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A2 verb #3,000 最常用 8分钟阅读

کاشتن

kashtan
At the A1 level, 'Kāshtan' is introduced as a simple action verb. Students learn it in the context of hobbies and basic daily activities. You might learn to say 'I plant a flower' (Man gol mikāram) or 'Do you plant trees?' (Āyā derakht mikāri?). The focus is on the present simple tense and basic vocabulary like 'Gol' (flower), 'Derakht' (tree), and 'Bāghcheh' (garden). At this stage, learners should simply recognize the verb and know that it relates to gardening. The past tense 'Kāshtam' is also introduced to talk about things done yesterday. The goal is to build a foundation where the student can describe a simple picture of a person in a garden. We avoid complex metaphors or medical terms at this level. The sentence structure is kept very basic: Subject + Object + Verb.
At the A2 level, learners begin to use 'Kāshtan' in more varied sentences and understand its present stem 'Kār'. They can talk about seasons, such as 'In spring, we plant seeds' (Dar bahār, bazr mikārim). Students start to see the verb in short stories or simple news snippets about the environment. They should be able to conjugate it in the past, present, and future (using 'khāham kāsht'). The concept of 'Tree Planting Day' (Ruz-e Derakht-kāri) in Iran is introduced, providing cultural context. Learners also begin to distinguish between 'Kāshtan' and 'Gozāshtan' (to put). They might encounter the imperative 'Bekār!' in gardening instructions. The vocabulary expands to include 'Nahāl' (sapling) and 'Mazra'eh' (farm). Simple compound sentences like 'I planted a flower and watered it' are expected.
At the B1 level, students explore the metaphorical uses of 'Kāshtan'. They learn that one can plant 'hope' (omid) or 'kindness' (mehrabāni). The famous idiom 'Gol kāshti!' is introduced, and students learn to distinguish between its literal and sarcastic meanings based on context. Grammatically, B1 learners use the subjunctive mood ('Mikhāham derakht bekāram' - I want to plant a tree) and the passive voice ('In derakhtān sāl-e pish kāshte shodand' - These trees were planted last year). They also start using the noun form 'Kāsht' in phrases like 'Fasl-e kāsht' (planting season). They can participate in discussions about the environment or agriculture and explain the process of planting in more detail, using sequence markers like 'avval' (first) and 'ba'dan' (then).
B2 learners are expected to use 'Kāshtan' in abstract and professional contexts. They might read articles about 'Kāsht-e mu' (hair transplant) or 'Kāsht-e dandan' (dental implants) and understand the technical nuance. In literature, they analyze how poets use the verb to describe the human condition. They are comfortable with complex grammatical structures, such as the past perfect ('Kāshte budam') or conditional sentences ('Agar zamindār budam, gandom mikāshtam'). They also learn more formal synonyms like 'Ghars kardan'. At this level, the learner can debate environmental policies, such as the benefits of 'Jangal-kāri' (reforestation). They understand the cultural significance of agriculture in Iranian history and can use the verb in a variety of registers, from casual slang to formal reports.
At the C1 level, 'Kāshtan' is used with high precision and stylistic flair. The learner understands subtle nuances between 'Kāshtan', 'Neshāndan', and 'Pāshidan'. They can interpret classical Persian poetry where 'Kāshtan' represents the sowing of spiritual seeds. They are familiar with idiomatic expressions and can use them naturally in conversation. In academic writing, they use the verb to describe the 'implantation' of social norms or political ideologies. They can handle complex medical or scientific texts where 'Kāshtan' refers to sophisticated grafting techniques. Their vocabulary is rich with related terms like 'Keshāvarzi-ye pāydār' (sustainable agriculture). They can write essays comparing the literal act of planting with the metaphorical act of building a legacy.
C2 mastery involves using 'Kāshtan' in its most esoteric and specialized forms. The learner can engage in high-level philosophical discussions about 'planting' the seeds of revolution or the 'implantation' of false memories in psychological contexts. They can appreciate the deepest layers of irony in 'Gol kāshti' and use it with perfect timing. They are capable of translating complex agricultural or medical manuals into or from Persian with absolute accuracy. They understand the etymological roots of the word and its evolution from Middle Persian. At this level, 'Kāshtan' is not just a verb but a versatile tool used to construct intricate arguments, evoke deep emotions in creative writing, and navigate the most formal bureaucratic or academic environments in the Persian-speaking world.
开始练习 例句 笔记与提示

کاشتن 30秒了解

  • Kāshtan means 'to plant' or 'to sow' seeds and trees.
  • The present stem is 'Kār' and the past stem is 'Kāsht'.
  • It is used metaphorically for planting ideas like hope or doubt.
  • The idiom 'Gol kāshti' can mean 'well done' or 'you messed up'.

The Persian verb کاشتن (Kāshtan) is a foundational term in the Iranian linguistic landscape, primarily signifying the act of planting or sowing. Rooted in the agricultural heritage of the Iranian plateau, it describes the deliberate process of placing seeds, bulbs, or saplings into the earth to foster growth. Beyond the literal soil, it encompasses the implantation of ideas, the establishment of habits, and even modern medical procedures like hair transplants. In the Persian mind, 'Kāshtan' is the start of a cycle, an investment of effort that anticipates a future harvest. It is the antithesis of 'Bardāsht' (harvesting) and 'Kandan' (digging up). Historically, the survival of Persian civilizations depended on the mastery of 'Kāshtan' in arid environments, leading to the development of complex irrigation systems like Qanats. This verb isn't just about dirt; it's about the human intent to create life and sustainability.

Primary Meaning
To place seeds or plants in the ground for growth.
Metaphorical Meaning
To instill a feeling, thought, or habit within someone or a society.
Technical Meaning
In medicine, to transplant or graft tissue or devices.

دهقان بذر گندم را در زمین کاشت تا در تابستان نان داشته باشد.

— The farmer planted the wheat seed in the ground to have bread in the summer.

The verb also carries a heavy weight in Persian literature. Poets often use 'Kāshtan' to describe planting the 'tree of friendship' or the 'seeds of love'. It implies a long-term commitment. Unlike English, where 'plant' can sometimes feel static, the Persian 'Kāshtan' is dynamic; it implies the preparation of the soil, the careful placement, and the hope for rain. In modern urban Persian, you might hear it used for 'planting' a car in a parking spot or 'planting' a camera for surveillance, showing its adaptability to technology. The nuance here is always 'intentional placement'.

درخت دوستی بنشان که کام دل به بار آرد / نهال دشمنی برکن که رنج بی‌شمار آرد

— Hafez: Plant the tree of friendship... (using the synonym 'neshāndan').
Grammatical Category
Transitive Verb (Requires a direct object).
Infinitive
Kāshtan (کاشتن)

Using کاشتن correctly requires understanding its conjugation and its typical objects. In Persian, the direct object usually precedes the verb. For example, if you are planting a flower, you say 'Gol mikāram' (I am planting a flower). The verb is highly versatile across tenses. In the past tense, it follows the standard pattern: Kāshtam, Kāshti, Kāsht... In the present tense, it uses the stem 'Kār': Mikāram, Mikāri, Mikārad. This distinction between the past stem (Kāsht) and the present stem (Kār) is a hallmark of Persian irregular verbs that learners must master early on.

Direct Objects
Seeds (Bazr), Trees (Derakht), Flowers (Gol), Saplings (Nahāl), Hair (Mu).
Prepositional Phrases
In the garden (Dar bāghcheh), In the field (Dar mazra'eh), In the pot (Dar goldān).

ما هر سال در روز درختکاری، یک نهال در حیاط مدرسه می‌کاریم.

— Every year on Tree Planting Day, we plant a sapling in the school yard.

When using it in a medical context, such as 'Kāsht-e mu' (hair transplant), the verb often shifts into a noun form (Kāsht) or a compound verb construction. In casual speech, 'Kāshtan' can also mean to leave someone waiting or to 'stand someone up' (Kāshtanesh), though this is more colloquial. For instance, 'Man ro nim sāat inja kāshti' means 'You left me planted (waiting) here for half an hour'. This idiomatic usage is very common in Tehran and other major cities. It conveys the frustration of being immobile while waiting for someone who is late.

باید بذر امید را در دل جوانان کاشت.

— One must plant the seed of hope in the hearts of the youth.
Imperative Form
Bekār! (Plant!) - Singular; Bekārid! (Plant!) - Plural.
Negative Form
Nakāshtam (I didn't plant); Nemikāram (I don't plant).

You will encounter کاشتن in a variety of settings, from the rural fields of Gilan to the high-end beauty clinics of North Tehran. In rural areas, the word is seasonal. During 'Bāhar' (Spring), the air is thick with talk of 'Berenj kāshtan' (planting rice). You'll hear farmers discussing the 'Fasl-e kāsht' (planting season) and the quality of the 'Bazr' (seed). In these contexts, the word is utilitarian and vital. It’s often paired with 'Dāsh-tan' (tending) and 'Bardāshtan' (harvesting), forming the 'Kāsht, Dāsht, Bardāsht' trilogy of Persian agriculture.

On the News
Reports on reforestation (Jangal-kāri) or agricultural output.
In Beauty Salons
'Kāsht-e nākhon' (Nail extensions/implants) or 'Kāsht-e abru' (Eyebrow transplant).

دولت برنامه‌ای برای کاشتن هزاران درخت در مناطق کویری دارد.

— The government has a plan for planting thousands of trees in desert regions.

In urban social circles, 'Kāshtan' takes on a more metaphorical and sometimes sarcastic tone. The phrase 'Gol kāshti!' (You planted a flower!) is a very common idiom. While it sounds positive, it is almost always used sarcastically to mean 'You really messed up!' or 'You did something stupid!'. However, in the right context, it can also mean 'You did a great job!'. You have to listen to the tone of voice. If someone drops a tray of tea, their mother might sigh and say, 'Vāy, gol kāshti!' (Oh, you really did it now!).

چرا منو اینجا کاشتی و خودت رفتی؟

— Why did you plant (leave) me here and go yourself?
Academic Context
Botany (Giyāh-shenāsi) and Environmental Science lectures.
Religious Context
Sermons about planting good deeds for the afterlife.

One of the most frequent errors for learners of Persian is confusing the present stem of کاشتن. Many students mistakenly try to use 'Kāsht' as the present stem (e.g., *mikāshtam* instead of *mikāram*). Remember: 'Kāsht' is for the past, and 'Kār' is for the present. Another common mistake is using 'Kāshtan' for placing non-living objects like a book on a table. For that, you must use 'Gozāshtan'. 'Kāshtan' implies that the object is being 'set' into something (like soil or skin) with the intent of it staying there or growing.

Stem Confusion
Incorrect: Man dāram derakht mikāshtam. Correct: Man dāram derakht mikāram.
Object Mismatch
Incorrect: Ketāb rā dar qafaseh kāshtam. Correct: Ketāb rā dar qafaseh gozāshtam.

اشتباه: او بذر را در زمین گذاشت. (Wrong context for 'put')

— Correct: او بذر را در زمین کاشت.

Another nuance involves the difference between 'Kāshtan' and 'Neshāndan'. While often used interchangeably in poetry, 'Kāshtan' is the general term for planting seeds, while 'Neshāndan' (literally 'to seat') is often used for larger saplings or trees. Using 'Kāshtan' for a massive 50-year-old tree might sound slightly off to a native speaker; 'Jābe-jā kardan' (moving/transplanting) or 'Neshāndan' might be preferred. Additionally, learners often forget the 'be-' prefix in the imperative. It’s 'Bekār!' not just 'Kār!'.

نباید اجازه دهیم کینه‌توزی در دل‌هایمان کاشته شود.

— We must not allow resentment to be planted in our hearts.
Preposition Error
Using 'ruye' (on) instead of 'dar' (in). You plant 'in' the ground, not 'on' it.

To truly master کاشتن, you should know its synonyms and related terms. The most formal synonym is غرس کردن (Ghars kardan), which is almost exclusively used for planting trees in official or literary contexts. If you are reading a municipal report about urban greenery, you will see 'Ghars' more often than 'Kāshtan'. Another related term is زراعت کردن (Zerā'at kardan), which means 'to farm' or 'to cultivate' on a larger scale. While 'Kāshtan' is the specific act of planting, 'Zerā'at' covers the whole agricultural process.

غرس کردن (Ghars kardan)
Formal/Arabic root; specifically for trees.
نشاندن (Neshāndan)
Literally 'to seat'; used for saplings and in poetry.
پرورش دادن (Parvaresh dādan)
To nurture or grow (plants or animals).

کشاورزان مشغول زراعت در زمین‌های خود هستند.

— Farmers are busy cultivating in their lands.

On the opposite side, we have برداشت کردن (Bardāsht kardan), which means to harvest. A common Persian proverb says: 'Har che bekāri, hamān drow mikoni' (Whatever you plant, that same thing you shall reap/mow). Here, 'Drow kardan' is another specific synonym for harvesting wheat or grass. Another antonym is از ریشه کندن (Az risheh kandan), which means to uproot. Understanding these relationships helps you build a semantic map of Persian agriculture and philosophy.

او تمام وقت خود را صرف پرورش گل‌های کمیاب می‌کند.

— He spends all his time nurturing rare flowers.
تخم پاشیدن (Tokhm pāshidan)
To scatter seeds (a more specific method of planting).

How Formal Is It?

正式

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非正式

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俚语

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难度评级

需要掌握的语法

按水平分级的例句

1

من یک گل می‌کارم.

I am planting a flower.

Present continuous usage.

2

او درخت کاشت.

He/She planted a tree.

Simple past tense.

3

ما در باغچه سبزی می‌کاریم.

We plant vegetables in the garden.

Present habitual.

4

آیا تو بذر می‌کاری؟

Do you plant seeds?

Question form.

5

آن‌ها گل رز کاشتند.

They planted roses.

Plural past tense.

6

بیا اینجا گل بکاریم.

Let's plant flowers here.

Adhortative (Let's).

7

پدرم هر سال درخت می‌کارد.

My father plants a tree every year.

Third person singular present.

8

من کاشتن را دوست دارم.

I like planting.

Infinitive as a noun.

1

در بهار، کشاورزان برنج می‌کارند.

In spring, farmers plant rice.

Seasonal context.

2

او می‌خواهد در حیاط یک نهال بکارد.

He wants to plant a sapling in the yard.

Subjunctive mood.

3

ما دیروز در مدرسه درخت کاشتیم.

We planted trees at school yesterday.

Past tense with time adverb.

4

شما چه گلی در گلدان می‌کارید؟

What flower are you planting in the pot?

Interrogative with specific object.

5

باید بذرها را در عمق مناسب بکاری.

You must plant the seeds at the right depth.

Modal verb 'must'.

6

او هیچ وقت در باغچه‌اش چیزی نمی‌کارد.

He never plants anything in his garden.

Negative present.

7

امسال گندم زیادی کاشته‌ایم.

We have planted a lot of wheat this year.

Present perfect.

8

کاشتن درخت برای محیط زیست خوب است.

Planting trees is good for the environment.

Gerundial use.

1

واقعاً گل کاشتی! همه چیز خراب شد.

You really 'planted a flower' (messed up)! Everything is ruined.

Sarcastic idiom.

2

او بذر امید را در دل مردم کاشت.

He planted the seed of hope in people's hearts.

Metaphorical usage.

3

اگر باران ببارد، گندم می‌کاریم.

If it rains, we will plant wheat.

Conditional sentence.

4

این زمین برای کاشتن سیب‌زمینی مناسب نیست.

This land is not suitable for planting potatoes.

Adjectival phrase.

5

آن‌ها مشغول کاشتن نهال‌های جدید هستند.

They are busy planting new saplings.

Continuous action.

6

آیا تا به حال در زندگی‌ات درختی کاشته‌ای؟

Have you ever planted a tree in your life?

Experiential present perfect.

7

او با مهربانی‌اش بذر دوستی را کاشت.

With her kindness, she planted the seed of friendship.

Abstract object.

8

قبل از کاشتن، باید زمین را شخم زد.

Before planting, one must plow the land.

Prepositional phrase with infinitive.

1

او برای درمان ریزش مو، عمل کاشت مو انجام داد.

To treat hair loss, he had a hair transplant procedure.

Medical/Technical usage.

2

دشمن سعی کرد بذر نفاق را در جامعه بکارد.

The enemy tried to plant the seed of discord in society.

Political/Social metaphor.

3

محصولاتی که در پاییز کاشته می‌شوند، مقاوم‌ترند.

Crops that are planted in autumn are more resistant.

Passive voice in a relative clause.

4

او با این کارش، بذر شک را در دل من کاشت.

With this action of his, he planted the seed of doubt in my heart.

Psychological metaphor.

5

کاشتن این همه درخت در این مدت کوتاه، کار بزرگی بود.

Planting all these trees in such a short time was a great feat.

Complex subject phrase.

6

او در هر شهری که می‌رفت، گلی می‌کاشت (کنایه از یادگاری).

In every city he visited, he 'planted a flower' (left a legacy).

Literary/Idiomatic.

7

باید دید چه کسی این فکر را در ذهن او کاشته است.

One must see who planted this idea in his mind.

Indirect question.

8

کاشتن دندان (ایمپلنت) امروزه بسیار رایج شده است.

Dental implants have become very common nowadays.

Modern medical terminology.

1

نویسنده با ظرافت، بذر تعلیق را در فصل اول می‌کارد.

The author subtly plants the seed of suspense in the first chapter.

Literary analysis.

2

این ایدئولوژی در بستری از فقر و ناامیدی کاشته شد.

This ideology was planted in a bed of poverty and despair.

Sociopolitical metaphor.

3

او با غرس این نهال، عهدی با طبیعت بست.

By planting this sapling, he made a pact with nature.

Use of formal synonym 'ghars'.

4

کاشتن بذر کینه در دل کودکان، جنایتی نابخشودنی است.

Planting the seed of hatred in children's hearts is an unforgivable crime.

Strong moral statement.

5

در این مقاله، روش‌های نوین کاشتن بافت‌های سلولی بررسی شده است.

In this article, modern methods of cell tissue grafting are examined.

Scientific/Academic usage.

6

او در دوران مدیریتش، بذر تغییرات بنیادین را کاشت.

During his management, he planted the seeds of fundamental changes.

Organizational metaphor.

7

هر چه در این دنیا بکاری، در آخرت برداشت خواهی کرد.

Whatever you sow in this world, you shall reap in the hereafter.

Proverbial/Religious.

8

او با مهارت تمام، دوربین‌های مخفی را در اتاق کاشت.

With total skill, he planted hidden cameras in the room.

Surveillance context.

1

فیلسوف معتقد است که زبان، بذرهای تفکر را در ذهن می‌کارد.

The philosopher believes that language plants the seeds of thought in the mind.

Epistemological context.

2

استعمارگران بذر تفرقه را در مستعمرات خود کاشتند تا حکومت کنند.

Colonizers planted the seeds of division in their colonies to rule.

Historical/Political analysis.

3

او در اشعارش، بذر عصیان علیه سنت‌های غلط را می‌کارد.

In his poems, he plants the seeds of rebellion against false traditions.

Literary criticism.

4

فرآیند کاشتن الکترودها در مغز برای کنترل بیماری صرع انجام می‌شود.

The process of implanting electrodes in the brain is done to control epilepsy.

Advanced neurosurgical terminology.

5

او با ذکاوت، بذر تردید را در مبانی نظری رقیبش کاشت.

He cleverly planted the seed of doubt in his rival's theoretical foundations.

Intellectual/Academic context.

6

کاشتن نهال‌های بومی برای احیای اکوسیستم‌های آسیب‌دیده حیاتی است.

Planting native saplings is vital for restoring damaged ecosystems.

Environmental science precision.

7

او در طول سال‌ها، بذر اعتماد را در روابط بین‌المللی کاشت.

Over the years, he planted the seeds of trust in international relations.

Diplomatic context.

8

این هنرمند با آثارش، بذر پرسشگری را در جامعه می‌کارد.

This artist, through his works, plants the seeds of inquiry in society.

Artistic/Social commentary.

常见搭配

بذر کاشتن
درخت کاشتن
گل کاشتن
نهال کاشتن
گندم کاشتن
مو کاشتن
دندان کاشتن
امید کاشتن
کینه کاشتن
در باغچه کاشتن

常用短语

فصل کاشت

ماشین کاشت

کاشت مو

کاشت ناخن

کاشت دندان

روز درختکاری

آماده‌سازی برای کاشت

روش‌های کاشت

عمق کاشت

تراکم کاشت

容易混淆的词

کاشتن vs گذاشتن (Gozāshtan - to put)

کاشتن vs گذشتن (Gozashtan - to pass)

کاشتن vs خواستن (Khāstan - to want)

习语与表达

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容易混淆

کاشتن vs

کاشتن vs

کاشتن vs

کاشتن vs

کاشتن vs

句型

如何使用

Medical

Used for hair, teeth, and tissue.

Colloquial

Used for waiting or making mistakes.

Agricultural

Primary use for crops and plants.

Metaphorical

Used for emotions and ideas.

常见错误
  • Using 'Kāsht' as the present stem.
  • Using 'Kāshtan' for inanimate objects like furniture.
  • Forgetting the 'be-' prefix in the imperative.
  • Confusing 'Kāshtan' with 'Gozashtan' (to pass).
  • Mispronouncing the long 'ā' as a short 'a'.

小贴士

Stem Mastery

Always remember the present stem is 'Kār'. Practice saying 'Mikāram' (I plant) repeatedly to build muscle memory.

Word Family

Connect 'Kāshtan' to 'Keshāvarz' (farmer). A farmer is someone who plants things.

Nowruz Connection

Learn about 'Sabzeh' to see how planting is central to the Persian New Year.

Sarcasm Check

When you hear 'Gol kāshti', look at the person's face. If they look annoyed, you probably did something wrong!

Modern Use

Notice 'Kāsht' in advertisements for beauty clinics in Iran.

Poetic Roots

Read Hafez to see how planting is used as a metaphor for spiritual growth.

Imperative Use

Use 'Bekār!' when encouraging someone to start a new project or habit.

Context Clues

If the object is 'bazr' (seed), it's literal. If it's 'omid' (hope), it's metaphorical.

Formal Synonyms

In formal writing, use 'ghars kardan' for trees to sound more sophisticated.

Visual Association

Imagine yourself 'working' (Kār) in a garden to remember the present stem.

记住它

记忆技巧

Kār (Work) is what you do when you Kāshtan (Plant).

词源

Middle Persian (Pahlavi) 'kištan'.

文化背景

Planting 'Sabzeh' is a key ritual.

Rumi and Hafez often use planting metaphors.

Iran faces desertification, making 'Kāshtan' a patriotic act of conservation.

在生活中练习

真实语境

对话开场白

"آیا تا به حال درخت کاشته‌ای؟ (Have you ever planted a tree?)"

"بهترین فصل برای کاشتن گل چه فصلی است؟ (What is the best season for planting flowers?)"

"در حیاط خانه‌تان چه چیزهایی می‌کارید؟ (What things do you plant in your house yard?)"

"نظرت در مورد کاشت مو چیست؟ (What is your opinion on hair transplants?)"

"چرا می‌گویند 'هر چه بکاری همان را درو می‌کنی'؟ (Why do they say 'you reap what you sow'?)"

日记主题

امروز چه بذر نیکی در دل کسی کاشتی؟ (What good seed did you plant in someone's heart today?)

اگر یک باغچه داشتی، در آن چه می‌کاشتی؟ (If you had a garden, what would you plant in it?)

درباره تجربه‌ی درختکاری خود بنویسید. (Write about your tree-planting experience.)

چگونه می‌توان بذر امید را در جامعه کاشت؟ (How can one plant the seed of hope in society?)

تفاوت کاشتن فیزیکی و کاشتن فکری چیست؟ (What is the difference between physical and intellectual planting?)

常见问题

10 个问题

The present stem is 'کار' (Kār). This is used for present and future tenses.

No, you should use 'گذاشتن' (Gozāshtan) for non-living objects like books.

Literally 'you planted a flower', but usually a sarcastic way to say 'you messed up'.

It is a standard verb used in both formal and informal Persian.

It is called 'کاشت مو' (Kāsht-e mu).

The opposite is 'برداشت کردن' (to harvest) or 'کندن' (to dig up).

It is on the 15th of Esfand (around March 5th or 6th).

It is a long 'ā' sound, similar to the 'a' in 'car'.

Yes, 'کاشتن بمب' is the standard term for planting or laying a bomb.

The singular is 'بکار' (Bekār) and the plural is 'بکارید' (Bekārid).

自我测试 180 个问题

/ 180 correct

Perfect score!

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