they overlap, 'berechnen' is the word you use when you want to say 'to charge someone'. If a plumber says 'Ich berechne Ihnen 50 Euro', he is charging you. If he says 'Ich habe 50 Euro kalkuliert', he is saying that was his estimated cost in his head or planning.

Falsch: Ich kalkuliere dir 10 Euro für das Ticket. (Correct: Ich berechne dir...)

There is also a tendency to forget the prefix ein- in the verb einkalkulieren. If you want to say 'You need to account for the traffic', you must say 'Du musst den Verkehr einkalkulieren'. Just saying 'kalkulieren' doesn't quite capture the sense of 'including' that factor in the total plan.

Overuse in Casual Situations: Using it in very informal settings can sound stiff. If you are deciding how many pizzas to order with friends, 'kalkulieren' is a bit much. 'Schätzen' (estimate) or 'überlegen' (consider/think) is usually better.

Richtig: Wir haben mit einer Stunde Fahrzeit gerechnet.

Misunderstanding 'Kalkül': The related noun 'Kalkül' (calculus/calculation) often carries a negative connotation of cold, ruthless manipulation. If you say someone acted out of 'politischem Kalkül', you are often accusing them of being insincere. Be careful not to transfer this negativity to the verb 'kalkulieren' itself, which is usually neutral or positive (meaning professional).

Es war ein kalkulierter Fehler, um den Gegner zu täuschen.

By avoiding these common errors, you will sound much more natural and precise. Remember: 'rechnen' for math, 'berechnen' for charging, and 'kalkulieren' for professional planning and risk assessment.

German has a rich vocabulary for 'calculating' and 'estimating'. Understanding the nuances between them will elevate your German from functional to fluent. The most direct alternative is berechnen. While 'kalkulieren' focuses on the internal process of estimation and planning, 'berechnen' is often more technical or final. You 'berechnen' the area of a circle using a formula, but you 'kalkulieren' the cost of building a fence around it.

Kalkulieren vs. Rechnen: 'Rechnen' is the general term for math. It is the root of everything. 'Kalkulieren' is a loanword from Latin (calculare), and like many loanwords in German, it sounds more formal or specialized.

Ich muss noch schnell ausrechnen, was ich dir schulde.

Another great word is schätzen (to estimate). Use 'schätzen' when you don't have enough data to actually 'kalkulieren'. If you are guessing how many people are in a room, you 'schätzen'. If you have a guest list and are figuring out food quantities, you 'kalkulieren'.

Einkalkulieren: This is a vital sub-type. It specifically means 'to factor in'. Alternatives include 'berücksichtigen' (to take into consideration) or 'mit einbeziehen' (to include).

Man muss das Wetterrisiko bei der Planung einkalkulieren.

If you are talking about assessing risks, you might use abwägen (to weigh up). This is more about comparing different options rather than just finding a number. For example, 'Wir müssen die Vorteile gegen die Nachteile abwägen.'

Hochrechnen: This means 'to extrapolate'. If you know the results for 10% of the population and want to guess the total, you 'rechnen hoch'. It is a specific type of 'kalkulieren' used in statistics.

Die Wahlforscher rechnen das Ergebnis auf das ganze Land hoch.

Finally, budgetieren is the direct equivalent of 'to budget'. It is very specific to money management. 'Kalkulieren' is broader, covering time, materials, and strategy. By choosing the right word, you show that you understand the specific nature of the task at hand.

How Formal Is It?

趣味小知识

The root 'calculus' refers to the small pebbles used on an abacus or counting board in ancient Rome. So, when you 'kalkulieren', you are etymologically 'playing with pebbles'.

发音指南

UK /kalkuˈliːʁən/

US /kɑlkuˈliːrən/

The primary stress is on the penult syllable: kal-ku-LIE-ren.

押韵词

studieren probieren marschieren diskutieren interessieren organisieren passieren reparieren

常见错误

Stressing the first syllable (KAL-ku-lieren).
Pronouncing the 'u' like the English 'u' in 'calculate'. In German, it is a pure 'u' sound.
Shortening the 'ie' sound.
Dropping the 'n' at the end.
Pronouncing 'k' as 'ch'.

难度评级

阅读 2/5

Easy to recognize due to English similarity.

写作 3/5

Requires knowledge of -ieren verb endings and prefixes like 'ein-'.

口语 3/5

The stress on the 'ie' must be correct to sound natural.

听力 2/5

Very clear and distinct sound.

接下来学什么

前置知识

rechnen Zahl Geld Preis planen

接下来学习

berechnen einkalkulieren veranschlagen bewerten analysieren

高级

versicherungsmathematisch Stabilitätskalkül Mischkalkulation Rentabilität Amortisation

需要掌握的语法

Verbs ending in -ieren

Kalkulieren, studieren, telefonieren. They always take 'hat' in the perfect tense and the participle ends in -iert (without 'ge-').

Separable Verbs (Prefix ein-)

Ich kalkuliere das Risiko ein. (The 'ein' goes to the end in simple present).

Accusative Case for Direct Objects

Ich kalkuliere den (masculine accusative) Preis.

Dative Case with Prepositions

Ich rechne mit dem (masculine dative) Schlimmsten.

Passive Voice Construction

Der Preis wird (von uns) kalkuliert.

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按水平分级的例句

Ich kalkuliere den Preis.

I calculate the price.

Present tense, 1st person singular.

Kalkulierst du die Kosten?

Are you calculating the costs?

Question form, 2nd person singular.

Er kalkuliert schnell.

He calculates quickly.

Present tense, 3rd person singular.

Wir kalkulieren zusammen.

We calculate together.

Present tense, 1st person plural.

Kalkuliert ihr das Benzin?

Are you (plural) calculating the gas?

Question form, 2nd person plural.

Sie kalkulieren das Essen.

They calculate the food.

Present tense, 3rd person plural.

Kalkulieren Sie bitte den Weg.

Please calculate the route.

Imperative form, formal.

Das ist einfach zu kalkulieren.

That is easy to calculate.

Infinitive with 'zu'.

Wir haben die Miete kalkuliert.

We have calculated the rent.

Perfect tense with 'haben'.

Er hat die Zeit falsch kalkuliert.

He calculated the time wrongly.

Perfect tense with an adverb.

Kalkulieren Sie auch die Steuer?

Are you also calculating the tax?

Present tense, formal.

Ich muss das Risiko kalkulieren.

I must calculate the risk.

Modal verb 'müssen' with infinitive.

Sie kalkulierte das Budget für den Urlaub.

She calculated the budget for the vacation.

Präteritum (simple past).

Wir kalkulieren mit zehn Gästen.

We are calculating with ten guests.

Prepositional object 'mit'.

Kannst du das bitte genau kalkulieren?

Can you please calculate that exactly?

Modal verb 'können'.

Das Team kalkuliert den Aufwand.

The team calculates the effort.

Collective noun 'Team' as subject.

Wir müssen die Nebenkosten einkalkulieren.

We must factor in the additional costs.

Separable verb 'einkalkulieren'.

Der Preis wurde knapp kalkuliert.

The price was calculated tightly.

Passive voice (Vorgangspassiv).

Haben Sie den Zeitverlust einkalkuliert?

Did you factor in the loss of time?

Perfect tense of 'einkalkulieren'.

Es ist schwer, den Erfolg zu kalkulieren.

It is hard to calculate the success.

Infinitive construction.

Wir kalkulieren eine Gewinnspanne von 5%.

We are calculating a profit margin of 5%.

Accusative object.

Der Architekt kalkuliert die Materialkosten.

The architect calculates the material costs.

Professional context.

Ich habe nicht mit diesem Problem kalkuliert.

I didn't calculate with (expect) this problem.

Negation with 'nicht'.

Sie kalkulieren ihre Chancen sehr vorsichtig.

They calculate their chances very cautiously.

Adverbial modifier 'sehr vorsichtig'.

Das war ein kühl kalkuliertes Manöver.

That was a coolly calculated maneuver.

Participle II used as an adjective.

Die Firma kalkuliert langfristig.

The company calculates long-term.

Adverb 'langfristig'.

Man muss die Inflation einkalkulieren.

One must factor in inflation.

Economic context.

Es wurde mit einem hohen Risiko kalkuliert.

It was calculated with a high risk.

Impersonal passive voice.

Wir kalkulieren auf Basis der aktuellen Daten.

We calculate based on the current data.

Prepositional phrase 'auf Basis'.

Wie kalkulieren Sie Ihre Preise?

How do you calculate your prices?

Interrogative sentence.

Der Verlust war bereits kalkuliert.

The loss was already calculated (expected).

Stativpassiv (resultative passive).

Ich kalkuliere, dass wir morgen fertig sind.

I calculate (estimate) that we will be finished tomorrow.

Subordinate clause with 'dass'.

Seine Reaktion war rein kalkuliert.

His reaction was purely calculated.

Metaphorical usage.

Wir kalkulieren den Break-Even-Point für das dritte Quartal.

We are calculating the break-even point for the third quarter.

Technical business terminology.

Es gilt, die ökologischen Folgen einzukalkulieren.

It is necessary to factor in the ecological consequences.

Fixed expression 'Es gilt...'.

Die Kampagne war strategisch kalkuliert.

The campaign was strategically calculated.

Adverbial use of 'strategisch'.

Man darf die menschliche Komponente nicht verkalkulieren.

One must not miscalculate the human component.

Prefix 'ver-' indicating error (miscalculate).

Die Versicherung kalkuliert die Prämien nach Alter.

The insurance calculates the premiums according to age.

Specialized industry context.

Er kalkulierte mit der Dummheit der anderen.

He calculated with (relied on) the stupidity of others.

Cynical rhetorical usage.

Das Projekt ist finanziell sehr eng kalkuliert.

The project is financially very tightly calculated.

Collocation 'eng kalkuliert'.

Die mathematische Logik erlaubt es, Unendlichkeit zu kalkulieren.

Mathematical logic allows for the calculation of infinity.

Philosophical/Scientific context.

Hinter jeder politischen Entscheidung steht ein Machtkalkül.

Behind every political decision stands a power calculation.

Noun form 'Kalkül'.

Die Algorithmen kalkulieren das Nutzerverhalten in Echtzeit.

The algorithms calculate user behavior in real time.

Technological context.

Man kann die Liebe nicht kalkulieren.

One cannot calculate love.

Abstract/Philosophical negation.

Die Risikobewertung wurde nach versicherungsmathematischen Prinzipien kalkuliert.

The risk assessment was calculated according to actuarial principles.

Highly formal/Technical.

Er agiert stets nach einem kühlen, rationalen Kalkül.

He always acts according to a cool, rational calculation.

Character description.

Die Auswirkungen der Quantenphysik lassen sich schwer kalkulieren.

The effects of quantum physics are difficult to calculate.

Reflexive construction 'lassen sich'.

In der Krise müssen wir mit dem Schlimmsten kalkulieren.

In the crisis, we must calculate with (expect) the worst.

Idiomatic 'mit dem Schlimmsten kalkulieren'.

近义词

berechnen rechnen schätzen veranschlagen ausrechnen bewerten taxieren budgetieren

反义词

raten verschwenden improvisieren vernachlässigen

常见搭配

knapp kalkulieren

großzügig kalkulieren

falsch kalkulieren

vorsichtig kalkulieren

fest kalkulieren

Preise kalkulieren

Risiken kalkulieren

Kosten kalkulieren

den Aufwand kalkulieren

mit Verlust kalkulieren

常用短语

kalkuliertes Risiko

— A risk that has been carefully considered and deemed acceptable.

Das war ein kalkuliertes Risiko für die Firma.

hart kalkuliert

— Calculated very strictly, often meaning a very low price.

Unsere Preise sind hart kalkuliert.

neu kalkulieren

— To recalculate something because conditions have changed.

Wir müssen das ganze Projekt neu kalkulieren.

einkalkuliert sein

— To be already included in the plan or price.

Die Versandkosten sind bereits einkalkuliert.

scharf kalkulieren

— Similar to 'hart kalkuliert', focusing on extreme precision.

In dieser Branche muss man scharf kalkulieren.

falsch kalkuliert haben

— To have made a mistake in planning or estimation.

Da habe ich wohl falsch kalkuliert.

mit Puffer kalkulieren

— To calculate with extra time or money as a safety margin.

Kalkulieren Sie immer mit einem Puffer.

auf Kante kalkulieren

— To calculate so tightly that there is no room for error.

Das Projekt ist auf Kante kalkuliert.

profiliert kalkulieren

— To calculate in a way that highlights specific strengths.

Sie kalkulieren sehr profiliert für den Markt.

realistisch kalkulieren

— To calculate based on facts, not wishes.

Wir müssen endlich realistisch kalkulieren.

容易混淆的词

kalkulieren vs rechnen

Rechnen is for basic math; kalkulieren is for professional estimation and planning.

kalkulieren vs berechnen

Berechnen often means 'to charge' or to find a technical result; kalkulieren is the internal planning process.

kalkulieren vs planen

Planen is general; kalkulieren specifically involves numbers, costs, or measurable risks.

习语与表达

"mit spitzem Bleistift kalkulieren"

— To calculate extremely precisely and economically.

Bei diesen Preisen müssen wir mit spitzem Bleistift kalkulieren.

journalistic/business

"ein kalkulierter Bruch"

— A planned break or violation of rules to achieve a goal.

Das war ein kalkulierter Bruch mit der Tradition.

formal

"sich verkalkuliert haben"

— To have completely misjudged a situation.

Die Konkurrenz hat sich gründlich verkalkuliert.

neutral

"nach Adam Riese"

— According to simple math (often used before a calculation).

Nach Adam Riese macht das 50 Euro.

informal

"die Rechnung ohne den Wirt machen"

— To make a plan without considering the most important person/factor.

Da haben sie die Rechnung ohne den Wirt gemacht.

colloquial

"etwas auf dem Schirm haben"

— To have something in one's calculation/awareness.

Das Risiko haben wir auf dem Schirm.

informal

"unter dem Strich"

— At the end of the day / when all is calculated.

Unter dem Strich bleibt ein Gewinn.

neutral

"den Rotstift ansetzen"

— To cut costs (part of the calculation process).

Wir müssen beim Personal den Rotstift ansetzen.

journalistic

"Milchmädchenrechnung"

— A naive or simplistic calculation that won't work.

Das ist doch eine reine Milchmädchenrechnung!

colloquial

"ins Gewicht fallen"

— To be a significant factor in the calculation.

Die Materialkosten fallen stark ins Gewicht.

neutral

容易混淆

kalkulieren vs Kalk

Similar spelling.

Kalk means lime or calcium/limescale (the white stuff in your kettle). Kalkulieren is the verb for calculating.

In unserem Wasser ist viel Kalk.

kalkulieren vs Kalkül

Same root.

Kalkül is the noun meaning 'calculus' or 'strategic calculation'. It often has a negative social connotation.

Das war eiskaltes Kalkül.

kalkulieren vs Einkalkulieren

It's a version of the same word.

Kalkulieren is the act of calculating; einkalkulieren is the act of including a specific factor in that calculation.

Hast du den Stau einkalkuliert?

kalkulieren vs Verkalkulieren

Similar spelling.

Verkalkulieren specifically means to make a MISTAKE in your calculation.

Ich habe mich total verkalkuliert.

kalkulieren vs Verkalken

Very similar spelling.

Verkalken means to calcify (like pipes getting blocked by lime). It is unrelated to math.

Die Rohre sind verkalkt.

句型

Ich kalkuliere [Objekt].

Ich kalkuliere den Preis.

Wir haben [Objekt] kalkuliert.

Wir haben die Kosten kalkuliert.

Man muss [Objekt] einkalkulieren.

Man muss die Zeit einkalkulieren.

Es ist [Adverb] kalkuliert.

Es ist sehr knapp kalkuliert.

Aus [Adjektiv] Kalkül handeln.

Er handelt aus reinem Machtkalkül.

Sich auf [Substantiv] kalkulieren lassen.

Die Kosten lassen sich schwer kalkulieren.

Kalkulieren mit [Dativ].

Wir kalkulieren mit einer Million Euro.

Kalkulieren für [Akkusativ].

Ich kalkuliere für die nächste Woche.

词族

名词

die Kalkulation

der Kalkulator

das Kalkül

die Preiskalkulation

die Fehlkalkulation

动词

einkalkulieren

verkalkulieren

durchkalkulieren

vorabkalkulieren

形容词

kalkulierbar

unkalkulierbar

kalkuliert

kalkulatorisch

如何使用

frequency

High in business, media, and logistics; medium in daily personal life.

常见错误

Ich habe den Preis gekalkuliert. → Ich habe den Preis kalkuliert.
Verbs ending in -ieren do not take the 'ge-' prefix in the past participle.
Ich kalkuliere dir 50 Euro für die Arbeit. → Ich berechne dir 50 Euro für die Arbeit.
To 'charge' someone money is 'berechnen', not 'kalkulieren'.
Wir müssen den Stau kalkulieren. → Wir müssen den Stau einkalkulieren.
To 'factor in' or 'account for' something specific, the prefix 'ein-' is necessary.
Kalkulierst du 2 plus 2? → Rechnest du 2 plus 2?
'Kalkulieren' is too formal and complex for simple arithmetic.
Das ist ein unkalkuliertes Risiko. → Das ist ein unkalkulierbares Risiko.
'Unkalkuliert' means 'not calculated yet', while 'unkalkulierbar' means 'uncalculatable/unpredictable'. Usually, the latter is intended.

小贴士

No 'ge-' in Perfect Tense

Remember that all German verbs ending in -ieren (like kalkulieren, studieren, reservieren) do NOT take the 'ge-' prefix in the Participle II. It is 'hat kalkuliert', never 'gekalkuliert'.

Separable 'ein-'

The verb 'einkalkulieren' is extremely useful. In a normal sentence, the 'ein' moves to the end: 'Wir kalkulieren die Steuer ein.' This means 'We are factoring in the tax.'

Stress the 'ie'

To sound like a native speaker, always put the emphasis on the 'ie' sound. kal-ku-LIE-ren. This is a rule for almost all -ieren verbs in German.

Professionalism

Using 'kalkulieren' in a job interview or a business meeting shows that you have a strategic mindset and are comfortable with professional terminology.

Risk Assessment

Pair 'kalkulieren' with the word 'Risiko' to talk about 'calculated risks'. This is a very common and sophisticated collocation in German.

Use Adverbs

Germans love to modify 'kalkulieren' with adverbs. Try using 'vorsichtig' (cautiously) or 'großzügig' (generously) to be more specific about your planning style.

Don't use for 'Charge'

If you want to say 'I will charge you 10 Euro', do not use 'kalkulieren'. Use 'berechnen' or 'verlangen'. 'Kalkulieren' is the mental work, not the transaction.

The Pencil Mnemonic

Imagine a very sharp pencil (spitzer Bleistift). In German, 'mit spitzem Bleistift kalkulieren' means to calculate very precisely. This visual helps you remember the word's association with precision.

The Noun 'Kalkulation'

Learn the noun form 'die Kalkulation' (the calculation). It's feminine and very common in business documents like 'Kostenkalkulation'.

News Context

When listening to the news, notice how 'kalkulieren' is used for weather forecasts, economic growth, and election results. It always implies a model-based prediction.

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of a 'Calculator' (Kalkulator). When you use a calculator, you 'kalkulieren'.

视觉联想

Imagine a German businessman with a sharp pencil (spitzer Bleistift) sitting at a desk full of blueprints and coins, carefully writing down numbers.

Word Web

Kosten Preise Risiko Zeit Gewinn Planung Mathe Firma

挑战

Try to use 'kalkulieren' instead of 'rechnen' three times today when talking about your schedule or your budget.

词源

Derived from the Latin verb 'calculare', which means 'to reckon' or 'to compute'.

原始含义： To count using small stones (calculi).

Indo-European, via Latin into Middle High German and later standardized in Modern German.

文化背景

Be careful when calling a person 'kalkulierend'. It can mean they are cold and lack emotion, similar to 'calculating' in English.

In English, 'to calculate' is often replaced by 'to work out' or 'to figure out' in casual speech. In German, 'kalkulieren' remains very common in professional settings.

The 'Kalkül' of game theory (Spieltheorie) is a major academic field in Germany. Financial reports of companies like Siemens or Volkswagen always feature 'Kalkulationen'. Chess grandmasters are often described as 'kalkulierende Genies'.

在生活中练习

真实语境

Business Meetings

Lassen Sie uns die Kosten kalkulieren.
Das ist knapp kalkuliert.
Wir müssen das Risiko einkalkulieren.
Die Kalkulation stimmt nicht.

Construction/DIY

Wie viel Material müssen wir kalkulieren?
Haben Sie den Zeitaufwand kalkuliert?
Die Kosten sind fest kalkuliert.
Wir haben uns verkalkuliert.

Travel Planning

Kalkulierst du das Benzingeld?
Wir müssen Pausen einkalkulieren.
Das Budget ist großzügig kalkuliert.
Wie viele Tage kalkulieren wir für Berlin?

Politics/News

Das war ein politisches Kalkül.
Man kalkuliert mit einem Sieg.
Die Folgen sind schwer zu kalkulieren.
Es war eine kalkulierte Provokation.

Cooking for Groups

Wie viel Fleisch pro Person kalkulierst du?
Wir haben für 20 Leute kalkuliert.
Du musst Reste einkalkulieren.
Das ist zu knapp kalkuliert.

对话开场白

"Wie kalkulierst du dein monatliches Budget für Lebensmittel?"

"Hast du schon einmal die Zeit für ein Projekt völlig falsch kalkuliert?"

"Sollten wir bei unserer Reise mehr Pufferzeit einkalkulieren?"

"Wie kalkulieren Firmen eigentlich die Preise für neue Smartphones?"

"Findest du, dass man im Leben alles kalkulieren sollte, oder ist Spontaneität wichtiger?"

日记主题

Schreibe über eine Situation, in der du dich völlig verkalkuliert hast. Was ist passiert?

Wie kalkulierst du deinen Erfolg? Welche Faktoren sind für dich am wichtigsten?

Ist es möglich, Glück zu kalkulieren? Begründe deine Meinung.

Beschreibe den Prozess, wie du eine große Anschaffung (z.B. ein Auto oder Haus) kalkulieren würdest.

Denkst du, dass Politiker zu oft nach strategischem Kalkül handeln anstatt nach Moral?

常见问题

10 个问题

Technically yes, but it sounds very strange. For simple arithmetic, always use 'rechnen' or 'ausrechnen'. 'Kalkulieren' is reserved for more complex estimations like business costs or project durations.

'Kalkulieren' is the process of estimating and planning (e.g., estimating how much a wedding will cost). 'Berechnen' is often the final act of finding a result or charging a customer (e.g., the caterer charging you for the food).

Yes, it is a weak (regular) verb. Its forms are: kalkulieren (infinitive), kalkulierte (past), hat kalkuliert (perfect). Verbs ending in -ieren do not use the 'ge-' prefix in the perfect tense.

Use 'einkalkulieren' when you want to say 'to factor in' or 'to account for'. For example, if you are planning a trip, you should 'einkalkulieren' time for traffic jams.

No, while it's very common in financial contexts, you can also kalkulieren time, risks, or the amount of materials needed for a project.

It means something has been calculated very tightly, with almost no margin for error or extra profit. It's often used to explain why a price is so low.

It can be. In politics, 'Machtkalkül' implies that someone is acting solely to gain power, ignoring ethics. However, in mathematics, it is a neutral term.

You use the reflexive verb 'sich verkalkulieren'. Example: 'Ich habe mich verkalkuliert.' This means you made an error in your estimation.

Yes, but it sounds more deliberate than 'rechnen'. If you say 'Ich kalkuliere mal...', it sounds like you are being very serious and thorough about your planning.

This is a business term where some products are sold at a low profit to attract customers, while others have a high profit to balance the overall income.

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